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Corresponding author: Iuri Dias ( iurirdias@hotmail.com ) Academic editor: Franco Andreone
© 2014 Iuri Dias, Tadeu Medeiros, Marcos Vila Nova, Mirco Solé.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Dias I, Medeiros T, Vila Nova M, Solé M (2014) Amphibians of Serra Bonita, southern Bahia: a new hotpoint within Brazil’s Atlantic Forest hotspot. ZooKeys 449: 105-130. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.449.7494
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We studied the amphibian community of the Private Reserve of Natural Heritage (RPPN) Serra Bonita, an area of 20 km2 with steep altitudinal gradients (200–950 m a.s.l.) located in the municipalities of Camacan and Pau-Brasil, southern Bahia State, Brazil. Data were obtained at 38 sampling sites (including ponds and transects within the forest and in streams), through active and visual and acoustic searches, pitfall traps, and opportunistic encounters. We recorded 80 amphibian species distributed in 15 families: Aromobatidae (1), Brachycephalidae (3), Bufonidae (4), Centrolenidae (2), Ceratophryidae (1), Craugastoridae (7), Eleutherodactylidae (2), Hemiphractidae (2), Hylidae (42), Hylodidae (1), Leptodactylidae (7), Microhylidae (3), Siphonopidae (1), Odontophrynidae (3) and Pipidae (1). Species richness was positively correlated with monthly rainfall. Near 36% of the species were found in strictly forest environments, 15% are endemic to Bahia State and 77.2% are endemic to the Atlantic Forest biome. The large species diversity of this small area, the high degree of endemism and the taxonomic and biogeographic significance turn the Serra Bonita mountain into a hotpoint for amphibians within Brazil’s Atlantic Forest hotspot.
Neste trabalho, estudamos a comunidade de anfíbios da Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural (RPPN) Serra Bonita que possui área de 20 km² com gradientes altitudinais abruptos (200–950 m acima do nível do mar), localizada nos municípios de Camacan e Pau Brasil, sul do Estado da Bahia, Brasil. Os dados foram obtidos em 38 diferentes sítios amostrais (incluindo poças, transectos no interior da floresta e em riachos) através de procura ativa visual e acústica, armadilhas de interceptação e queda e por encontros oportunísticos. Foram registradas 80 espécies de anfíbios distribuídas em 15 famílias: Aromobatidae (1), Brachycephalidae (3), Bufonidae (4), Centrolenidae (2), Ceratophryidae (1), Craugastoridae (7), Eleutherodactylidae (2), Hemiphractidae (2), Hylidae (42), Hylodidae (1), Leptodactylidae (7), Microhylidae (3), Siphonopidae (1), Odontophrynidae (3) e Pipidae (1). A riqueza foi positivamente correlacionada com a precipitação mensal. Aproximadamente 36% das espécies foram encontradas em ambientes estritamente florestais, 15% são endêmicas do Estado da Bahia e 77.2% são endêmicas do bioma Mata Atlântica. A alta diversidade de espécies desta pequena área, o elevado endemismo e a relevância taxonômica e biogeográfica tornam a Serra Bonita um ‘hotpoint’ para anfíbios no ‘hotspot’ da Mata Atlântica.
Anura , Mountain, Biodiversity, species distribution, species richness
Among vertebrates, amphibians are considered the most threatened group on the planet (
Despite Brazil showing the highest worldwide diversity of amphibians (
Brazil’s Atlantic Forest is one of the five most important global hotspots of biodiversity (
Given the devastation of the Atlantic Forest biome, where more than half of the Brazilian amphibians live, coupled with the lack of information to assess the conservation status of many species, primary studies are urgently needed to overcome these shortfalls.
The central region of the Atlantic Forest – including the south of Bahia – was deemed as a zone of climatic stability during the Quaternary glaciations and was the greatest refuge for amphibians in the Atlantic Forest during that period (
In a comparison of the diversity of trees from different tropical forests in the world, a forest remnant of southern Bahia was amongst those with the greatest richness and was thereby considered a hotpoint within the Atlantic Forest hotspot (
The study of the species richness and species composition in a given area is essential to know the functional structure of biological communities, as well as to understand the dynamics between fragments, serving as an instrument that contributes in decisions relative to species conservation (
There is a huge lack of information about the occurrence of amphibians in the State of Bahia, Brazil. This can be noticed by the frequent publication of notes regarding the increased distribution of species in the state (e.g.
Due to difficult access or the lack of suitability for agricultural purposes, most forest remnants that exist outside protected areas in southern Bahia are situated on slopes or mountain tops (
Accordingly, the objective of this study was to inventory the amphibians of the Private Reserve of Natural Heritage (RPPN) Serra Bonita, a montane area covered by Tropical Rainforest in southern Bahia State, Brazil. Our data reveal that Serra Bonita is one of the amphibian habitats with the greatest diversity in the world, a hotpoint within the Atlantic Forest hotspot for this taxonomic group.
The Serra Bonita Reserve (Figure
The area comprises steep altitudinal gradients (200–950 m a.s.l.) that cause changes in humidity and temperature along the gradient. The vegetation consists of a mosaic of forest fragments in different stages of ecological succession, with some cabrucas (cacao plantations where native woody plants are used for shading) and pastures. Preliminary floristic studies have identified 628 angiosperm species divided into 103 families (
The climate in the region is the Af type of
We conducted monthly field trips over six consecutive days from December 2009 to November 2010 and also recorded species during four other trips that lasted four days each, in July and December 2008, and February and May 2009, totaling 88 field days.
The inventory of amphibians was carried out using the following methods: (1) active visual and acoustic search (
From December 2009 to November 2010 we sampled 24 100-m transects placed in the inner forest and nine 50-m transects placed in streams. Active search was more frequently conducted by two researchers and occasionally by three. All transects were once inspected in every sampling month. Transects placed in the inner forest were traversed for 40 minutes, on average, totaling 192 hours/man. The transects placed in the streams, in turn, were traversed for 30 minutes, on average, totaling 54 hours/man.
We installed 12 pitfall traps, which were formed by four 100-L buckets shaped as “Y” and fitted with a one-meter-high canvas drift fence that connected them with five meter in length; the buckets remained open three nights per month over the year, totaling a sampling effort of 1728 buckets/day.
Five pools were occasionally sampled: two in the cabruca, another two in the pastures and another at the edge of the forest, with an overall sampling effort of about 25 hours. Temporary ponds formed on the used roads after heavy rain were also sampled.
The species that were found during reproductive activity were classified as having short (1–2 months), medium (3–7 months) and long (8–12 months) mating seasons. We considered the presence of males vocalizing as indicative of reproductive activity for species.
In order to verify a possible correlation between the monthly observed species richness and abiotic factors (rainfall, maximum and minimum temperatures), we used the Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Normality was checked with the Shapiro-Wilk test. Correlations were computed using the SPSS 13.0 software. To calculate the number of species that could occur within the RPPN Serra Bonita, we used the shapes relative to the area of occurrence of amphibians provided by
All animals were collected under license provided by IBAMA and/or the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation upon permission of the directors of local reserves. Vouchers were deposited at the Museu da Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (MZUESC), Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil (
Eighty amphibian species were found in the RPPN Serra Bonita: a single species of Gymnophiona (Siphonops annulatus – Siphonopidae) and 79 species of anurans, allocated into 14 families (Table
Anurans from the RPPN Serra Bonita, Bahia State, Northeastern Brazil. a Brachycephalus pulex b Ischnocnema verrucosa c Ischnocnema sp. 1 (gr. parva) d Rhinella crucifer e R. granulosa f Vitreorana eurygnatha g V. uranoscopa h Haddadus binotatus i “Eleutherodactylus” bilineatus j Pristimantis sp. 1 l P. vinhai m Adelophryne sp. n Gastrotheca pulchra o Aplastodiscus ibirapitanga; and pA. cf. weygoldti. Photos by I. R. Dias.
Anurans from the RPPN Serra Bonita, Bahia State, Northeastern Brazil. a Bokermannohyla circumdata b B. lucianae c Dendropsophus anceps d D. bipunctatus e D. elegans f D. novaisi g D. giesleri h D. haddadi i D. minutus j Hypsiboas faber l H. semilineatus m Itapotihyla langsdorffii n Phasmahyla spectabilis o Phyllodytes wuchereri and p Phyllodytes sp. 1. Photos by I. R. Dias.
Anurans from the RPPN Serra Bonita, Bahia State, Northeastern Brazil. (a) Phyllomedusa burmeisteri b P. nordestina c P. rohdei d Scinax eurydice e Scinax sp. 1 f Scinax sp. 2 (gr. rostratus) g S. strigilatus h Sphaenorhynchus prasinus i Trachycephalus mesophaeus j T. nigromaculatus l Crossodactylus sp. mAdenomera cf. thomein Leptodactylus cupreus o L. fuscus and p L. mystaceus. Photos by I. R. Dias.
Anurans from the RPPN Serra Bonita, Bahia State, Northeastern Brazil. a Physalaemus camacan b P. erikae c Chiasmocleis crucis d Stereocyclops histrio e Stereocyclops incrassatus f Odontophrynus carvalhoi g Proceratophrys renalis h P. schirchi and i Siphonops annulatus. Photos by I. R. Dias.
Amphibian species found in the RPPN Serra Bonita, southern Bahia, Brazil. Caption. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources): DD = Deficient Data; LC = Least Concern; VU = Vulnerable; NT = Near Threatened. Habitat: LL = Leaf litter or understory; S = Streams; P = ponds; B = bromeliads or epiphytes; Mating Activity = Period of mating activity: S = short (1–2 months); M = medium (3–7 months); and L = long (8–12 months); Sampling Method: OE = Opportunistic encounters; TF = Transect in the forest; TS = Transect in the streams; P = Pitfall; BP = Breeding pond sites. * = species only found in the inner forests; † = only acoustic record; # only recorded once or twice during the sampling.
Family/Species | IUCN | Habitat | Mating Activity | Sampling Method |
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AROMOBATIDAE | ||||
Allobates olfersioides (Lutz, 1925)* | VU | LL e S | - | P, OE |
BRACHYCEPHALIDAE | ||||
Brachycephalus pulex Napoli, Caramaschi, Cruz & Dias, 2011* | - | LL | - | TF |
Ischnocnema verrucosa Reinhardt & Lütken, 1862* | DD | S, LL | S | TS, TF, P |
Ischnocnema sp. (gr. parva)* | - | LL | S | TS, TF, P, OE |
BUFONIDAE | ||||
Rhinella crucifer (Wied-Neuwied, 1821) | LC | P, LL | M | TF, TS, P, OE, BP |
Rhinella granulosa (Spix, 1824) | LC | P, LL | S | OE, BP |
Rhinella hoogmoedi Caramaschi & Pombal, 2006 | LC | P, S | S | TF, TS, P, OE |
Rhinella jimi (Stevaux, 2002) | LC | LL | - | OE |
CENTROLENIDAE | ||||
Vitreorana eurygnatha (A. Lutz, 1925)* | LC | S | L | TS |
Vitreorana uranoscopa (Müller, 1924)* | LC | S | S | TS |
CERATOPHRYIDAE | ||||
Ceratophrys aurita (Raddi, 1823) # | LC | LL | - | OE |
CRAUGASTORIDAE | ||||
Haddadus binotatus (Spix, 1824) | LC | LL | L | TF, TS, P, OE |
“Eleutherodactylus” bilineatus (Bokermann, 1975)* | LC | LL | S | TF, P, OE |
Pristimantis paulodutrai (Bokermann, 1975) | LC | LL | - | OE |
Pristimantis sp. 1* | - | B | L | TF, TS, OE |
Pristimantis sp. 2* | - | LL | L | TF, TS, OE |
Pristimantis sp. 3* # | - | LL | S | OE |
Pristimantis vinhai (Bokermann, 1975) | LC | LL | L | TF, TS, OE |
ELEUTHERODACTYLIDAE | ||||
Adelophryne mucronatus Lourenço-de-Moraes, Solé & Toledo, 2012* | - | LL | - | TF, TS, OE |
Adelophryne sp.* | - | LL | - | TF, TS, OE |
HEMIPHRACTIDAE | ||||
Gastrotheca sp.* # | - | B | - | TF, OE |
Gastrotheca pulchra Caramaschi & Rodrigues, 2007* | DD | B | - | TF, TS |
HYLIDAE | ||||
Aplastodiscus cf. weygoldti (Cruz & Peixoto, 1985)* | NT | S | L | TF, TS, OE |
Aplastodiscus ibirapitanga (Cruz, Pimenta & Silvano, 2003)* | LC | S | M | TF, TS, OE, BP |
Bokermannohyla circumdata (Cope, 1871)* | LC | S | M | TF, TS, OE |
Bokermannohyla lucianae (Napoli & Pimenta, 2003)* | DD | S | L | TF, TS, OE |
Dendropsophus anceps (Lutz, 1929) | LC | P | M | TF, BP, OE |
Dendropsophus bipunctatus (Spix, 1824) # | LC | P | S | BP |
Dendropsophus branneri (Cochran, 1948) | LC | P | L | BP |
Dendropsophus elegans (Wied-Neuwied, 1824) | LC | P | L | BP, TS |
Dendropsophus giesleri (Mertens, 1950) | LC | P | M | BP |
Dendropsophus haddadi (Bastos & Pombal, 1996) | LC | P | L | TS, BP |
Dendropsophus novaisi (Bokermann, 1968) # | DD | P | S | BP, TF |
Dendropsophus minutus (Peters, 1872) | LC | P | S | BP |
Dendropsophus aff. oliveirai (Bokermann, 1963) | LC | P | L | BP |
Hypsiboas albomarginatus (Spix, 1824) | LC | P | L | BP |
Hypsiboas atlanticus (Caramaschi & Velosa, 1996) † | LC | P | M | BP, OE |
Hypsiboas crepitans (Wied-Neuwied, 1824) | LC | P | M | TF, BP |
Hypsiboas exastis (Caramaschi & Rodrigues, 2003) # | DD | P | S | OE |
Hypsiboas faber (Wied-Neuwied, 1821) | LC | P | M | TF, TS, BP, OE |
Hypsiboas pombali (Caramaschi, Pimenta & Feio, 2004) | LC | P | L | TF, TS, OE, BP |
Hypsiboas semilineatus (Spix, 1824) | LC | P | S | BP |
Itapotihyla langsdorffii (Duméril & Bibron, 1841) # | LC | P | S | BP |
Phasmahyla spectabilis Cruz, Feio & Nascimento, 2008 * | DD | S | L | TF, TS |
Phyllodytes cf. maculosus Peixoto & Cruz, 1988 † | LC | B | L | TF, TS, OE |
Phyllodytes melanomystax Caramaschi, Da Silva & Britto-Pereira, 1992† | LC | B | L | TF, TS, OE |
Phyllodytes wuchereri (Peters, 1873) | DD | B | L | TF, TS, OE |
Phyllodytes sp. 1 | - | B | L | TF, TS, OE |
Phyllodytes sp. 2† | - | B | L | TF, TS, OE |
Phyllodytes sp. 3† | - | B | L | TF, TS, OE |
Phyllodytes sp. 4† | - | B | L | TF, TS, OE |
Phyllomedusa burmeisteri Boulenger, 1882 | LC | P | L | TF, TS, OE |
Phyllomedusa nordestina Caramaschi, 2006 | DD | P | M | BP |
Phyllomedusa rohdei Mertens, 1926 | LC | P | M | BP |
Scinax argyreornatus (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926) | LC | P | S | BP, OE |
Scinax juncae Nunes & Pombal, 2010 | - | P | M | BP |
Scinax x-signatus (Spix, 1824) | LC | P | S | BP |
Scinax eurydice (Bokermann, 1968) | LC | P | - | TF, TS, BP, OE |
Scinax sp. 1 # | - | P | S | BP |
Scinax sp. 2 (gr. rostratus) # | - | - | - | BP |
Scinax strigilatus (Spix, 1824)* | DD | S | S | TF, TS, OE |
Sphaenorhynchus prasinus Bokermann, 1973 # | LC | P | S | BP |
Trachycephalus mesophaeus (Hensel, 1867) | LC | P | S | TF, BP, OE |
Trachycephalus nigromaculatus Tschudi, 1838* # | LC | - | - | TF, OE |
HYLODIDAE | ||||
Crossodactylus sp.* | - | S | - | TS, OE |
LEPTODACTYLIDAE | ||||
Adenomera cf. thomei Almeida & Angulo, 2006* | LC | - | - | TS, P |
Leptodactylus cupreus Caramaschi, Feio & São-Pedro, 2008 * # | DD | P | - | BP |
Leptodactylus fuscus (Schneider, 1799) | LC | P | M | BP, OE |
Leptodactylus cf. latrans (Steffen, 1815) | LC | P | M | TS, BP, OE, P |
Leptodactylus mystaceus (Spix, 1824) | LC | - | - | OE |
Physalaemus camacan Pimenta, Cruz & Silvano, 2005 | DD | P | M | P, OE, BP |
Physalaemus erikae Cruz & Pimenta, 2004 | LC | P | M | TF, P, OE, BP |
MICROHYLIDAE | ||||
Chiasmocleis crucis Caramaschi & Pimenta, 2003 | DD | P | S | TF, P, BP |
Stereocyclops histrio (Carvalho, 1954)* # | DD | P | S | BP |
Stereocyclops incrassatus Cope, 1870 | LC | P | S | P, OE, BP |
ODONTOPHRYNIDAE | ||||
Odontophrynus carvalhoi Savage & Cei, 1965* # | LC | S | S | OE |
Proceratophrys renalis (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1920)* # | - | LL | - | OE |
Proceratophrys schirchi (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1937)* | LC | S, LL | L | TF, TS, P, OE |
PIPIDAE | ||||
Pipa carvalhoi (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1937) # | LC | P | - | BP |
SIPHONOPIDAE | ||||
Siphonops annulatus (Mikan, 1820)* | LC | LL | - | TF, P, OE |
Number of anuran species found in areas of greatest richness within the Atlantic forest of Brazil and the state of Bahia (abbreviations for Brazilian states as follows: BA: Bahia; ES: Espírito Santo; SP: São Paulo; RJ: Rio de Janeiro). For studies providing the sampling effort in days and the total duration of the fieldwork we provided both.
Localities | N | Time Sampled | Area (km²) | References |
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ATLANTIC RAIN FOREST | ||||
Municipality of Santa Teresa (ES) | 92 | > 10 years | 711 |
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RPPN Serra Bonita (BA) | 80 | 88 days (16 months) | 20 | This study |
Reserva Biológica de Paranapiacaba (SP) | 69 |
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3.36 |
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Municipality of Rio de Janeiro (RJ) | 68 | > 5 years | 1356 | Izecksohn and Carvalho-e-Silva 2001 |
Estação Biológica da Boracéia (SP) | 67 | > 5 years | 164.5 |
|
Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho (SP) | 65 | 76 days (1 year) | 377.9 |
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Parque Estadual Turístico do Alto Ribeira (SP) | 60 | 15 days (3 months) | 357.1 |
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STATE OF BAHIA | ||||
Serra da Jibóia and Serra do Timbó – Elísio Medrado and Amargosa | 53 |
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~ 100 |
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Reserva Ecológica da Michelin – Ituberá | 48 | 52 days (13 months) | 9.75 |
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Parque Estadual da Serra do Conduru – Ilhéus, Uruçuca and Itacaré | 45 | 13 days (2 months) | 92.7 | Pimenta 2005 |
Reserva Sapiranga – Mata de São João | 37–40 | 36 days (8 months) | 6 |
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RPPN Veracel – Porto Seguro | 39 | 4 days | 80.9 |
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Fazenda Vista Bela – Guaratinga | 34 | 4 days | 4.65 |
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Projeto de Assentamento Zumbi dos Palmares – Camamu | 32 | 4 days | 18.3 |
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Among the species found in the study area that were already classified by the IUCN (n = 63), the vast majority (n = 48; 76.1%) are considered as “Least Concern” and 20.6% (n = 13) as data deficient to assess their conservation status (Table
Amongst the species recorded during mating activity (n = 61), 23 exhibited prolonged mating (37.7%) and the same number (n = 23) was observed to mate on few occasions during the study period, whereas 24.5% showed an intermediate mating period (Table
The highest variety of species was recorded through opportunistic encounters (50 species). The search at breeding sites resulted in the registration of an intermediary of sampled species (38 species), however, with a high number of exclusive species (18 species), even using a smaller effort hour/man. Data on efficacy of the methodologies used can be checked in Table
Number total and exclusive species sampled by each sampling method with the respective sampling effort.
Sampling Method | Richness | Exclusive | Sampling Effort |
---|---|---|---|
Opportunistic encounters | 50 | 7 | - |
Transect in the Forest | 40 | 1 | 192 (hours/man) |
Breeding pond sites | 38 | 18 | 25 (hours/man) |
Transect in the streams | 36 | 2 | 54 (hours/man) |
Pitfall | 15 | 0 | 1728 (buckets/day) |
A total of 16 species (20%) was only recorded once or twice during the sampling (Table
There was a significant positive correlation between richness and monthly rainfall (r = 0.65, DF = 10, p = 0.027), but the same was not observed for the minimum (r = -0.22, DF = 10, p = 0.49) and the maximum (r = -0.31, DF = 10, p = 0.33) temperatures.
Brazil harbors 946 amphibian species (
The place known to show the largest amphibian richness in the Atlantic Forest is the municipality of Santa Teresa, Espírito Santo State, with 92 species (
Most areas with high amphibian diversity in the Atlantic Forest are located in southeastern Brazil and are usually associated with mountainous locations (
Three out of the 80 species recorded at RPPN Serra Bonita (Eleutherodactylus “bilineatus”, Pristimantis paulodutrai, P. vinhai) are endemic to the State of Bahia (
In this study we expand the geographic distribution of Vitreorana uranoscopa (Figure
Much of the shared amphibians between the two areas are composed of typical lowland species or species associated to mountainous regions but with a wide distribution range. The Santa Teresa region is located within the northern range of the Serra da Mantiqueira. The montane areas of southern Bahia do not belong to this mountain chain. The presence of restricted endemisms in both regions, especially species living at higher altitudes, may indicate that historic geomorphological and climatic factors may have contributed to turn these mountain ranges into key areas of speciation, as has been suggested for the northern range of the Serra da Mantiqueira (
Amongst the 80 species found in the area, 18 were cited without a specific name or were classified as similar or described in groups of species (see Table
The sampling effort of our study was focused on transects installed within streams and inner forest fragments. Thus, some habitats and environments were not intensively sampled, such as the cabrucas, permanent and temporary ponds, as well as some areas of the RPPN complex that were not logistically feasible to be sampled. These areas had ponds and swamps in the inner forest, a feature that was not found in the areas sampled in our study. Future standardized effort including these environments might further enhance the richness of amphibians in the area.
In tropical regions, richness and mating activity are largely influenced by rainfall (
In this study we detected a positive correlation between the sampled species richness and the monthly rainfall. In addition, it is likely that there was an increase in the number of species sampled during the months with higher rainfall indexes due to the appearance of explosive breeding species (e.g. Dendropsophus novaisi, Stereocyclops incrassatus, Chiasmocleis crucis, Itapotihyla langsdorffii, Hypsiboas exastis, Scinax sp. 1 and Stereocyclops histrio).
When comparing the amphibian species richness of RPPN Serra Bonita with that found at other sampled sites in the Bahia State, we notice a large disparity, since most locations exhibit less than half the number of species recorded in this study. This can be associated to the structural complexity of the sampled environment, which involves changes in temperature, rainfall, humidity and plant coverage along the altitudinal gradient in the study area, but also to the lack of systematic studies in most localities in the state of Bahia that still have large forest fragments and a mosaic of different ecosystems and biomes that need to be further explored from the scientific standpoint.
The largest Late Pleistocene refugium for amphibians has been estimated in southern Bahia and northern Espírito Santo states (
According to the
The number of research institutes with graduate programs and professionals working on biodiversity in the State of Bahia has steadily increased during the last decade. The amount of information is expected to significantly increase in the coming years. Nonetheless, if we consider the vast extent of the territorial borders of Bahia, this increase in physical and human resources should be encouraged and further increased in order that we can better understand the diversity of anuran fauna in the State of Bahia. A further step is to encourage funding agencies to sponsor scientific expeditions and medium and long term studies in the State – mostly basic studies – such as inventories of the local fauna.
Serra Bonita has a total area of 7500 hectares. One goal of the Uiraçu Institute is to protect about half that area. To date, about 2000 ha are under protection of the institute, which manages and protects the areas under a free lease agreement. Coupled with the wide diversity and endemism of amphibians found in the area, the finding of new species and new records for Bahia State make Serra Bonita a hotpoint for amphibians within the Atlantic Forest hotspot and, consequently, a place for the implementation of priority conservation measures aiming the increase of the protected area.
We are thankful to Vitor Becker and Clemira Souza for their help during fieldwork and for opening the doors of RPPN Serra Bonita, as well as all the staff of the Uiraçu Institute, in particular the park rangers Marivaldo Mota, Gerson Santos, Ednilson Barreto and Ronoaldo Araújo, as well as the reserve employees Ronison Rodrigues and Marcos Cardoso for their excellent aid during fieldworks. In the same way, we are thankful to the colleagues Amanda Lantyer-Silva, Caio Mendes, Danilo Ruas, Raoni Rebouças, Euvaldo Marciano-Junior, Edirlan Santos, Filipe Gudinho and Vinicius Lima for the discussions and collaboration during field activities. We are also thankful to Bianca Berneck, Bruno Pimenta, Célio Haddad, Clarissa Canedo, Diego Santana, Ivan Nunes, José Pombal, Marcelo Napoli, Mauricio Forlani, Miguel Rodrigues, Ricardo Lourenço-de-Moraes, Ulisses Caramaschi and Victor Dill for collaborating in the identification of some species. We further thank Andrés Egea Serrano, Dennis Rödder and Marcelo Felgueiras Napoli for their valuable comments on the manuscript. This work was part of the project “Characterization of terrestrial vertebrates at the RPPN Complex of Serra Bonita as an aid for its effective management” supported by the Boticário Group Foundation for Nature Protection (Project No. 0818_20091). IRD is grateful to CAPES and FAPESB for fellowships.
Specimens examined
Voucher specimens of the present study were deposited in the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (MZUESC) at Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, municipality of Ilhéus, Bahia State, Brazil.
AROMOBATIDAE
Allobates olfersioides – MZUESC 8305.
BRACHYCEPHALIDAE
Brachycephalus pulex – MZUESC 8352, 8604-05, 10338-40.
Ischnocnema verrucosa – MZUESC 8323, 8464, 8829, 8993, 9090.
Ischnocnema sp. (gr. parva) – MZUESC 8057, 8059, 8234, 8312-13, 8366-68, 8460-61.
BUFONIDAE
Rhinella crucifer – MZUESC 8428-29, 8310.
Rhinella granulosa – MZUESC 9016.
Rhinella hoogmoedi – MZUESC 8380, 8601, 8904.
CENTROLENIDAE
Vitreorana eurygnatha – MZUESC 8308, 8373-75, 8441-42, 8520, 8911.
Vitreorana uranoscopa – MZUESC 8630, 9000-01.
CRAUGASTORIDAE
Haddadus binotatus – MZUESC 8045, 8327-28, 8421, 8435, 8437, 8611, 8906, 8909, 8927.
“Eleutherodactylus” bilineatus – MZUESC 8359, 8457, 8616-17, 8999.
Pristimantis sp. 1 – MZUESC 8058, 8133, 8370-72, 8530, 8619-20, 8841-42, 9084-85.
Pristimantis sp. 2 – MZUESC 13272-73.
Pristimantis vinhai – MZUESC 8115, 8332, 8338, 8382, 8536-37, 8542, 8608, 8621, 8629.
ELEUTHERODACTYLIDAE
Adelophryne mucronatus – MZUESC 8458, 8068.
Adelophryne sp. – MZUESC 8049, 8358, 8447, 8838-40.
HEMIPHRACTIDAE
Gastrotheca sp. – MZUESC 8827.
Gastrotheca pulchra – MZUESC 8120, 8314, 8463, 8828.
HYLIDAE
Aplastodiscus cf. weygoldti – MZUESC 8139, 8443, 8531-32, 8532, 8572, 8612-13, 8830-34.
Aplastodiscus ibirapitanga – MZUESC 8307, 8318, 8369, 8571, 8598-99, 8600, 8994, 9086.
Bokermannohyla circumdata – MZUESC 8360-61, 8439-40, 8526-29, 8618, 8826, 9074-76.
Bokermannohyla lucianae – MZUESC 8295-97, 8995.
Dendropsophus anceps – MZUESC 8419, 8857, 9048-49.
Dendropsophus bipunctatus – MZUESC 10332-34.
Dendropsophus branneri – MZUESC 8474-75.
Dendropsophus elegans – MZUESC 8849-50.
Dendropsophus giesleri – MZUESC 8590-92, 8855, 10335.
Dendropsophus haddadi – MZUESC 8362, 8476, 8568-69, 8577-82, 9087.
Dendropsophus novaisi – MZUESC 8565, 9025-27.
Dendropsophus minutus – MZUESC 8853, 9005.
Dendropsophus aff. oliveirai – MZUESC 8477-78, 8566-67.
Hypsiboas albomarginatus – MZUESC 8471, 8854, 8903.
Hypsiboas crepitans – MZUESC 8899.
Hypsiboas faber – MZUESC 8326, 8379.
Hypsiboas pombali – MZUESC 8302, 8378, 8631, 9018.
Hypsiboas semilineatus – MZUESC 13268-71.
Itapotihyla langsdorffii – MZUESC 9023-24.
Phasmahyla spectabilis – MZUESC 8150-51, 8294, 8298, 8303.
Phyllodytes wuchereri – MZUESC 8134, 8319, 9052.
Phyllodytes sp. 1 – MZUESC 8135-36, 8574.
Phyllomedusa burmeisteri – MZUESC 8309, 8470.
Phyllomedusa nordestina – MZUESC 9003-04.
Phyllomedusa rohdei – MZUESC 8846, 9015.
Scinax argyreornatus – MZUESC 8473, 8588-89.
Scinax juncae – MZUESC 8856, 13056-13068
Scinax x-signatus – MZUESC 8573, 8593-96.
Scinax eurydice – MZUESC 8041, 8113, 8432, 8467, 8603, 8847-48.
Scinax sp. 1 – MZUESC 8570, 8584-87.
Scinax sp. 2 (gr. rostratus) – MZUESC 8573.
Scinax strigilatus – MZUESC 8365, 8623-24, 8626, 8996, 9053, 9081, 9083.
Sphaenorhynchus prasinus – MZUESC 8597.
Trachycephalus mesophaeus – MZUESC 8315, 9019.
Trachycephalus nigromaculatus – MZUESC 8299, 8905.
HYLODIDAE
Crossodactylus sp. – MZUESC 8056, 8121-22, 8521.
LEPTODACTYLIDAE
Adenomera cf. thomei – MZUESC 8138, 8317, 8364.
Leptodactylus cupreus – MZUESC 9041.
Leptodactylus fuscus – MZUESC 9002, 9017.
Leptodactylus cf. latrans – MZUESC 8915.
Leptodactylus mystaceus – MZUESC 8040.
Physalaemus camacan – MZUESC 9045-47.
Physalaemus erikae – MZUESC 8423, 9006, 9042-44.
MICROHYLIDAE
Chiasmocleis crucis – MZUESC 9028–29, 9031–34, 9036.
Stereocyclops histrio – MZUESC 9037-40.
Stereocyclops incrassatus – MZUESC 8422, 9020-22.
ODONTOPHRYNIDAE
Odontophrynus carvalhoi – MZUESC 8564.
Proceratophrys renalis – MZUESC 10341.
Proceratophrys schirchi – MZUESC 8152, 8300, 8468-69, 8602, 10342-45.
PIPIDAE
Pipa carvalhoi – MZUESC 7360.
SIPHONOPIDAE
Siphonops annulatus – MZUESC 8376, 8459, 8913, 9056, 9070.