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The Javanese fauna of the species group Cautires obsoletus is revised. Altogether, eight Javanese species were classified in the group; five of them are proposed to be junior subjective synonyms: Cautires fruhstorferi Dudkova & Bocak, 2010, a replacement name of Bulenides lineatus Pic, 1921, Cautires javanicus Bourgeois, 1883, Cautires inhumeralis (Pic, 1921), Cautires nigromaculatus (Pic, 1925), and Cautires pudicus (Kleine, 1931) (all synonymized to Cautires obsoletus Waterhouse, 1879). Three Javanese species are redescribed: Cautires apicalis (Pic, 1925), Cautires obsoletus (Waterhouse, 1878), and Cautires singularithorax (Pic, 1925). Cautires apicalis (Pic, 1925) is removed from the synonymy of Cautires corporaali (Pic, 1921) and reinstated as a valid name. Three new species are proposed: Cautires walteri sp. n., Cautires taoi sp. n., and Cautires sukosarensis sp. n. All species are keyed and principal diagnostic characters are illustrated. The distribution and relationships to Cautires fauna of other Great Sundas islands are briefly discussed.
Systematics, Metriorrhynchini, Indonesia, new species, new synonym
The species of the Cautires obsoletus group were originally placed in Bulenides Waterhouse, 1879 (
Species delineation and diagnoses are based on the male adult semaphoronts if a male is available. The unique types represented by females represent a problem, as assignment of conspecific males and females is difficult. Diagnoses of female type specimens are based on the morphology of the ovipositor, as the shape of the antennae and relative size of the eyes are uniform.
Male and female genitalia were studied. Dry mounted specimens were transferred to 50% ethanol and apical parts of abdomens were shortly kept in hot 10% KOH to clean them of muscles and fat bodies. Photographs of diagnostic characters and measurements were taken using an Olympus SZX-16 microscope. The following measurements were taken: BL – body length; HW – width at the humeri; PW – pronotal width, measured at the base; PL – pronotal length at midline; Edist – minimum frontal distance between eyes; Ediam – maximum eye diameter in the lateral view.
Depositories: BMNH – Natural History Museum, London; KMCT – Kiyoshi Matsuda Collection, Takarazuka city; LMBC – Dept. of Zoology, Palacky University, Olomouc; MHNP – Museum d’histoire naturelle, Paris; MIZW – Museum and Institute of Zoology PAN, Warszawa.
TaxonomyLycus (gen. 22) excellens Waterhouse, 1878;
Cautires belongs to the tribe Metriorrhynchini, which is easily recognizable by well-developed pronotal and elytral costae, a circular phallobase and unpaired gland in the vagina (
General appearance: 1 Cautires taoi sp. n. 2 Cautires singularithorax Pic, holotype 3 Cautires sukosarensis sp. n. 4 Cautires walteri sp. n. 5 Cautires apicalis Pic, holotype sp. 6 Cautires obsoletus Waterhouse. Pronotum: 7 Cautires walteri sp. n. 8 Cautires obsoletus Waterhouse 9 Cautires taoi sp. n. 10 Cautires apicalis Pic, holotypesp. 11 Cautires sukosarensis sp. n. Scale bars Figs 1–6 = 1.0 mm, Figs 7–11 = 0.5 mm.
Male genitalia: 12, 13 Cautires obsoletus Waterhouse 14 Cautires walteri sp. n. 15 Cautires taoi sp. n. 16 Cautires sukosarensis sp. n. Female genitalia: 17 Cautires singularithorax Pic, holotype 18 Cautires apicalis Pic, holotype. Male basal antennomeres 19 Cautires sukosarensis sp. n. 20 Cautires obsoletus Waterhouse 21 Cautires sukosarensis sp. n. 22 Cautires taoi sp. n. 23 Cautires walteri sp. n., head frontally. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.
The low dispersal propensity of metriorrhynchine net-winged beetles results in small ranges and effectiveness of barriers, which are crossed easily by other beetles (
The second potential reason for the high level of endemism in net-winged beetles is the role of aposematic coloration. The majority of Metriorrhynchini in the Oriental Region are aposematically colored and the Javanese Cautires species are no exception (Figs 1–6). The similar orange and black pattern is known also from higher mountain regions of Sumatra, e.g. Gunung Kerinci, Gunung Merapi and volcanoes in the vicinity of Brastagi. These aposematic patterns are limited to higher mountain habitats and the lower areas are inhabited by differently colored species. The role of color patterns as a factor limiting dispersal was discussed by
1 | Pronotum dark brown to black (Figs 6, 8) | Cautires obsoletus (Waterhouse) |
– | Pronotum brightly colored, similarly to basal part of elytra (Figs 1–5, 7, 9–11) | 2 |
2 | Body large, over 10 mm, orange part of elytra reaching over half of elytral length | 3 |
– | Body small, less than 9 mm, orange part of elytra reaching less than half of elytral length | 4 |
3 | About apical quarter of elytra dark colored (Fig. 5), female genitalia with valvifers 2.1 times the length of coxites (Fig. 18) | Cautires apicalis (Pic) |
– | Almost half of elytra dark colored (Fig. 2), regularly, female genitalia with valvifers 1.75 times the length of coxites (Fig. 17) | Cautires singularithorax (Pic) |
4 | Male eyes large, their frontal minimum distance 0.87 times maximum diameter in lateral view | Cautires taoi Bocak, sp. n. |
– | Male eyes small, their frontal minimum distance more than 1.20 times maximum diameter in lateral view | 5 |
5 | Phallus very slender, parallel-sided in most of its length, widened at middle, sclerotized spines of internal sac small, phallus about 8.8 times longer than spines of internal sac (Fig. 16) | Cautires sukosarensis Bocak, sp. n. |
– | Phallus moderately slender, narrower towards base and apex, widest at middle of its length, sclerotized spines of internal sac small, phallus about 6.2 times longer than spines of internal sac (Fig. 14) | Cautires walteri Bocak, sp. n. |
http://species-id.net/wiki/Cautires_apicalis
Figs 5, 10, 18Female, holotype. [Indonesia] Java occident. Pengalengan, 4000’, 1893, H. Fruhstorfer (MHNP).
Cautires apicalis differs from the similar Javanese species Cautires singularithorax in the much smaller extent of the dark part of the elytra and in the shape of the ovipositor, which has valvifers more than two times longer than the coxites (Figs 2, 5, 18). Only female specimen is available and we do not have any information on male characters.
Female. Body medium-sized, dorso-ventrally flattened, slender. Head, body, posterior third of elytra and appendages black, pronotum and basal two thirds of elytra orange, pronotum and elytra covered with dense orange pubescence (Figs 5, 10). Head small, partly hidden in pronotum, clypeus slightly concave, labrum simply rounded, mandibles slender, strongly curved, maxillary palpi slender, apical palpomere pointed, labial palpi similar in shape. Eyes small, hemispherically prominent, their frontal interocular distance 1.50 times eye diameter. Antennae acutely serrate, covered with short, dark colored setae. Pronotum flat, slightly transverse, 1.32 times wider at base than length at midline; frontal margin concave; lateral margins slightly elevated, posterior angles acutely projected, pronotum with slender median areola, attached to middle of basal margin of pronotum, connected to anterior margin by keel occupying one third of midline, lateral keels absent (Fig. 10). Elytra flat, with separately rounded apexes and well developed four primary longitudinal costae; secondary costae very weak, cells irregular, mostly quadrate. Legs laterally flattened, covered with dark colored setae. Ovipositor with valvifers 2.1 times length of coxites (Fig. 18). Male unknown.
BL 11.9 mm, PL 1.84 mm, PW 2.42 mm, HW 2.72 mm, Edist 0.69 mm, Ediam 0.46 mm.
Cautires apicalis is known only from Western Java.
Two large bodied species were described by M. Pic from Western Java, both of them from a single female specimen. Although one male specimen collected in the same region was available for study, it is impossible to assign the name based on female to a male without further information. Therefore, holotypes of Cautires apicalis and Cautires singularithorax are redescribed and illustrated here. More extensive material is necessary for the definitive delineation of these species.
http://species-id.net/wiki/Cautires_obsoletus
Figs 6, 8, 12–13, 20Female, holotype of Bulenides obsoletus. [Indonesia] Java (without further data, BMNH). Female, holotype of Bulenides lineatus. [Indonesia] Java occident., Sukabumi, 2000’, 1893, H. Fruhstorfer (MHNP). Male, holotype of Bulenides javanicus. [Indonesia, Java] Giava, Tcibodas, Ott. 1874, O. Beccari (MHNP). Male, holotype of Bulenides inhumeralis. [Indonesia] Bogor, 1000’, v–vi 96, I. Z. Kannegieter (MHNP). Male, holotype of Bulenides nigromaculatus. [Indonesia] Java occident., Sukabumi 2000’, H. Fruhstorfer (MHNP). Male, holotype of Bulenides pudicus. [Indonesia] Toegoe, West-Jawa-Pasteur (without further data, MIZW).
Cautires obsoletus differs from the other Javanese species in the black pronotum (Fig. 8) and a very oblique border between the bright and dark parts of elytra (Fig. 6). The basal part of elytra is brown to reddish brown and differs from the brightly orange coloration of the other species in Java.
.Male. Body small to medium-sized, dorso-ventrally flattened, slender; head, body, posterior half of elytra and appendages dark-brown to black; basal half of elytra brown to reddish brown (Fig. 6), body covered with dense pubescence. Head small, partly hidden in pronotum, clypeus slightly concave, labrum simply rounded, mandibles slender, strongly curved, maxillary palpi slender, apical palpomere pointed; labial palpi similar in shape. Eyes small, hemispherically prominent, their frontal interocular distance 1.15 times eye diameter. Antennae shortly flabellate, 11-segmented, covered with short, dark colored setae (Fig. 20). Pronotum flat, only slightly transverse, 1.15 times wider at base than length at midline; frontal margin projected forward; lateral margins slightly elevated, concave, posterior angles acutely projected, pronotum with moderately wide median areola, attached to middle of basal margin of pronotum, connected to anterior margin by keel occupying one third of midline, lateral keels absent (Fig. 8). Elytra flat, with well developed four primary longitudinal costae; secondary costae considerably weaker, cells regular, mostly slightly longitudinal. Legs laterally flattened, covered with dark colored setae. Male genitalia with phallus widest at midlength and gradually narrowed to apex (Figs 12–13). Female. Body medium-sized, antennae serrate, ovipositor with short valvifers.
BL 6.45 mm, PL 1.01 mm, PW 1.36 mm, HW 1.47 mm, Edist 0.51 mm, Ediam 0.44 mm.
Cautires obsoletus is known only from several localities in Western Java.
2 males, 1 female, Indonesia, W. Java, Puncak Pass nr Bogor, 23. Mar. 1992, H. Arimoto, lgt.; male, [Indonesia] West Java, Puncak Pass, 22. Mar. 1993, Y. Miyake leg. (KMTC, LMBC).
The holotype of Cautires obsoletus is a strongly damaged female with only a part of one elytron preserved. The basal part of the elytron is testaceous and the loss of reddish coloration may be caused by long-term exposure to light. The holotype of Cautires lineatus is also a female and it differs only in the darker hue of the bright part of the elytra, but it resembles the holotype of Cautires obsoletus in its body shape. The female genitalia of all available specimens are very similar.Holotypes of four other species are males and they do not differ in comparable characters such as body shape and color pattern. Therefore, all these species are considered junior subjective synonyms of Cautires obsoletus.
http://species-id.net/wiki/Cautires_singularithorax
Figs 2, 17Female, holotype. [Indonesia] Coll. Dr. H. J. Veth, P. J. Sijthoff, Java, Preanger (MHNP).
Cautires singularithorax resemble Cautires apicalis in the body size and color pattern (Figs 2, 5). These species differ in the extent of the bright part of the elytra, which is much smaller in Cautires singularithorax and in V-shaped border between bright and dark part in Cautires singularithorax and almost transverse border in Cautires apicalis. Female genitalia of both species differ in the relative length of valvifers, those of Cautires singularithorax are stout and about 1.8 times longer than coxites (Figs 17, 18). Cautires singularithorax has not been found in the available recently collected material and only unique female specimen is known and we do not have any information on male characters.
Female. Body medium-sized, dorso-ventrally flattened, slender; head, body, posterior half of elytra and appendages dark-brown to black; pronotum and basal half of elytra orange, pronotum and elytra covered with dense orange pubescence. Head small, partly hidden in pronotum, clypeus slightly concave, labrum simply rounded, mandibles slender, strongly curved apically, maxillary with apical palpomere pointed; labial palpi similar in shape. Eyes small, hemispherically prominent, their frontal interocular distance 1.52 times eye diameter. Antennae acutely serrate, covered with short, dark colored setae. Pronotum flat, transverse, 1.45 times wider at base than length at midline; frontal margin concave; lateral margins slightly elevated, posterior angles very acutely projected, pronotum with median areola, areola widest anteriorly and attached to middle of basal margin, connected to anterior margin by keel occupying one third of midline. Elytra flat, with well developed four primary longitudinal costae; secondary costae considerably weaker, often interrupted, cells irregular, often inconspicuous, mostly quadrate. Legs laterally flattened, covered with dark colored setae. Ovipositor with valvifers 1.75 times length of coxites (Fig. 25). Male unknown.
BL 11.8 mm, PL 1.76 mm, PW 2.56 mm, HW 3.04 mm, Edist 0.74 mm, Ediam 0.48 mm, length of valvifer 0.78 mm, length of coxite 0.44 mm.
The species is known only in the type specimen from Java.
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3B3082A2-0C0E-42C8-BFE9-66B92DF0D789
http://species-id.net/wiki/Cautires_taoi
Figs 1, 9, 15, 22Male, holotype. Java, 13–14 km from Sukosari, 25. May 1982, M. Tao (KMTC). Paratypes. 2 males, data same as for holotype, 26. May 1982; 2 males, Java, Mt. Idjen, 15.–16. May 1982; female, E Java, Ijen, Jamba, 18. Apr. 1981, H. Detani leg.; female, E Jawa, Jambu Lijen, Banyuwangi, 12. Aug. 1986, T. Ito leg. (KMTC, LMBC).
The specific epithet is a patronym in honour of Mr M. Tao (Japan), the collector of the species.
Cautires taoi belongs along with Cautires sukosarensis and Cautires walteri to a group of the small-bodied, aposematically colored species with brightly colored pronotum and basal half of elytra (Figs 1, 3–4). This species differs in the large eyes, which are the largest within Javanese species, and the shape of male genitalia (Fig. 15).
Male. Body small-sized, dorso-ventrally flattened, slender, body, posterior half of elytra and appendages dark-brown to black (Fig. 1); pronotum and basal half of elytra bright orange red, pronotum and elytra covered with dense orange pubescence (Fig. 1). Head small, partly hidden in pronotum, clypeus slightly concave, labrum simply rounded, mandibles strongly curved apically, maxillary palpi with apical palpomere pointed; labial palpi similar in shape. Eyes large, hemispherically prominent, their frontal interocular distance 0.87 times eye diameter. Antennae shortly flabellate, covered with short, dark colored setae (Fig. 22). Pronotum flat, slightly transverse, 1.35 times wider at base than length at midline; frontal margin projected forward; lateral margins slightly elevated, convex, posterior angles acutely projected, pronotum with moderately robust median areola, attached to middle of basal margin of pronotum, connected to anterior margin by keel occupying one third of midline, lateral keels absent, anterior and lateral part of pronotum with fine, inconspicuous punctures (Fig. 9). Elytra flat, with well developed four primary longitudinal costae; secondary costae weaker, cells regular, tiny, mostly longitudinal. Legs laterally flattened, covered with dark colored setae. Phallus moderately robust, simple, almost parallel-sided (Fig. 15). Female slightly larger, similar in body coloration, antennae serrate. Valvifers 1.3 times length of coxites.
BL 7.15 mm, PL 1.17 mm, PW 1.54 mm, HW 1.69 mm, Edist 0.50 mm, Ediam 0.57 mm.
Cautires taoi is known at present only in the type series from Java.
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:2E02589C-484A-4078-98BD-8B52CFB151FD
http://species-id.net/wiki/Cautires_sukosarensis
Figs 3, 11, 16, 21Male, holotype. Java, 14–16 km from Sukosari, 22. May 1982, M. Tao (KMTC). Paratypes, male, female. Java, 14 km from Sukosari, 23. May 1982, 25. May 1982, M. Tao (KMTC, LMBC).
The specific epithet refers to the type locality.
Cautires sukosarensis belongs along with Cautires walteri and Cautires taoi to a group of the small bodied aposematically colored species with brightly colored pronotum and basal half of elytra (Figs 1, 3, 4). This species resembles Cautires walteri in relatively small eyes and differs from other species in the extremely slender and long phallus and long antennal lamellae (Figs 16, 21). Male genitalia are similar to those of Cautires bolavensis Dudkova & Bocak, 2010 from Laos, but these species differ in the coloration and the size of eyes. Similarity of genitalia may indicate the close relationships of vicariant species from Laos and Java as reported by
Male. Body small-sized, dorso-ventrally flattened, moderately slender; body, posterior half of elytra and appendages dark-brown to black; pronotum and basal half of elytra bright orange red, pronotum and elytra covered with dense orange pubescence (Fig. 3). Head small, clypeus slightly concave, labrum simply rounded, mandibles strongly curved apically, palpi with apical palpomeres pointed. Eyes small, hemispherically prominent, their frontal interocular distance 1.28 times eye diameter. Antennae shortly flabellate, 11-segmented, covered with short, dark colored setae (Fig. 21). Pronotum flat, transverse, 1.39 times wider at base than length at midline; frontal margin projected forward; lateral margins slightly elevated, convex, posterior angles acutely projected, pronotum with moderately robust median areola, attached to middle of basal margin of pronotum, connected to anterior margin by keel occupying one third of midline, lateral keels absent (Fig. 11). Elytra flat, with separately rounded apexes and well developed four primary longitudinal costae; secondary costae weak, cells regular, tiny, mostly quadrate. Legs laterally flattened, covered with dark colored setae. Phallus very slender, long, widest at midlength (Fig. 19). Female slightly larger, similar in body coloration, antennae serrate. Valvifers 1.55 times length of coxites.
BL 8.05 mm, PL 1.18 mm, PW 1.64 mm, HW 1.89 mm, Edist 0.55 mm, Ediam 0.43 mm.
Cautires sukosarensis is known at present only in the type series from Eastern Java.
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F2656D4E-5E00-463E-9193-9C10BBF546AB
http://species-id.net/wiki/Cautires_walteri
Figs 4, 7, 14, 19, 23Holotype. Male, Java, Rancabali, 45 km S of Bandung, 1700 m, 12. Oct. 2002, Bolm lgt. (LMBC). Paratypes. 2 males, data same as for holotype (KMTC, LMBC).
The specific epithet is a patronym in honour of the late Dr Walter Wittmer (Basel).
Cautires walteri resemble Cautires sukosarensis in the relatively small eyes and these species differ in the shape of body and male genitalia. Cautires walteri is characterized by the slender, small body and moderately robust phallus (Figs 1, 14).
Male. Body small-sized, dorso-ventrally flattened, slender; body, posterior half of elytra and appendages dark-brown to black; pronotum and basal half of elytra bright orange red, pronotum and elytra covered with dense orange pubescence (Fig. 4). Head small, clypeus slightly concave, labrum simply rounded, mandibles slender, strongly curved, apical palpomeres pointed (Fig. 23). Eyes small, hemispherically prominent, their frontal interocular distance 1.25 times eye diameter. Antennae shortly flabellate, 11-segmented, covered with short, dark colored setae (Fig. 19). Pronotum flat, transverse, 1.19 times wider at base than length at midline; frontal margin projected forward; lateral margins slightly elevated, convex, posterior angles acutely projected, pronotum with moderately robust median areola, attached to middle of basal margin of pronotum, connected to anterior margin by keel occupying one third of midline, lateral keels absent. Elytra flat, with well developed four primary longitudinal costae; secondary costae considerably weaker, cells regular, tiny, mostly quadrate. Legs laterally flattened, covered with dark colored setae. Phallus moderately robust, widest at midlength (Fig. 14). Female unknown.
BL 6.65 mm, PL 1.01 mm, PW 1.20 mm, HW 1.50 mm, Edist 0.50 mm, Ediam 0.40 mm.
Cautires walteri is known only in the type series from Western Java.
The study was supported by the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic (GACR P506/11/1757). This research also received support from the SYNTHESYS Project financed by EC Research Infrastructure Action. M. L. V. Barclay, T. Deuve, K. Matsuda, A. Taghavian, and W. Tomaszewska are gratefully acknowledged for providing material for the study and access to collections in their care. Thanks to Renata Bilkova for assistance creating the illustrations and C. Barton for proofreading.