(C) 2013 Masoumeh Shayanmehr. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 (CC-BY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
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Citation: Shayanmehr M, Yahyapour E, Kahrarian M, Yoosefi Lafooraki E (2013) An introduction to Iranian Collembola (Hexapoda): an update to the species list. ZooKeys 335: 69–83. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.335.5491
The Collembola fauna of Iran is little known and no comprehensive examination of this group of Hexapoda is available for this region. The only notable work on Collembola was carried out by Cox (1982). Recently, studies on the Collembola fauna have started in several regions. In this paper, publications by different researchers are documented and the species that have been found in different regions of Iran until January 2013 are listed. At present, 112 species, belonging to 18 families and 57 genera are known from Iran.
Springtails, taxonomy, Iran, checklist
Worldwide about 8, 000 species of Collembola have been described (
Iran is a country in southwest Asia with an area of 1, 648, 195 km2. It spans several different climatic zones and biomes, therefore the diversity of animals is high and this presumably also applies to those living in soil. According to biogeographic zonation, Iran has been considered part of the Palearctic region by most authors. However, some parts in the southern Iran, such as Khuzestan Plain and Persian Gulf coast, have been considered as Ethiopian (
Here we provide an update to the list of Iranian Collembola published from 1961 to 2013 mainly from the northern Iran. Obviously, the fauna of large parts of Iran is unknown and there is a need for additional research on the distribution of species but also on other aspects of these animals such as ecology, biology and their role in ecological processes in different ecosystems. It is the intention of the paper to encourage young entomologists to become aware of these gaps of knowledge and direct their interest towards Collembola fauna of this country.
The updated Iranian Collembola list was provided from two resources. First, it is based on bibliographic references and unpublished records from different regions (taxa not ascribed to species are not included in the total number of species). Second, results of sampling campaigns of Collembola by authors from different regions in Iran during 2009–2012 years are included. In the latter studies, soil and litter samples were collected from various habitats in Sari, Gorgan (Northern Iran) and Kermanshah (Western Iran). The samples were placed in dark polythene bags. Collembola were extracted from soil and leaf litter by Berlese funnels (Figure 1). Animals were collected in water and separated under a dissecting microscope. The extracted specimens were preserved in 75% ethanol. Permanent microscopic slides were prepared using Hoyer medium; for immediate identification, a mixture of lactic acid and glycerin (5:1) was used. For observing detailed structures of specimens, a 100×oil immersion objective was used. The specimens were identified by taxonomic keys such as
Extractor system for soil animals.
The number of Iranian Collembola species recorded until March 2012 is 112, belonging to 18 families and 57 genera. A systematic list of species according to the modern classification for the class Collembola (Deharveng, 2004) and details of species collection are shown in Appendix. The distribution of the species in the different provinces is shown in Figure 2. Most recorded species belong to Isotomidae (24%) and Entomobryidae (21%) (Figure 3). Collembola taxa for which species were not identified and which were reported as sp. was not included in this checklist. In addition to the genera shown in Appendix, some specimens from the genera, Pachyotoma (Bagnall, 1949), Prodrepanura (Stach, 1963), Isotomodes (Linnaniemi, 1907), Gnathofolsomia (Deharveng & Christian, 1984), Protaphorura (Absolon, 1901) (distributed in Kermanshah) by
Map of Iran showing the provinces (*) from which Collembola have been collected.
Percentage of Iranian Collembola species from different families.
The results of this paper indicate that study of Collembola is at an early stage in Iran but recently interest in the group is increasing.
We thank Dr. Stefan Scheu for his comments and detailed revision of the manuscript. In addition, we are indebted to Dr. Mikhail Potapov (Russia), Dr. Hans Uergen Schulz (Germany), Dr. Ulrich Burkhart (Germany), and Dr. Louis Deharveng (France) for confirming the identification of species. Finally, we are grateful to Kenneth A. Christiansen (USA) for helpful comments for preserving and mounting Collembola.
Checklist of Iranian Collembola species. Species marked by * were recorded for the first time from Iran.
Taxonomy: Class/Order/Family/Subfamily/Species |
Reference | Distribution in Iran, Province/Location | Habitat |
---|---|---|---|
Class Collembola | |||
Order Poduromorpha | |||
Family Neanuridae | |||
Subfamily Pseudachorutinae | |||
Genus Anurida Laboulbne, 1865 | |||
Anurida ellipsoides Stach, 1949 | E. Azarbaijan, W. Azarbaijan | Soil, Leaf litter | |
Anurida sensillata Gisin, 1953 | Gilan | Soil, Leaf litter | |
Anurida thalassophila (Bagnall, 1939) | Gilan, E. Azarbaijan | Soil, Leaf litter | |
Genus Pseudachorutes Tullberg, 1871 | |||
Pseudachorutes dubius Krausbauer, 1898 | Central, Gilan | Soil, Leaf litter | |
Pseudachorutes parvulus Börner, 1901 | Central, Gilan | Soil, Leaf litter | |
Pseudachorutes subcrassus Tullberg, 1871 | Central, Gilan | Soil, Leaf litter | |
Subfamily Frieseinae | |||
Genus Friesea Dalla Torre, 1895 | |||
Friesea mirabilis (Tullberg, 1871) | Central, Gilan, E. Azarbaijan | Soil, Leaf litter | |
Subfamily Morulininae | |||
Genus Morulina Börner, 1906 | |||
Morulina verrucosa Börner, 1903* | Gilan/Rasht | Soil (Ulmus sp.) | |
Subfamily Neanurinae | |||
Genus Bilobella Caroli, 1912 | |||
Bilobella aurantiaca (Caroli, 1912) | Central, Mazandaran, Gilan, E. Azarbaijan | Soil, Leaf litter | |
Genus Cryptonura Cassagnau, 1979 | |||
Cryptonura persica sp. n.* | |||
Cryptonura maxima sp. n.* | |||
Genus Deutonura Cassagnau, 1979 | |||
Deutonura decolorata (Gama & Gisin, 1964) | Mazandaran | Soil, Leaf litter | |
Genus Neanura MacGillivray, 1893 | |||
Thaumanura echinata (Kos, 1940) | unknown | Soil, Leaf litter | |
Neanura muscorum (Templeton, 1835) | Mazandaran, Gilan, Zanjan, Mazandaran/Sari | Leaf litter | |
Family Brachystomellidae | |||
Genus Brachystomella Agren, 1903 | |||
Brachystomella parvula (Schäffer, 1896) | Gilan, E. Azarbaijan, Zanjan | Soil, Leaf litter | |
Brachystomella nubila Gisin, 1957 | Gilan, E. Azarbaijan, Zanjan | Soil, Leaf litter | |
Family Poduridae | |||
Genus Podura Linnaeus, 1758 | |||
Podura aquatica Linnaeus, 1758 | Central | Soil, Leaf litter near water | |
Family Hypogastruridae | |||
Genus Ceratophysella Börner, 1932 | |||
Ceratophysella armata (Nicolet, 1841)* | Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, Charam | Soil | |
Ceratophysella denticulata (Bagnall, 1941) | Central, Mazandaran, Gilan, E. Azarbaijan, W. Azarbaijan, Zanjan Mazandaran/Sari, Kermanshah | Leaf litter, Soil | |
Ceratophysella stercoraria Stach, 1963* | Kermanshah, Sahneh, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, Charam | Soil | |
Genus Choreutinula Paclt, 1944 | |||
Choreutinula inermis Tullberg, 1871* | Gilan/Rasht | Soil (Prunus sp., Ficus sp., Platanus sp., Ulmus sp., Alnus sp.) | |
Genus Hypogastrura Bourlet, 1839 | |||
Hypogastrura assimilis (Krausbauer, 1898)* | Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, Charam | Soil | |
Hypogastrura manubrialis (Tullberg, 1869) | Central, Mazandaran, Gilan, E. Azarbaijan, W. Azarbaijan, Zanjan, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, Charam | Soil, Leaf litter | |
Hypogastrura tullbergi (Schäffer, 1900) | Mazandaran, Gilan | Soil, Leaf litter | |
Hypogastrura vernalis (Carl, 1901)* | Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, Charam | Soil | |
Genus Xenylla Tullberg, 1869 | |||
Xenylla humicola (Fabricius, 1780) | Gilan, E. Azarbaijan, W. Azarbaijan | Soil, Leaf litter | |
Xenylla maritima Tullberg, 1869 | Gilan, E. Azarbaijan, W. Azarbaijan | Soil, Leaf litter | |
Xenylla welchi Folsom, 1916* | Mazandaran/Sari, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, Charam | Leaf litter, Soil | |
Genus Willemia Börner, 1901 | |||
Willemia anophthalma Börner, 1901 | Central, E. Azarbaijan | Soil, Leaf litter | |
Willemia aspinata Stach, 1949* | Gilan/Rasht | Soil (Pinus sp.) | |
Family Onychiuridae | |||
Subfamily Onychiurinae | |||
Genus Protaphorura Absolon, 1901 | |||
Protaphorura fimata (Gisin, 1952) | Central, Mazandaran, Gilan, E. Azarbaijan, W. Azarbaijan, Zanjan | Soil, Leaf litter | |
Protaphorura bicampata (Gisin, 1956) | Central, Mazandaran, Gilan, E. Azarbaijan, W. Azarbaijan, Zanjan | Soil, Leaf litter | |
Protaphorura quadriocellata (Gisin, 1947) | Central, Mazandaran, Gilan, E. Azarbaijan, W. Azarbaijan, Zanjan | Soil, Leaf litter | |
Genus Onychiuroides Bagnall, 1948 | |||
Onychiuroides granulosus (Stach, 1930) | Central, Mazandaran, Gilan, E. Azarbaijan, W. Azarbaijan, Zanjan | Soil, Leaf litter | |
Onychiuroides pseudogranulosus (Gisin, 1951) | Central, Mazandaran, Gilan, E. Azarbaijan, W. Azarbaijan, Zanjan | Soil, Leaf litter | |
Genus Hymenaphorura Gervais, 1841 | |||
Hymenaphorura sibirica (Tullberg, 1876) | Central, Mazandaran, Gilan, E. Azarbaijan, W. Azarbaijan, Zanjan | Soil, Leaf litter | |
Genus Orthonychiurus Stach, 1954 | |||
Orthonychiurus folsomi (Schäffer, 1900)* | Mazandaran/Sari | Leaf litter | |
Orthonychiurus rectopapillatus (Stach, 1933) | Central, Mazandaran, Gilan, E. Azarbaijan, W. Azarbaijan, Zanjan | Soil, Leaf litter | |
Subfamily Tetrodontophorinae | |||
Genus Tetrodontophora Reuter, 1882 | |||
Tetrodontophora bielanensis (Waga, 1842)* | Gilan/Rasht | Soil (Ulmus sp., Prunus sp., Alnus sp., Parrotia persica, Acer sp., Salix alba, Punica sp., Robinia sp., Eriobotrya sp., Populus sp.) | |
Family Tullbergiidae | |||
Genus Mesaphorura Börner, 1901 | |||
Mesaphorura krausbaueri (Börner, 1901) | Central, Mazandaran, Gilan, E. Azarbaijan, Zanjan | Soil, Leaf litter | |
Genus Metaphorura Stach, 1954 | |||
Metaphorura affinis Börner, 1902 | Central, Gilan, E. Azarbaijan, Gilan/Rasht, Kermanshah | Soil (Quercus sp., Platanus sp., Alnus sp, Punica sp., Ulmus sp., Pinus sp., Cupressus sp., Robinia sp., Eriobotrya sp., Zelkova sp.) litter | |
Genus Paratullbergia Womersley, 1930 | |||
Paratullbergia callipygos (Börner, 1902) | Central, Zanjan | Soil, Leaf litter | |
Family Odontellidae | |||
Genus Axenyllodes Stach, 1949 | |||
Axenyllodes bayeri Kseneman, 1935 | Gilan, E. Azarbaijan | Soil, Leaf litter | |
Genus Superodontella Stach, 1949 | |||
Superodontella lamellifera (Axelson, 1903) | E. Azarbaijan | Soil, Leaf litter | |
Order Entomobryomorpha | |||
Family Oncopoduridae | |||
Genus Oncopodura Carl & Lebedinsky, 1905 | |||
Oncopodura ambigua Christiansen, 1957 | Mazandaran, Gilan | Soil, leaf litter | |
Oncopodura hamata Carl & Lebedinsky, 1905* | Gilan/Rasht | Soil (Ulmus sp., Prunus sp.) | |
Family Tomoceridae | |||
Genus Tomocerus Nocolet, 1842 | |||
Tomocerus minor (Lubbock, 1862) | Central, Mazandaran, Gilan, E. Azarbaijan, Zanjan | Soil, Leaf litter | |
Tomocerus vulgaris (Tullberg, 1871) | Central, Mazandaran, Gilan, E. Azarbaijan, Zanjan | Soil, Leaf litter | |
Family Isotomidae | |||
Genus Anurophorus Nocolet, 1842 | |||
Anurophorus coiffaiti Cassagnau & Delamare, 1955* | Golestan/Gorgan, Gilan/Rasht | Soil (Ulmus sp., Punica sp.) | |
Genus Ballistura Börner, 1906 | |||
Ballistura schoetti (Dalla Torre, 1895) | Gilan | Soil, Leaf litter | |
Genus Hemisotoma Bagnall, 1949 | |||
Hemisotoma thermophila (Axelson, 1900) | Central, Mazandaran, Gilan, E. Azarbaijan, W. Azarbaijan, Gilan/Rasht | Soil (Ulmus sp., Ficus sp., Ziziphus sp., Populus sp.) Leaf litter | |
Genus Desoria Nicolet, 1841 | |||
Desoria tigrina Nicolet, 1842* | Kermanshah | Soil | |
Desoria olivacea (Tullberg, 1871) | E. Azarbaijan | Soil, litter | |
Genus Folsomia Willem, 1902 | |||
Folsomia binoculata (Wahlgren 1899)* | Kermanshah | Soil | |
Folsomia brevifurca (Bagnall, 1949) | Mazandaran | Soil, Leaf litter | |
Folsomia candida (Willem, 1902) | Central, Mazandaran, Gilan, E. Azarbaijan, Mazandaran/Sari | Soil, Leaf litter | |
Folsomia fimetaria (Linnaeus, 1758) | Central, Mazandaran, Gilan | Soil, Leaf litter | |
Folsomia penicula Bagnall, 1939* | Central, Mazandaran, E. Azarbaijan, Golestan/Gorgan, Gilan/Rasht | Soil (Quercus sp.) | |
Folsomia quadrioculata (Tullberg, 1871) | Central, Mazandaran, Gilan, E. Azarbaijan, W. Azarbaijan | Soil, Leaf litter | |
Folsomia similis Bagnall, 1939* | Tehran, Gilan/Rasht | Soil (Ficus sp., Pinus sp.) | |
Genus Folsomides Stach, 1922 | |||
Folsomides angularis Axelson, 1905* | Gilan/Rasht | Soil (Prunus sp.) | |
Folsomides marchicus (Frenzel, 1941)* | Kermanshah/Sahneh/Harsin | Soil | |
Folsomides parvulus Stach, 1922 | Central, Mazandaran, Gilan, E. Azarbaijan, W. Azarbaijan, Mazandaran/Sari, Kermanshah/Sahneh/Harsin, Gilan/Rasht | Soil (Morus sp.), Leaf litter | |
Genus Isotoma Bourlet, 1839 | |||
Isotoma viridis Bourlet, 1839 | Central, Mazandaran, E. Azarbaijan, W. Azarbaijan, Mazandaran/Sari | Soil, Leaf litter | |
Genus Isotomiella Bagnall, 1939 | |||
Isotomiella minor (Schäffer, 1896) | Mazandaran, Gilan, E. Azarbaijan, Tehran, Mazandaran/Sari, Gilan/Rasht, Kermanshah | Soil (Quercus sp., Prunus sp., Pinus sp.) Leaf litter | |
Genus Isotomina Börner, 1903 | |||
Hemisotoma pontica Stach, 1947 | Central, Mazandaran, Gilan, E. Azarbaijan, W. Azarbaijan, Tehran, Kermanshah, Mazandaran/Sari | Soil, Leaf litter | |
Hemisotoma orientalis Stach, 1947 | Central, Mazandaran, Gilan, E. Azarbaijan, W. Azarbaijan | Soil, Leaf litter | |
Genus Isotomurus Börner, 1903 | |||
Isotomurus maculatus (Schäffer, 1869)* | Golestan/Gorgan | Soil | |
Isotomurus palustris (Muller, 1776) | Central, Mazandaran, Gilan | Soil, Leaf litter | |
Isotomurus punctiferus Yosii, 1963* | Golestan/Gorgan, Gilan/Rasht | Soil | |
Genus Parisotoma Bagnall, 1940 | |||
Parisotoma notabilis (Schäffer, 1896) | Central, Mazandaran, Gilan, E. Azarbaijan, W. Azarbaijan, Zanjan, Tehran, Kermanshah, Gilan/Rasht | Soil (Platanus sp., Ulmus sp., Cupressus sp.) Leaf litter | |
Genus Proisotoma Börner, 1901 | |||
Proisotoma minima Absolon, 1901* | Mazandaran/Sari | Leaf litter | |
Proisotoma minuta (Tullberg, 1871) | Central, Mazandaran, Gilan, E. Azarbaijan, W. Azarbaijan | Soil, Leaf litter, African violet | |
Proisotoma subminuta Denis, 1931* | Tehran, Gilan/Rasht | Soil (Ulmus sp.) | |
Proisotoma tenella Reuter, 1895* | Gilan/Rasht | Soil (Melia sp.) | |
Family Entomobryidae | |||
Subfamily Entomobryinae | |||
Genus Entomobrya Rondani, 1861 | |||
Entomobrya atrocincta Schött, 1986* | Mazandaran/Sari, Kermanshah/Harsin | Leaf litter | |
Entomobrya corticalis (Nicolet, 1841) | Gilan | Soil, Leaf litter | |
Entomobrya dollfusi Denis, 1924* | Mazandaran/Sari | Leaf litter | |
Entomobrya lindbergi Stach, 1960* | Gilan/Rasht, Tehran | Soil (Alnus sp. and Ulmus sp.) | |
Entomobrya lanuginosa (Nicolet, 1841) | Central, Mazandaran, Gilan, E. Azarbaijan | Soil, Leaf litter | |
Entomobrya handschini Stach, 1922* | Tehran | Soil | |
Entomobrya multifasciata Tullberg, 1871* | Mazandaran/ Sari | Leaf litter | |
Entomobrya unostrigata Stach, 1930* | Tehran | Soil | |
Genus Mesentotoma Salmon, 1942 | |||
Mesentotoma subdollfusi Jacquemart, 1974* | Gilan/Rasht | Soil (Alnus sp., Ulmus sp., Parrotia persica, Acer sp. and Salix alba) | |
Genus Sinella Brook, 1882 | |||
Sinella curviseta Brook, 1882* | Tehran | Soil | |
Sinella tenebricosa Folsom, 1902* | Isfahan/Isfahan | vegetables and cucumber greenhouses | |
Subfamily Lepidocyrtinae | |||
Genus Lepidocyrtus Bourlet, 1839 | |||
Lepidocyrtus cyaneus Tullberg, 1871 | Central, Mazandaran, Gilan, E. Azarbaijan, Zanjan | Soil, Leaf litter | |
Lepidocyrtus lanuginosus (Gmelin, 1788) | Central, Mazandaran, Gilan, E. Azarbaijan | Soil, Leaf litter | |
Lepidocyrtus ruber Schött, 1902 | Central, Mazandaran, Gilan, E. Azarbaijan | Soil, Leaf litter | |
Genus Pseudosinella Schaefer, 1897 | |||
Pseudosinella alba (Packard, 1873)* | Gilan/Rasht | Soil (Quercus sp., Ulmus sp., Platanus sp., Alnus sp., Parrotia persica, Acer sp. Salix alba, Punica sp.) | |
Pseudosinella duodecimpunctata Denis, 1931 | E. Azarbaijan | Soil, Leaf litter | |
Pseudosinella imparipunctata Gisin, 1953 | Mazandaran, Gilan, Zanjan | Soil, Leaf litter | |
Pseudosinella octopunctata Böner, 1901 | Central, Mazandaran, Gilan, E. Azarbaijan, W. Azarbaijan, Zanjan, Mazandaran/Sari | Soil, Leaf litter | |
Pseudosinella sexoculata (Schött, 1902)* | Kermanshah | Soil | |
Subfamily Seirinae | |||
Genus Seira Lubbock, 1870 | |||
Seira domestica Nicolet, 1842* | Mazandaran/Sari, Kermanshah/Harsin, Gilan/Rasht | Leaf litter, Soil (Magnolia sp., Ficus sp., Ulmus sp., Prunus sp.) | |
Subfamily Willowsiinae | |||
Genus Willowsia Shoebotham, 1917 | |||
Willowsia nigromaculata Lubbock, 1873* | Gilan/Rasht | Soil (Platanus sp., Prunus sp., Ulmus sp., Ficus sp., Alnus sp., Quercus sp.) | |
Subfamily Orchesellinae | |||
Genus Heteromurus Wankel, 1860 | |||
Heteromurus major (Moniez, 1889) | Central, Mazandaran, Gilan, E. Azarbaijan, Mazandaran/Sari, Gilan/Rasht | Soil, Leaf litter | |
Heteromurus nitidus (Templeton, 1835) | Mazandaran, Gilan | Soil, Leaf litter | |
Heteromurus sexoculatus Brown, 1926 | Mazandaran | Soil, Leaf litter | |
Family Paronellidae | |||
Genus Cyphoderus Nicolet, 182 | |||
Cyphoderus albinus Nicolet, 1842* | Gilan/Rasht | Soil (Platanus sp.) | |
Order Neelipleona | |||
Family Neelidae | |||
Genus Neelus Folsom, 1896 | |||
Neelus murinus Folsom, 1896 | Central, Mazandaran, E. Azarbaijan | Soil, Leaf litter | |
Order Symphypleona | |||
Family Sminthurididae | |||
Genus Sphaeridia Linnaniemi, 1912 | |||
Sphaeridia pumilis (Krausbauer, 1898) | Central, Gilan Kermanshah/Sahneh/Harsin | Soil, Leaf litter | |
Genus Sminthurides Börner, 1900 | |||
Sminthurides malmgreni (Tullberg, 1876) | Central, Gilan, E. Azarbaijan | Soil, Leaf litter | |
Family Katiannidae | |||
Genus Sminthurinus Börner, 1901 | |||
Sminthurinus aureus Lubbock, 1862* | Mazandaran/Sari, Gilan/Rasht | Leaf litter Soil (Ulmus sp., Prunus sp., Acer sp., Cupressus sp., Robinia sp., Populus sp.) | |
Sminthurinus bimaculatus (Axelson, 1902) | Gilan | Soil, Leaf litter | |
Sminthurinus elegans Fitch, 1863 | unknown, Mazandaran/Sari, Golestan/Gorgan, Kermanshah | Soil, Leaf litter, Leaf litter, Leaf litter | |
Family Arrhopalitidae | |||
Genus Arrhopalites Börner, 1906 | |||
Arrhopalites caecus (Tullberg, 1871) | Gilan, E. Azarbaijan, Kermanshah | Soil, Leaf litter | |
Family Sminthuridae | |||
Genus Sminthurus Latreille, 1804 | |||
Sminthurus viridis Linnaeus, 1758* | Khuzestan | wheat and alfalfa fields | |
Genus Caprainea Dallai 1970 | |||
Caprainea marginata (Schott, 1893)* | Kermanshah/Sahneh/Harsin | Soil | |
Family Dicyrtomidae | |||
Genus Dicyrtomina Börner, 1903 | |||
Dicyrtomina ornata Nicolet, 1842* | Mazandaran/Sari | Leaf litter | |
Genus Dicyrtoma Bourlet, 1841 | |||
Dicyrtoma minuta (Fabricius, 1783) | Mazandaran, Gilan | Soil, Leaf litter | |
Dicyrtoma fusca Lubbock, 1873* | Mazandaran/Sari | Leaf litter |