Citation: Araya JF, Catalán R (2014) A review of the non-bulimulid terrestrial Mollusca from the Region of Atacama, northern Chile. ZooKeys 398: 33–51. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.398.4282
Terrestrial mollusca are sparsely studied in Chile and, for the first time, a formal record of the diversity of land snails in northern Chile is reported. Coastal and desertic areas in the Region of Atacama, in the border of the Atacama desert and the Pacific Ocean, were surveyed with the aim to describe the presence and distribution of this poorly known fauna. Of the fourteen species recorded, the geographic distribution records for nine species are extended, and some taxa are recorded for the first time since their original descriptions. All, except one, of the fourteen terrestrial molluscan species occurring in the area are endemic to Chile; they are all terrestrial species, most of them have a restricted geographic distribution, and none of them is currently protected by law. The results reveal that the region of Atacama has one of the most diverse terrestrial snail biodiversity in Chile, ranking only after the Juan Fernandez Archipelago. Distribution records of all the studied species and a taxonomic key are also provided.
Land snails, Chile, Charopidae, Bothriembryontidae, Ellobiidae, Pupillidae, Strophocheilidae
Terrestrial molluscs are one of the least studied invertebrate groups in Chile, the first work compiling the records of land molluscan species is still extant (
This work presents an overview, with distributions and illustrations, of all the land molluscan species found in the Region of Atacama, northern Chile. Ellobiidae species are also included, taking into account their terrestrial habitat in the country. The distribution range and a taxonomic key to all the studied taxa is also provided. The aim of this preliminary paper is thus to contribute to the knowledge of the land snail fauna in Chile.
Most of the sampling was made in the coastal desert areas around the port of Caldera (27°04'S, 70°50'W), and in specific localities in the Region of Atacama, northern Chile, during the summers of 2009 to 2012 and in August–December 2012. This region occupies the southern part of the Atacama desert and has an arid to hyper-arid climate, with low precipitation, mostly associated with the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. Detailed descriptions of the surveyed area, particularly of the flora and higher fauna are provided in
Map of sampling sites, arranged from north to south. 1 Aguas Verdes 2 Zoológico de Piedra 3 Quebrada del León 4 Plains NE Caldera 5 Caldera Bay 6 El Morro Hill 7 Chorrillos beach Area 8 Copiapó 9 Barranquilla beach Area 10 Chañaral de Aceituno.
Sampling sites, arranged from north to south.
Locality | Coordinates/Altitude | Ecology | Ocurring species |
---|---|---|---|
Aguas Verdes | 26°52'S, 70°48'W, 60 m | Low coastal hills with rocky outcrops, scarce vegetation. | Plectostylus broderipii, Plectostylus coturnix, Sarnia frumentum. |
Zoológico de Piedra | 26°56'S, 70°47'W, 94 m | Rocky outcrop with sparse vegetation. | Plectostylus broderipii. |
Quebrada del León | 26°57'S, 70°44'W, 378 m (Hill). 26°58'S, 70°45'W, 155 m (Plains). | Sandy plains and rocky hills with vegetation of cacti and desert bushes. | Plectostylus broderipii, Stephacharopa calderaensis. |
Plains NE Caldera. | 27°04'22"S, 70°49'03"W, 135 m | Coastal plain, almost no vegetation and rocky hills with scarce vegetation. | Plectostylus broderipii, Plectostylus coturnix. |
Caldera Bay | 27°04'S, 70°49'W, 54 m | Sandy plains with very scarce vegetation. | Plectostylus coturnix, Cornu aspersum, Marinula pepita, Sarnia frumentum. |
El Morro Hill | 27°08'43"S, 70°55'42"W, 194 m | Steep rocky terrain, herbs and cacti, plentiful lichen communities. | Plectosylus coturnix, Pupoides (Ischnopupoides) minimus, Stephacharopa calderaensis. |
Chorrillos beach Area | 27°09'37"S, 70°56'40"W, 64 m | Coquina cliffs and rocky outcrops. | Plectostylus broderipii, Marinula pepita. |
Copiapó | 27°22'00"S, 70°19'00"W, 470 m | Small mountains, very scarce vegetation. | Plectostylus broderipii, Chiliborus rosaceus. |
Barranquilla beach Area | 27°42'33"S, 71°01'03"W, 123 m | Sandy plains and rocky outcrops with scarce vegetation. | Plectostylus elegans. |
Chañaral de Aceituno | 29°01'35"S, 71°26'20"W, 174 m | Sandy hills with scarce vegetation. | Chiliborus pachychilus. |
Bulimus peruvianus Bruguière, 1789, by subsequent designation (
The genus is extant and distributed in Chile and Argentina, its type species is endemic to Chile. All the species have a minutely rugose, granulate or striate protoconch.
http://species-id.net/wiki/Plectostylus_broderipii
Figs 3.1–3.4, Table 2El Morro hill (27°08'43"S, 70°55'42"W) and Aguas verdes sector (26°52'S, 70°48'W), Commune of Caldera, JFA 100112, 35 specimens, RMNH.MOL.329662 (lot).
Shells elongate-globose, imperforate, whorls convex with a pattern of axial and spiral brownish streaks. Last whorl ample, lip simple.
From Iquique (20°30'S, 69°30'W) to Huasco (
Distribution range of terrestial molluscan taxa considered in this work.
Species | Distribution | References |
---|---|---|
Chiliborus bridgesii (Pfeiffer, 1842) | Caleta Pajonales (27°43'S, 71°02'W) to Freirina (28°30'S, 71°04'W). | |
Chiliborus pachychilus (Pfeiffer, 1842) | Chañaral de Aceituno (29°01'35"S, 71°26'20"W) to Coquimbo (29°57'S, 71°20'W). | |
Chiliborus rosaceus (King & Broderip, 1831) | Copiapó (27°22'00"S, 70°19'56"W) to Chiloé Island (42°52'S, 73°49'W). | |
Cornu aspersum (Müller, 1774) | Worldwide, in Chile from Caldera (27°04'S, 70°49'W) to Chiloé Island (42°52'S, 73°49'W). | |
Marinula pepita King 1832 | Caldera (27°04'S, 70°49'W) to Chiloé Island (42°52'S, 73°49'W), Chile and in Lima (12°02'S, 77°01'W), Peru. | |
Plectostylus broderipii (Sowerby I, 1832) | Iquique (20°30'S, 69°30'W) to Huasco (28°20'S, 71°15'W). | |
Plectostylus coturnix (Sowerby I, 1832) | El Morro hill (27°08'43"S, 70°55'42"W) to Huasco (28°20'S, 71°15'W). | |
Plectostylus elegans (Pfeiffer, 1842) | Barranquilla beach (27°21'29"S, 70°20'24"W) and Huasco (28°20'S, 71°15'W). | |
Plectostylus moestai (Dunker, 1864) | Copiapó (27°22'00"S, 70°19'56"W). | |
Plectostylus punctulifer (Sowerby I, 1833) | Paposo (25°05'S, 70°25'W) to Huasco (28°20'S, 71°15'W). | |
Plectostylus variegatus (Pfeiffer, 1842) | Paposo (25°05'S, 70°25'W) to Lomas de Huasco (28°20'S, 71°15'W). | |
Pupoides (Ischnopupoides) minimus (Philippi, 1860) | Paposo (25°05'S, 70°25'W) to La Serena (29°54'S, 71°015 W). | |
Sarnia frumentum (Petit de Saussaye, 1842) | El Callao (12°02'S, 77°08'W), Peru to Aguas Verdes (26°52'S, 70°48'W), Chile. | |
Stephacharopa calderaensis Miquel & Araya, 2013 | Quebrada del León (26°57'S, 70°44'W) and El Morro hill (27°08'43"S, 70°55'42"W). |
http://species-id.net/wiki/Plectostylus_coturnix
Figs 3.5–3.9, Table 2El Morro hill (27°08'43"S, 70°55'42"W), Commune of Caldera, JFA 100113, 12 specimens. Hills near Vallenar (28°34'S, 70°45'W), October 2010, RCG (unnumbered), 25 specimens.
Shells stout, elongate-globose, with convex or very convex whorls, decorated with axial and spiral brownish streaks and spots. Last whorl very ample, lip simple, rimate umbilicus.
Huasco (28°20'S, 71°15'W) (
http://species-id.net/wiki/Plectostylus_elegans
Figs 3.10–3.14, Table 2Barranquilla beach (27°21'29"S, 70°20'24"W), Commune of Caldera, RCG (unnumbered), 5 specimens. Aguas verdes (26°52'S, 70°48'W), Commune of Caldera, 3 specimens. MZUC 39619 (lot).
Shells thin, elongate-globose, with convex and slightly shouldered whorls, decorated with axial greyish, and brownish-reddish, streaks. Last whorl very ample, lip simple, periostracum shiny and transparent.
Huasco (28°20'S, 71°15'W) (
http://species-id.net/wiki/Plectostylus_moestai
Table 2no material seen.
Shell subrimate, ovate-conic, thin, marked with irregular chestnut streaks. Whorls six, a little convex, apex obtuse, aperture oval, peristome simple (
Cerro Bravo, Copiapó (
http://species-id.net/wiki/Plectostylus_punctulifer
Figs 3.15–3.18, Table 2Fray Jorge National Park (30°40'S, 71°40'W), Region of Coquimbo, July 2006, RCG (unnumbered), 3 specimens.
This elongated Plectostylus species has a thin and somewhat fusiform shell, with an acute, long spire and five slightly convex whorls, sculptured with minute granules and growth lines. The aperture is narrow and descending, somewhat expanded in the anterior side. Periostracum is thin, opaque and yellowish.
http://species-id.net/wiki/Plectostylus_variegatus
Figs 3.19–3.21, Table 2Hills near Vallenar (28°34'S, 70°45'W), RCG (unnumbered), 5 specimens.
This relatively large species (up to 52 mm) has a thin but stout shell, with an acute, somewhat short spire and five slightly convex whorls sculptured by thin growth lines and fine spiral threads. The aperture is large, oval and slightly angulated in the columellar lip, which is completely white in its anterior part.
Stephacharopa calderaensis Miquel & Araya, 2013, by original designation (
The genus is extant and distributed in Chile and Argentina, its type species is restricted to the Region of Atacama, northern Chile. Protoconchs of species within the genus have 40–60 axial, smooth and low ribs.
http://species-id.net/wiki/Stephacharopa_calderaensis
El Morro hills (27°8'33"S, 70°55'35"W), Commune of Caldera, August 2012, JFA 100127, 37 specimens MZUC 39613 (lot), RMNH.MOL 329670 (lot). Quebrada del León sector (26°57'S, 70°44'W), JFA 100128, 12 specimens.
This species has a tiny (largest specimen: 3.1 mm width), orbicular, low-spired shell, sculptured by numerous axial lamellae (about 90–95 in last whorl), with a depressed apex, a thin and brownish periostracum and an ample umbilicus. Live animals are unknown.
According to
Marinula pepita King, 1832, by monotypy.
The genus is extant and distributed in South Africa, New Zealand and Chile, its type species is found from Ecuador to Chile.
http://species-id.net/wiki/Marinula_pepita
Table 2Caldera Bay (27°04'S, 70°49'W), Commune of Caldera, July 12 2012, JFA 100501, 21 specimens.
This species have small shells (up to about 11 mm), brownish or reddish in colour, higher than wider, of short spire, a large last whorl and an impressed suture. Aperture is simple, with a thin lip with a tooth in the inner external lip and three more in the columellar area. Animals are traslucent, with darker tentacles and a comparatively short foot.
This species has been cited from Coquimbo to Chiloé Island, Chile (
Sarnia frumentum Petit de Saussaye, 1842, by subsequent designation (H. A. Adams 1855).
The genus and its type species are extant and distributed in Chile and Peru.
http://species-id.net/wiki/Sarnia_frumentum
Table 2Aguas Verdes (26°52'S, 70°48'W), Commune of Caldera, August 2011, JFA 100502, 15 specimens.
This is one of the smallest terrestrial snails found in northern Chile. They have small (up to about 7 mm) whitish-orangish shells, of subcylindrical shape, with a simple and sharp aperture, with three plyes in the columellar side.
This species has been cited from El Callao, Peru to Chañaral, Chile (
Pupa hordacea Gabb, 1866, by original designation.
The subgenus is extant and distributed in USA, northern Mexico, Cuba and Chile, its type species is restricted to southern USA.
http://species-id.net/wiki/Pupoides_minimus
Table 2El Morro hill (27°8'33"S, 70°55'35"W) and Zoológico de Piedra (26°56'20"S, 70°47'14"W), Commune of Caldera, September 2012 and January 2013, JFA 100126, 52 specimens, MZUC 39612 (lot), RMNH.MOL 329669 (lot).
This species has a tiny (up to 6 mm), whitish and elongated shell, sculptured by widely separated axial lamellae, with a small aperture and a thin and brownish periostracum.
Paposo to La Serena (
Bulinus chilensis Sowerby I, 1833, by subsequent designation (Klappenbach and Olazarri 1970).
The genus and type species are extant and endemic to Chile; protoconchs of all species of the genus have a characteristic spiral striation.
http://species-id.net/wiki/Chiliborus_bridgesii
Figs 2.1–2.4, Table 2Caleta Pajonales (27°43'S, 71°02'W), Commune of Copiapó, September 2005, RCG (unnumbered), 4 specimens.
This species have small (up to 23 mm), pale brown, thin ovate-oblong shells, minutely sculptured by fine spiral lines, with a reflexed and delicate thin lip and a comparatively large protoconch decorated by spiral threads. This is the smallest species in the Strophocheilidae.
Freirina (28°30'S, 71°04'W) and Huasco (28°20'S, 71°15'W) (
http://species-id.net/wiki/Chiliborus_pachychilus
Figs 2.5–2.8, Table 2Chañaral de Aceituno (29°01'35"S, 71°26'20"W), Commune of Freirina, February 2008, RCG (unnumbered), 33 specimens. MZUC 39615.
This species has ovate-oblong, shells (up to 39 mm), with a thin, brownish periostracum and a slightly flattened apex. They are easily distinguished by their solid and thick whitish shell and their thickened, lamellate outer lip. On magnification the surface of the shell has a rugose appearance, especially in the subsutural area, due to very fine spiral threads crossed by thin axial lines (Fig. 2.8).
Chiliborus shells. Chiliborus bridgesii, Pajonales Bay, Province of Copiapó, 20.3 mm: 1 Ventral view2 Dorsal view3 Detail of protoconch 4 Juvenile shell. Chiliborus pachychilus, Chañaral de Aceituno, Province of Huasco, 37.3 mm: 5 Ventral view 6 Dorsal view7 Detail of protoconch 8 Detail of sculpture. Chiliborus rosaceus, Los Molles, Valparaiso Region, 61.9 mm: 9 Ventral view10 Dorsal view11 Detail of protoconch 12 Detail of suture and sculpture13 Ventral view of an orangish specimen, Pichidangui, Valparaiso Region, 74. 5 mm14 Preserved epiphragm15 Detail of protoconch.
Plectostylus shells. Plectostylus broderipii, Aguas Verdes, Commune of Caldera, 24 mm: 1 Ventral view2 Dorsal view. El Morro hill, Commune of Caldera, 28.8 mm: 3 Ventral view4 Dorsal view 5 Detail of protoconchPlectostylus coturnix, El Morro hill, Commune of Caldera, 27.5 mm: 6 Detail of protoconch7 Ventral view8 Dorsal view 9 Detail of sculpture. Plectostylus elegans, Barranquilla, Commune of Caldera, 24 mm: 10 Ventral view11 Dorsal view 12 Detail of sculpture. 13 Detail of protoconch. 14 Juvenile shell. Plectostylus punctulifer, Fray Jorge National Park, Coquimbo Region, Chile, 20.2 mm: 15 Ventral view16 Dorsal view 17 Detail of sculpture. 18 Detail of protoconch. Plectostylus variegatus, Vallenar, Province of Huasco, 50.5 mm.: 19 Ventral view20 Dorsal view21 Detail of sculpture.
Questa de Arenas, Huasco (28°20'S, 71°15'W) and Coquimbo (29°57'S, 71°20'W) (
http://species-id.net/wiki/Chiliborus_rosaceus
Figs 2.9–2.15, Table 2Rocky hills north of Copiapo (27°21'29"S, 70°20'24"W), Commune of Copiapó, April 4 2006, JFA 100101. Pichidangui (32°08'39"S, 71°31'15"W) and Los Molles (32°13'56"S, 71°29'23"W), Region of Valparaíso, 2008, RCG (unnumbered), 9 specimens.
This species has large (up to 89 mm in examined specimens), brownish and elongate shells decorated with growth lines. Shells have crenulated sutures, a large protoconch and a thick lip. Animals have an orange or brownish body, with short grey tentacles.
From Huasco to Chiloé Island (42°S, 73°W) (
Cornu copiae Born, 1778 (= Helix aspersa Müller, 1774), by original designation. The genus is extant and native to Europe.
http://species-id.net/wiki/Cornu_aspersum
Table 2Mirador de Charito sector, Caldera city (27°3'45"S, 70°50'8"W), Commune of Caldera, July 2012, JFA 100129, 2 specimens.
This very common species has a distinctive low-spired, brown shell with yellowish and brownish markings and four or five whorls.
According to
The terrestrial molluscs found in the Region of Atacama encompasses five families: Bothriembryontidae, a Gondwanan family which in Chile is solely represented by the genus Plectostylus; Charopidae, a widely extended family of tiny snails; Ellobiidae, a family which includes conspicuous terrestrial species living in litoral areas, in mangroves and under rocks in salty conditions; Strophocheilidae, with conspicuously large snails and Bulimulidae, with 29 species in Chile, all in genus Bostryx. This last family is currently under study, with twenty three species represented in the Region of Atacama, and will be reviewed in a further work. Most of the species here considered occur in patchy distributions along the coastal desert of northern Chile, most of them with sparse records and very few have been found alive.
In summary, fourteen species of terrestrial molluscs are recorded in the Region of Atacama. All of them are ground dwellers, and only one introduced species, Cornu aspersum, has been found in the residential gardens of Caldera. Chiliborus bridgesii, Chiliborus pachychilus, Chiliborus rosaceus, Cornu aspersum, Marinula pepita, Plectostylus coturnix, Plectostylus elegans, Plectostylus variegatus and Sarnia frumentum are recorded from the Atacama region for the first time and thus they extend their distribution records in the country. Taking into account the twenty three species of Bulimulidae, which will be reviewed in another work, the number of species recorded in the region of Atacama make it one of the richest places in Chile in terms of terrestrial molluscan biodiversity. Intensive collections are needed for a further understanding of the biology and ecology of this group.
1 | Shell orbicular, depressed, ample umbilicus | 2 |
1a | Shell higher than wider, globose to turrited | 3 |
2 | Shell globose, up to 40 mm, variegated in brown-chestnut, very convex whorls, small umbilicus, ample aperture, external lip white internally | Cornu aspersum (Müller, 1774) |
2a | Minute shell (up to 3.5 mm), convex whorls, sculptured by numerous and fine axial lamellae, ample umbilicus and flat apex | Stephacharopa calderaensis Miquel & Araya, 2013 |
3 | Shell obese-ovate to elongated | 4 |
3a | Shell very elongated or turrited, very small (up to 4.5 mm), elongate, corneous, shallow axial ribs, oval aperture | Pupoides (Ischnopupoides) minimus (Philippi, 1860) |
4 | Presence of plyes or teeth inside aperture, shells very small (up to 11 mm), last whorl very large | 12 |
4a | Lip simple, protoconch rugose or decorated with spiral lines, shells 40 mm to 93 mm. Aperture comparatively large | 5 |
5 | Protoconch not prominent or flattened, decorated with spiral lines | 6 |
5a | Protoconch rugose or finely striated, thin shells of medium size (up to 55 mm), whitish to yellowish in colour, variegated with brown streaks and marks, aperture very large | 8 |
6 | Shell medium sized (40 mm) to large (up to 89 mm), large protoconch, wavy suture, engrossed outer lip | 7 |
6a | Shell small (up to 23 mm), thin, caramel-brown in colour, suture simple, reflected outer lip, yellowish thin periostracum | Chiliborus bridgesii (Pfeiffer, 1842) |
7 | Shell up to 42 mm, white to pale brown, thick, minutely sculptured by shallow spiral and axial lines, lamellated, accrescent outer lip | Chiliborus pachychilus (Pfeiffer, 1842) |
7a | Shell large (65 mm to 89 mm), lightweight, pink-brownish, irregularly sculptured by growth marks, plicated sutures | Chiliborus rosaceus (King & Broderip, 1831) |
8 | Shell ovate-oblong or slightly fusiform, thin, no umbilical ply | 9 |
8a | Shell stout, globose whorls, comparatively small spire, noticeable pseudo-umbilicus, aperture wider in medium part | Plectostylus coturnix (Sowerby I, 1832) |
9 | Ovate-globose shell, aperture wider in first tird of shell heigh | 10 |
9a | Shell ovate-elongate to fusiform, yellowish to pale brownish, angulated columellar lip, surface of shell minutely granulated, yellowish periostracum | 11 |
10 | Maximum width near half of last whorl, size up to 45 mm | Plectostylus broderipii (Sowerby I, 1832) |
10a | Shell slightly elongated, acute spire, maximum width near first third of last whorl, size up to 55 mm, delicate brownish periostracum | Plectostylus variegatus (Pfeiffer, 1842). |
11 | Shell elongate, decorated with axial brown streaks, acute spire, ovate-elongate aperture slightly flared in anterior side, yellowish periostracum | Plectostylus punctulifer (Sowerby I, 1833) |
11a | Shell ovate, shiny, decorated with axial segmented redish-brown stripes, spire low, whorls slightly shouldered | Plectostylus elegans (Pfeiffer, 1842) |
12 | Shell brownish or reddish, short spire, impressed suture, thin lip with a tooth in the inner external lip and three more in the columellar area | Marinula pepita (King, 1831) |
12b | Shell of subcylindrical shape, with a simple and sharp aperture and three plyes in the columellar area | Sarnia frumentum (Petit de la Saussaye, 1842) |
Abraham Breure (Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, the Netherlands) for helping with literature, identification of some specimens and suggestions on an early version of the manuscript, Eike Neubert (Naturhistorisches Museum der Burgergemeinde Bern, Bern, Switzerland), Lukas Landler (Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, USA) and Frank Köhler (Australian Museum, Sydney, Australia) for helping with literature, Sergio Miquel (Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia, Buenos Aires, Argentina) for suggestions on the manuscript, Daniel Geiger (Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, U.S.A.) and Megan Paustian (Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, U.S.A.) for useful suggestions and correction of the manuscript. Raul Zuñiga (Caldera, Chile) for his commitment and help in many field collections and to Marta Araya (Caldera, Chile) for her continuous support and help through this study. Two anonymous reviewers and the Academic editor (E. Neubert) made constructive comments that substantially improved the manuscript. Finally, I would like to thank the Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Open Access Support Project (EOASP) for supporting the open access of this paper.