Ecuador: Sucumbíos, 5 km Puerto Libre-La Bonita Road, 0°13.0'N, 77°29.3'W, 700 m. The road going west from Puerto Libre increases in elevation as the terrain becomes hillier. The collecting spot was in wet forest and was easily accessed by a muddy logging trail. Since 2005, logging has continued, leaving very few tall trees in the once beautiful forest.

Holotype ♂ (Fig. 1) labeled as “ECUADOR: Sucumbios / 5 km Puerto Libre-La Bonita Road / 0°13.0'N, 77°29.3'W, 700 m / 23 February 2005 / Robert C. Busby, leg.” [rectangular, white, printed], “11:00 hrs / 5 m” [rectangular, white, handwritten, blue ink], “GENITALIA No. / 2011: 419♂ / C. FAYNEL” [rectangular, green, printed] “Holotype ♂ / Oenomaus mancha / Busby & Faynel, 2012” [rectangular, red, printed]. Deposited in USNM.

Paratypes: Ecuador. 2 ♂: Napo, 14 km Tena-Puyo Road, 1°06.7'S, 77°46.9' W, 600 m, 24.IX.2011, (Apuya) Robert C. Busby leg. (RCB); Napo, Pimpilala, [ GPS data : 1°04.6 S, 77°56.2'W ], 600–700 m, Euclides Aldaz leg., XII.2003, gen. prep. CF n°290 (PB); 10♀: Napo, 28 km Tena-Puyo Road, 1°11.3'S, 77°49.9'W, 800 m, VIII.2006 (El Capricho) I. Aldas & R. C. Busby leg. (RCB); Napo, 12 km Tena-Puyo Road, 1°05.3'S, 77°47.4' W, 600 m, 28.VIII.2009, (Finca San Carlo) D. H. Ahrenholz, R. C. Busby, leg. (RCB); Napo, 14 km Tena-Puyo Road, 1°06.7'S, 77°46.9'W 600 m, VIII.2005, (Apuya) I. Aldas & R. C. Busby leg. (RCB) ; Napo, 14 km Tena-Puyo Road, 1°06.7'S, 77°46.9'W, 600 m, 17.X.2010, (Apuya) I. Aldas & R. C. Busby leg. (RCB); Napo, 14 km Tena-Puyo Road, 1°06.7'S, 77°46.9'W, 600 m, 22.X.2010, (Apuya) I. Aldas & R. C. Busby leg. (RCB); Pastaza Province, 32 km S. of Puyo, 1000 m, 21–23.X.1995 Robert C. Busby leg. (RCB); Pastaza Province, 45 km Puyo-Arajuno Rd, 1000 m, 15.IX.1999, Robert C. Busby leg., gen. prep. CF n°420 (RCB); Pastaza Province, 45 km Puyo-Arajuno Rd, 1000 m, 26.IX.1999, Robert C. Busby leg., gen. prep. CF n°421 (RCB); Pastaza Province, 45 km Puyo-Arajuno Rd, 1000 m, 26.IX.1999, Robert C. Busby leg. (RCB); Pastaza, Puyo, 1000 m, 14.X.1989, D.H. Ahrenholz leg., gen. prep. CF n°407 (USNM ENT 00180037) (Fig. 2).

Male FW length: 20.8 mm (SD = 1.9, N = 2). Female FW length: 19.4 mm (SD = 0.5, N = 3). Wing pattern (Figs 1, 2) and genitalia (Figs 20, 26) illustrated. Oenomaus mancha, Oenomaus ortygnus, and Oenomaus gwenish (named below) share a unique ventral wing pattern in which the VFW postmedian line (displaced basally, but by tradition still called the postmedian line) is composed of “disjointed” large black spots on a gray ground color (Fig. 3 for Oenomaus gwenish and Figs 2, 4 for Oenomaus ortygnus in Faynel 2006). Oenomaus mancha differs from Oenomaus ortygnusby (1) a black patch in the distal part of the VHW cell Sc+R1-Rs, elongated basally, (2) no black mark in VFW cell Costa-Sc, and (3) a black band crossing the VFW discal cell. In addition, females of Oenomaus mancha are a brighter blue dorsally, while the blue on the DFW of males is somewhat less expansive with the scent pad not completely encircled by blue scales as in Oenomaus ortygnus. Male and female genitalia of Oenomaus mancha and Oenomaus ortygnus also differ (Figs 25, 28 for Oenomaus ortygnus in Faynel 2006). In particular, the dorsal part of the valvae of the male genitalia in lateral aspect is shorter and has a more sharply tapered posterior end in ventral view. In the female, the bifid posterior end of the lamella postvaginalis is less marked and the anterior end of the ductus bursae is curved more sharply. One paratype from Ecuador has been barcoded (CF-LYC-190), and its sequence is 3.5% divergent from the sequences of two males of Oenomaus ortygnus (CF-LYC-147 from Peru and CF-LYC-146 from Mexico, see Table 1) while the two Oenomaus ortygnus sequences differ by only 1.5%. Oenomaus ortygnus and Oenomaus mancha are sympatric in eastern Ecuador in Napo Province at approximately 450 m.

The name of this species is derived from the Spanish word “mancha”, which means spot, referring to the very distinctive, elongated black spot in VHW cell Sc+R1-Rs. The name is a feminine noun in apposition.

Oenomaus mancha occurs widely in wet forest in eastern Ecuador at elevations ranging from 400 to 1100 m (Fig. 46). Although it is sympatric with Oenomaus ortygnus in wet forest, it does not occur in the highly disturbed habitats in which Oenomaus ortygnus sometimes occurs. It is yet an open question whether Oenomaus mancha is a lowland or lower montane species.

The holotype male was landed on a leaf about 5 m above the ground at 11:00 hours. Males and females are attracted to traps baited with rotting fish (vouchers in RCB).

Panama: Darién, Serranía de Pirre, Cana, 7°55'57"N, 77°42'58"W, 1000 m. Serranía de Pirre at 1000 m was uncut wet lower montane forest in 1984. The only disturbance was a defunct gold mine camp and associated dirt runway at Cana.

Holotype ♀ (Fig. 3) labeled as “PANAMA: Darien: / Serrania de Pirre: / Cana: 1, 000 m / 5 January 1984 / Leg. G.B. Small” [rectangular, white, printed and handwritten], “GENITALIA NO. / 2011: 406♀ / C. FAYNEL” [rectangular, green, printed] “Holotype ♀ / Oenomaus gwenish / Robbins & Faynel, 2012” [rectangular, red, printed]. Deposited in USNM.

Female FW length: 20 mm (N = 1). Wing pattern (Fig. 3) and genitalia (Fig. 27) illustrated. The wing patterns of Oenomaus gwenish and Oenomaus mancha are distinguished from that of Oenomaus ortygnusby the black patch in the distal part of the VHW cell Sc+R1-Rs and by the absence of a black mark in VFW cell Costa-Sc. However, the ventral wing pattern of Oenomaus gwenish differs from that of Oenomaus mancha by (1) the lack of a black band crossing the VFW discal cell, (2) the absence of a black spot in VFW cell M3-Cu1, and (3) the presence of two black spots of equal size along VHW veins mdc and ldc instead of a single large black spot at vein mdc with no mark or a faint vestigial mark at vein ldc. Thefemalegenitalia of Oenomaus gwenish (Fig. 27) are similar to those of Oenomaus mancha.

We hesitated to describe this species because we cannot assess its intraspecific variation. However, the series of 10 females of Oenomaus mancha show little variation in the traits that distinguish them from the holotype of Oenomaus gwenish. For this reason, a hypothesis of specific distinctness is better supported than a hypothesis of geographical variation.

The holotype of Oenomaus gwenish is a unique and distinctive female, for which reason it gives us great pleasure to name this species for entomologist Dr. Jennifer (Gwen) Shlichta. The name is a feminine noun in apposition.

Oenomaus gwenish is probably a lower montane species, so far known only from wet forest at 1000 m elevation in Darién, Panama (Fig. 46). While Oenomaus gwenish and Oenomaus ortygnus are both known from Panama, we do not know if they are sympatric.

Ecuador: Napo, Misahuallí Rd, Latas Grande, 7.7 km E Puerto Napo, 1°02.0'S, 77°44.1'W, 470 m. The holotype was collected along the road from Tena to Misahuallí, which in 1991 was a patchwork of “fincas” and remnant second growth forest.

Holotype ♂ (Fig. 4) labeled as “ECUADOR Napo / Misahualli Rd. 470m / Latas Grande / 9 Nov.’ 91 / S. S. Nicolay” [rectangular, white, printed and handwritten], “USNM ENT 00180040” [rectangular, white, printed], “GENITALIA NO. / 2011: 408♂ / C. FAYNEL” [rectangular, green, printed] “Holotype ♂ / Oenomaus lea / Faynel & Robbins, 2012” [rectangular, red, printed]. Deposited in USNM.

Paratypes: Ecuador. 1 ♂: La Merced on Río Pastaza below Baños, Alt. 4000 ft. [= 1220 m], W. J. Coxey, III.1930, A.N.S. Lot 217, genitalia NO. 1992: 12 ♂ R.K. Robbins (ANSP). Peru. 3 ♂: UC, Pucallpa, 200 m, X.2007, Michael Büche leg. (CF); LO, Contamana, Río Ucayali, 300 m, 7°19'S, 74°48'W, IX.2010, leg J. Ramírez (LYD); SM, Juanjui, upper Huallaga River, IX. 1934, collector G. Klug, collection E.I. Huntington NO. 1055 (AMNH).

Male FW length: 18.2 mm (SD = 0.8, N = 4). Wing pattern (Fig. 4) and genitalia (Fig. 21) illustrated. Oenomaus lea and Oenomaus atesa (Hewitson, 1867)are the only two Eumaeini sharing the striking underside wing pattern with two transverse brown bands on the VHW. However, males of Oenomaus lea differ from males of Oenomaus atesa (Figs 5, 6 in Faynel 2006) by (1) a greater expanse of the DFW blue, especially in the area from vein R3 to vein Cu1, (2) two brown patches on the VFW instead of a single median brown band; one patch is located along the costa, and the other is triangular and situated in the basal part of cell Cu1-Cu2, and (3) a lighter dorsal blue color with a different hue of blue along the HW veins M2, M3, Cu1 and Cu2. Moreover, the black spot in VHW cell Cu1-Cu2 is usually more apparent in Oenomaus atesa than in Oenomaus lea. Males of Oenomaus lea alsodiffer genitalically from those of Oenomaus atesa (Fig. 26 in Faynel 2006) by (1) a longer and wider saccus, (2) the dorsal part of the valvae in lateral aspect shorter than the ventral part, and not pointed at the posterior end, (3) a straight penis in lateral view, and (4) no tooth at the end of the penis. The eighth tergum shows no difference from that of Oenomaus atesa. Lastly, the divergence of “barcode” DNA sequence data between Oenomaus lea (CF-LYC-005) and Oenomaus atesa (CF-LYC-003) is more than 6% (Table 1). The female of Oenomaus lea is unknown.

This species is named for Léa Faynel, daughter of Christophe Faynel. The name is a feminine noun in apposition.

Oenomaus lea occurs in wet lowland forest up to 1200 m elevation in eastern Ecuador and eastern Peru (Fig. 47).

Ecuador: Morona Santiago, Santiago (Hill North of Town), 3°02.3'S, 78°00.3'W, 350 m. The holotype was collected in wet secondary forest in the low hills on the north edge of Santiago.

Holotype ♂ (Fig. 5) labeled as “ECUADOR: Morona Santiago / Santiago (Hill North of Town) / 3°02.3'S, 78°00.3'W 350 m / 20 September 2004 / Robert C. Busby, leg.” [rectangular, white, printed], “GENITALIA NO. / 2003: 35♂ / R.K. ROBBINS” [rectangular, green, printed] “Holotype ♂ / Oenomaus myrteana / Busby, Robbins & Faynel, 2012” [rectangular, red, printed]. Deposited in USNM.

Paratypes: Ecuador. 1 ♂: Morona Santiago, Santiago (Hill North of Town), 3°2.3'S, 78°0.3'W, 350 m, 20.IX.2006, Robert C. Busby leg. (RCB) ; 1♀: Morona-Santiago Province, 1.8 km Santiago-Puerto Morona Rd., 3°2.4'S, 77°59.7'W, 300–350 m, 20.IX.2006, D.H. Ahrenholz & Robert C. Busby leg., gen. prep. CF n°415 (RCB) (Fig. 6). Brazil. 2 ♂: RO, Cacaulândia, 1–5.IX.1997, E. Furtado & A. Moser leg., gen. prep. CF n°442 (MC 250); RO, Candeias do Jamari, Rio Preto, 27–31.VIII.1997, E. Furtado & A. Moser leg., gen. prep. CF n°443 (MC 251).

Male FW length: 12.8 mm (SD = 0.1, N = 3). Female FW length: 12.1 mm (N = 1). Wing pattern (Figs 5, 6) and genitalia (Figs 22, 28) illustrated. Oenomaus myrteana has a conspicuous round white spot in VHW cell Sc+R1-Rs, which is similar to those species of Oenomaus with a ventral wing patterns similar to that of Oenomaus atena. However, Oenomaus myrteana lacks the inclined white median line of the VFW, which is characteristic of species with the Oenomaus atena wing pattern. Instead, Oenomaus myrteana has a vertical, distally displaced postmedian line of white dashes, inwardly bordered by black. This character appears to be unique among Oenomaus species. In addition, Oenomaus myrteana may have a few red-orange scales in VHW cell Cu1-Cu2. This red-orange cubital spot is uniformly lacking in other Oenomaus and Porthecla. The male genitalia of Oenomaus myrteana are very similar to those of Oenomaus nigra, which has an “atena-like” ventral wing pattern. The female genitalia of Oenomaus myrteana are similar to those Oenomaus that have a bifid posterior end of the ductus bursae and a signa with a two pointed spine in the middle of the corpus bursae.

The ventral wing pattern of Oenomaus myrteana is superficially similar to those of Enos myrtea (Hewitson) and Allosmaitia myrtusa (Hewitson), but in these genera, males lack a scent pad on the DFW. The genitalia of Oenomaus myrteana, as noted, are typical of Oenomaus.

The name Oenomaus myrteana is intended to highlight the striking resemblance between the ventral hindwing of this species and that of Enos myrtea (Hewitson). The name is a feminine noun in apposition.

Oenomaus myrteana occurs in lowland wet forest from eastern Ecuador to western Brazil (Rondônia) (Fig. 46). Busby observed males in Ecuador low in the understory at 11:00 hours. This species and Enos myrtea have been found at the same site.

Peru: Madre De Dios, Río La Torre, Tambopata Res., 12°50'13"S, 69°17'35"W, 300 m. Tambopata is at the mouth of the Río La Torre. In 1986 there was a lodge and a network of trails through uncut wet lowland forest. The holotype was collected during the transition between the dry and wet seasons when butterfly abundance and diversity generally peak.

Holotype ♂ (Fig. 7) labeled as “PERU Madre De Dios / Rio La Torre 300m / Tambopata Res. / 3 Oct.’ 86 / S. S. Nicolay” [rectangular, white, printed and handwritten], “GENITALIA NO. / 2011: 409♂ / C. FAYNEL” [rectangular, green, printed] “Holotype ♂ / Oenomaus mentirosa / Faynel & Robbins, 2012” [rectangular, red, printed]. Deposited in USNM.

Paratypes: Peru. 4 ♂: LO, km 28, Iquitos-Nauta, 180 m, 0359/7326, 30.X.2003, J.J. Ramírez leg. (MUSM) ; MD, Boca Río La Torre, 300 m, 17.IX.1984, I. Bohórquez leg., Genitalia NO. 1992: 47♂ R.K. Robbins (MUSM); MD, Boca Río La Torre, 300 m, 27.X.1981, G. Lamas et al., Genitalia NO. 1992: 48♂ R.K. Robbins (MUSM) ; MD, Tambopata Reserve, 12°50'S, 69°17'W, 300 m, 27.X.1990, Leg. R. Robbins, Genitalia NO. 1992: 39♂ R.K. Robbins (USNM ENT 00180049).

Male FW length: 14.9 mm (SD = 0.3, N = 2). Wing pattern (Fig. 7) and genitalia (Fig. 23) illustrated. The ventral wing pattern of Oenomaus mentirosa is very similar to some species of the Porthecla gemma group (Faynel et al. 2011), but the male genitalia have the non-triangular bifurcate valvae in lateral aspect that are characteristic of Oenomaus. Its genitalia, especially the valvae, are very similar to those of Oenomaus cortica (D’Abrera) and Oenomaus druceus Faynel & Moser. Oenomaus mentirosa is the only known Oenomaus species with red scales at the base on the VHW. In addition, it has a distinctive white spot along the VFW costa in cell Sc-R1. This feature occurs in no other Eumaeini except Porthecla minyia (Hewitson) where there are two white markings placed side by side in the cell between the costa and Sc. In male Oenomaus species, the eighth tergum is generally rectangular, but the anterior and posterior edges may be modified. In Oenomaus mentirosa, the male eighth tergum has a slightly modified anterior edge which looks like a shallow “W”. The female of Oenomaus mentirosa is unknown.

The name of this species comes from the Spanish word ‘mentirosa’, which means a feminine liar. We picked this name because the underside wing pattern resembles that of Porthecla gemma (Druce) and Porthecla minyia (Druce), but this resemblance appears to be a false indicator of relationship. We treat the name as a feminine noun in apposition.

Oenomaus mentirosa is known from lowland wet forest in Amazonian Peru (Fig. 47).

Resemblance of the ventral wing patterns of Oenomaus mentirosa and Porthecla gemma/Porthecla minyia was noted in the etymology. Adults of all three species fly in the same habitats at the same time of year in the vicinity of Puerto Maldonado, Peru.

Ecuador: Zamora Chinchipe Prov., Zamora (ridge W. of town), 4°04.5'S, 78°58.1'W, 1450 m. The ridge west of Zamora rises rather sharply from the city and is accessed by a dirt road which goes up to about 1300 m. The top of the ridge is still forested but a significant part of the surrounding land has been turned into pasture.

Holotype ♂ (Fig. 8) labeled as “ECUADOR / Zamora Chinchipe Prov. / Zamora (ridge W. of town) / 18. ix. 2000 (1450m) / leg. Robert C. Busby” [rectangular, white, printed], “GENITALIA NO. / 2009: 344♂ / C. FAYNEL” [rectangular, green, printed] “Holotype ♂ / Oenomaus andi / Busby & Faynel, 2012” [rectangular, red, printed]. Deposited in USNM.

Paratypes: Ecuador. 3♀: Morona-Santiago, 1 km E Río Abanico, 1600 m, 2°15.4'S; 78°11.7'W, 15.IX.2003, Robert C. Busby leg., gen. prep. CF n°416 (RCB) (Fig. 9) ; Morona-Santiago, 14 km W. of Macas, 1600m, 28.IX.1998, Río Abanico, leg. Robert C. Busby (RCB); Zamora Chinchipe, Zamora (ridge W. of town), 4°04.5'S, 78°58.1'W, 1450 m, 06.X.2007, D. H. Ahrenholz, R. C. Busby leg. (RCB).

Bolivia. 1♀: La Paz, Nor Yungas, Caranavi, 1500 m, XII. 2004, gen. prep. CF n°445 (MC 253).

Male FW length: 16.3 mm (N = 1). Female FW length: 16.7 mm (SD = 0.8, N = 2). Wing pattern (Figs 8, 9) and genitalia (Figs 24, 29) illustrated. The ventral wing pattern of Oenomaus andi is similar to that of many other Oenomaus, but this species is distinguished by (1) a white spot on the basal side of VHW cell Rs-M1, (2) an elongated double valvae of equal size, (3) a large posterior part of the saccus in lateral view, (4) a swollen terminal end of the penis, and (5) modified anterior and posterior edges of the male 8th tergum (detailed under remarks).

This species is named for Andrea (Andi) Busby, wife of Robert Busby, in appreciation for her long standing support of his research. The name is a feminine noun in apposition.

Valvae structure in Oenomaus andi is very similar to that found in Oenomaus gaia Faynel, suggesting that this new species belongs to the Oenomaus cortica subgroup (as characterized by Faynel and Moser 2008). Species in this subgroup have a modified 8th tergum (except for Oenomaus druceus Faynel & Moser, 2008). In the male of Oenomaus andi (Fig. 42), the posterior edge of the 8th tergum has a deep depression in the middle, while the anterior edge is shaped like a wide “W”. In the female, the posterior edge is nearly straight but is split in the middle. The anterior edge is similar to that of the male, but is laterally sclerotized (Fig. 43). The white spot on the basal side of VHW cell Rs-M1 occurs in only a few other Oenomaus species including Oenomaus geba (Hewitson), Oenomaus melleus (Druce), Oenomaus morroensis Faynel & Moser, and Oenomaus jauffreti Faynel & Moser. Regardless of whether the presence of this spot is evidence of relationship, it is very useful for separating Oenomaus andi from the other species of the Oenomaus cortica subgroup.

Oenomaus andi is a species of montane forest (> 1300 m) that is recorded from Ecuador to Bolivia (Fig. 47).

A male and two females were attracted to traps baited with rotting fish (vouchers in RCB).

Brazil: SC, Joinville, 26°19'39"S, 48°57'38"W, 10–200 m. Miers collected butterflies for decades in the wet lowland forests around Joinville, where he lived. His favorite collecting spot was a hill that he called “Serrinha” (little hill in Portuguese) in Vila Nova, approximately 10 km west, south-west of the center of Joinville. According to DZUP butterfly curator Olaf Mielke, specimens collected on Serrinha, including the holotype, have an elevation label 10–200 m, which distinguishes them from those specimens collected in other parts of the Joinville area.

Holotype ♂ (Fig. 10): Brazil, SC, Joinville, 10–200 m, 2.IV.1978, Miers leg., gen. prep. CF n°218, DZ 10.065, CF-LYC-012 (DZUP).

Paratypes: Brazil. 12 ♂: SC, Joinville, 200 m, 26°19'S, 48°58'W, 20.V.1971, H.Miers leg., gen. prep. CF n°444 (MC 252) ; SC, São Bento do Sul, 600 m, 25.IV.2002, Moser & Rank leg., gen. A. Moser, n°234 (MC 034) ; SC, Joinville, 200 m, 5.II.1993, A. Moser leg., gen. A. Moser, n°226 (MC 032); SC, Joinville, 200 m, 5.II.1993, A. Moser leg., gen. A. Moser n°233 (MC 033) ; SC, Joinville, 10–200 m, 8.XII.1983, Leg. H. Miers, R.K. Robbins collection (USNM) ; SC, Joinville, 10–200 m, 6.I.1984, Leg. H. Miers, R.K. Robbins collection (USNM) ; PR, Ponta Grossa, Buraco do Padre, 900 m, 20.II.2009, Carlos Mielke leg., CF-LYC-063 (CF) ; SP, Serra do Japi, 110[0m], 23°15'S, 46°54'W, 12.IV.1991, Robbins & K. Brown, territorial behavior at 14:23, Genitalia NO. 1992: 27♂ R.K. Robbins (USNM) ; SP, Serra do Japi, 110[0]m, 23°15'S, 46°54'W, 12.IV.1991, Robbins & K. Brown, territorial behavior at 14:48 (USNM) ; SP, Serra do Japi, 800–1250 m, 23°12'S, 47°02'W, 23°17'S, 46°53'W, 25.III.1990, Leg. K. Brown (x2, USNM) ; SP, Serra do Japi, 800–1250 m, 23°12'S, 47°02'W, 23°17'S, 46°53'W, 28.III.1990, Leg. K. Brown (USNM) ; RJ, Petrópolis, 6.I.1980, Leg. C. Callaghan, R.K. Robbins collection, Genitalia NO. 1992: 79♂ R.K. Robbins (USNM ENT 00180045). 1♀: SC, Joinville, 10–200 m, 9.III.1973, Leg. H. Miers, R.K. Robbins collection, gen. prep. CF n°410 (USNM) (Fig. 11).

Male FW length: 16.1 mm (SD = 0.9, N = 8). Female FW length: 15.7 mm (N = 1). Wing pattern (Figs 10, 11) and genitalia (Figs 25, 30) illustrated. The adult wing pattern of Oenomaus moseri is similar to that of the sympatric Oenomaus morroensis Faynel & Moser and to that of Oenomaus cyanovenata (D’Abrera); the species with which it was previously confused (Faynel 2008). Oenomaus moseri (Figs 25, 45) differs from Oenomaus morroensis (plate 11 in Faynel and Moser 2008) by its male genitalia having (1) a smaller dorsal part of the valvae attached to the top of the ventral part, not to the bottom, (2) a swollen posterior part of the male penis, and (3) a larger posterior part of the saccus in lateral view. Oenomaus moseri differs from O. cyanovenata by (1) a wider DFW black margin at the tornus, (2) a central depression on the posterior edge of the eighth tergum, and (3) a swollen posterior part of the male penis. Oenomaus moseri differs from the sympatric Oenomaus geba by lacking a white spot on the basal side of VHW cell Rs-M1 (Figs 10–12). The lack of geographical variation in the characters distinguishing Oenomaus moseri and Oenomaus cyanovenata argues against the hypothesis that the former is a geographical variant of the latter.

Preliminary data on divergence of “barcode” DNA sequence data is consistent with morphology. The divergence among three individuals of Oenomaus moseri (CF-LYC-012 & CF-LYC-063) is 0%, among four individuals of Oenomaus cyanovenata (CF-LYC-047, CF-LYC-048, & CF-LYC-049) is 0%. In contrast, the divergence between Oenomaus moseri and Oenomaus cyanovenata is more than 4% and between two Oenomaus moseri and a paratype of Oenomaus morroensis (CF-LYC-015) is more than 5%.

It is with great pleasure that we name this distinctive species for our good friend and collaborator Alfred Moser. Alfred lives in Rio Grande do Sul and has made prodigious contributions to the knowledge of Lepidoptera from southern Brazil, including co-authoring papers on the taxonomy of Oenomaus and Porthecla (Faynel and Moser 2008, Faynel et al. 2011).

Robbins observed two males of Oenomaus moseri exhibiting territorial behavior on a hill top from 14:23 hours to 14:48 hours at Serra do Japi (SP, Brazil) on 12 April 1991 (vouchers in USNM). A male of Oenomaus moseri was reared by Hipólito Ferreira Paulino Neto in Itirapina, SP, Brazil on Duguetia furfuracea (A. St. Hil) Benth. and Hook. f. (Annonaceae), a plant of frequent occurrence in the cerrado. We identified the male from a digital image and from the locality where it was reared. However, it is possible that it is a male of Oenomaus morroensis, even though this species is not known to occur as far north as São Paulo.

Oenomaus moseri occurs in lowland and lower montane forest in southern Brazil (Fig. 46).

Oenomaus ambiguus is a poorly known, lowland species whose ventral wing pattern is virtually indistinguishable from those of Oenomaus cortica and Oenomaus gaia. It has been recorded from French Guiana and Amazonian Peru. The previous record from Amazonas, Brazil (Faynel 2008) was incorrect.

. 1♂: Bas Maroni, Guyane Française, gen. prep. CF n°319 (MNHN H-452). Peru.– 1♂: MD, Río La Torre, 300 m, Tambopata Res., 27.IX.1987, S.S. Nicolay, gen. prep. CF n°404 (USNM).

Unknown.

The paratype from Peru has been barcoded (CF-LYC-025), and the sequence is 2–3% divergent from those of Oenomaus cortica, Oenomaus gaia and Oenomaus morroensis (Table 1).

Oenomaus atena is a widely distributed lowland species that is reliably recorded from Costa Rica, Panama, western Ecuador, French Guiana, Venezuela, Peru, and Brazil (AM, MT). Most species with an “atena-like” ventral wing pattern have historically been identified as Oenomaus atena, which means that virtually all literature records for Oenomaus atena from before 2005 are unreliable.

Costa Rica.– 1♂: Guápiles, 850 ft. alt., June, Schaus and Barnes coll., genitalia on slide X-10-1946, W.D.F. 2333 (USNM). Panama.– 1♂: Cerro Campana, 2000’, XII-22-1963, G.B. Small, Genitalia 1992: 15♂ R.K. Robbins (USNM). Ecuador.– 1♂: Esmeraldas, 25 km San Lorenzo-Lita Road, 1°10.0'N, 78°40.0'W, 100 m, VI.2003, San Francisco, R. Aldas & Robert C. Busby leg., gen. prep. CF n°343 (RCB). Peru.– 2♂: MD, 30 km S.W. Pto. Maldonado, 300 m, 20.X.1983, S.S. Nicolay, Genitalia 1992: 16♂ R.K. Robbins (USNM); MD, 10 km north Puerto Maldonado, 200 m, 12°36'S, 69°11'W, 26–30.XI.1993, leg. C. Tello (USNM).

The female of this species was determined by a pair collected in copula and was illustrated by Faynel (2008, fig. 2).

Three specimens of Oenomaus atena have been barcoded, including a male from Peru (LO) (CF-LYC-084) and two females from French Guiana (CF-LYC-054 and CF-LYC-057). The latter two have the same brown dorsal wing pattern, ventral wing pattern, and genitalia as the female of Oenomaus atena found in copula. The three barcodes show 0.4% divergence.

Oenomaus atesa is a widespread species that has been recorded from Mexico, Panama, western Ecuador, French Guiana, Venezuela, Colombia, eastern Ecuador, Peru, and Brazil (AM, DF, MG, RJ, SP, SC). The vast majority of museum specimens were collected in the lowlands, but males have also been found at 1375–1700 m in western Ecuador and at 2200 m in western Colombia (Prieto and Dahners 2006).

Venezuela.– 1♀: Venezuela, Aragua, Rancho Grande, 1100 m, 29.V.1985, S.S. Nicolay leg., gen. prep. CF n°404 (USNM). Ecuador.– 2♂: Pichincha 5 km Nanegal-García Moreno Rd, 0°09.2'N, 78°39.4'W, 4.VI.2008, 1375–1700 m, Robert C. Busby leg., gen. prep. CF n°340 (RCB);Napo Province, 14 km S of Tena, 17–18.X.1996, 600 m, Robert C. Busby leg., gen. prep. CF n°347 (RCB). 1♀: Río Chuchuví, Lita vers San Lorenzo km12, 700 m (provincia de Esmeraldas), VIII.2001, Euclides Aldaz leg. (PB). Peru.– 1♀: LO, 180 m, San Salvador, 5 km NNW Contamana, 08°19'S, 75°01'W, 27.XI.2002, D.H. Ahrenholz leg., gen. prep. CF n°403 (USNM). Brazil.– 1♂: DF, Parque do Gama, 950 m, 14.V.1969, S.S. Nicolay leg., gen. prep. CF n°405 (USNM ENT 00180586).

Despite substantive geographical variation in Oenomaus atesa, we lack sufficient material to determine if this variation might represent more than one species. Females from Venezuela and western Ecuador have more extensive dorsal blue and a somewhat lighter color than females from Panama, French Guiana, eastern Ecuador, and Peru. In addition, males from western Ecuador have more blue on the dorsal forewings than males from eastern Ecuador. However, this variation is small compared to that between males of Oenomaus atesa and Oenomaus lea. For example, the forewing dorsal blue area never reaches the cells from vein R3 to Cu1 as it does in Oenomaus lea. Structure of the female genitalia also varies geographically. Females from Venezuela and Peru have two processes at the posterior end of the lamella postvaginalis while a female from French Guiana had none (see Faynel 2006, p. 29).

Males exhibited territorial behavior on a hilltop in Panama (Canal Area, Gamboa, Cerro Pelado) from 13:15 to 15:30 hours (19 males, 10 different days during the months of January, February, March, April, August, September, October, and December, 15 vouchers in USNM). Similarly, territorial males on a hilltop in Brazil (Santa Catarina, Villa Nova, Serrinha) were observed from 14:40 to 14:55 hours (3 males, March, 3 vouchers in USNM).

Females are associated with males by their ventral wing pattern, which is unique among the Eumaeini. Characters were noted for distinguishing the ventral wing pattern of Oenomaus atesa from that of Oenomaus lea.

One male of Oenomaus atesa from French Guiana has been barcoded (CF-LYC-003).

Faynel (2008) described Oenomaus brulei from one male collected in the lowlands of French Guiana. Since then, another male and female from French Guiana have been examined.

French Guiana.– 1♂: Guyane, no date, S. Fernandez leg., CF-LYC-033 (CF). 1♀: Montagne des Singes, 5°07'N, 52°69'W, 5.XII.2007, T. Rosant leg., gen. prep. CF n°440, CF-LYC-034 (CF) (Fig. 14).

Female. We associate a female (Figs 14, 31) which has the same ventral wing pattern as the male, which occurs in French Guiana (as do the known males), and which has a very similar COI DNA sequence to that of the males.

Divergence among the three known specimens is 0.2%.

This species occurs in wet lowland forest and is recorded from Panama, Guyana, Peru, and Brazil (PA, AM). Oenomaus cortica, Oenomaus gaia, and Oenomaus ambiguus have very similar wing patterns, but their genitalic structures are distinct.

Panama.– 1♂: Gatún, C. Z., 2.V.1970, G.B. Small leg., Genitalia 1992: 13♂ R.K. Robbins (USNM). Guyana.– 1♂: Potaro Riv., VIII-IX.1902, C.B. Roberts, Genitalia 1992: 74♂ R.K. Robbins (FSMC). Peru.– 1♂: MD, Parque Manu, Pakitza 340 m, 11°55'48"S, 71°15'18"W, 14.X.1991, Leg. R. Robbins, Genitalia No. 1996: 3♂ R.K. Robbins (USNM ENT 00180044).

The male from Panama has the posterior edge of its 8th tergum more deeply incised than in others.

Unknown. A female paratype of Oenomaus cortica from Espírito Santo, Brazil was illustrated in D’Abrera (1995), but no definitive evidence was presented to support this identification.

Two males from Brazil, Pará have been sequenced (CF-LYC-051 and CF-LYC-052) and show 0.6% divergence.

Oenomaus curiosa is a species of wet lowland forest that is recorded from French Guiana, Peru (LO, MD), and Brazil (RO).

Peru.– 2♂: MD, 300 m, 30 km S. W. Pto Maldonado, 26.X.1983, S.S. Nicolay, Genitalia No. 1992: 25♂ R.K. Robbins (USNM); LO, 120 m, Pebas, river Amazonas, 03°19'S, 71°51'W, II. 2011, Ramírez leg. (CF). Brazil.– 1♂: RO, 62 km SW Ariquemes, Línea 20, lot 21, 23, 25 (Fazenda Rancho Grande), 11.X.1993, AVZ Brower, gen. prep. CF n°433 (OSAC).

Unknown

Two males from French Guiana, including one of the paratypes, have been sequenced (CF-LYC-036 and CF-LYC-037) and show 0.8% divergence.

A species of very wet lowland forest, it has been recorded from Costa Rica, Panama, French Guiana, Venezuela, Bolivia, and Brazil (PA, AM). The previous record for Brazil (SC) was incorrect; this specimen is now treated as Oenomaus moseri.

Costa Rica.– 1♂: Guápiles, 850 ft. alt., Schaus and Barnes coll., Genitalia 1992: 76♂ R.K. Robbins (USNM); 2♀: Area de Conservación Guanacaste, voucher: D.H. Janzen & W. Hallwachs 97-SRNP-62841.1, Genitalia 2009: 30♀ R.K. Robbins (USNM) (Fig. 16); 97-SRNP-6283. Panama.– 1♂: Colón, Piña, 100 m, 9.IV.1971, H.L. King, genitalia slide/vial #4710, prep. S.S. Nicolay (USNM). French Guiana.– 3♀: Roura, Route de Kaw - PK 16, 18.VII.2004, C. Faynel leg., CF-LYC-053 (CF); Roura, Route de Kaw, 26.I.2005, J.Y. Gallard leg., gen. prep. CF n°441, CF-LYC-055 (CF) (Fig. 17); Roura, Route de Kaw - PK 8, 20.XII.2001, J.Y. Gallard leg., CF-LYC-056 (CF). Brazil.– 3♀ : PA, Santo Antônio do Tauá, Reserva Sonho Azul, 1°15'S, 48°03'W, 12.VI.2009, P. & J. Jauffret leg., CF-LYC-059 (CF); PA, Santo Antônio do Tauá, Reserva Sonho Azul, 1°15'S, 48°03'W, 3.VIII.2009, P. & J. Jauffret leg., CF-LYC-060 (CF); PA, Santo Antônio do Tauá, Reserva Sonho Azul, 1°15'S, 48°03'W, 8.V.2009, P. & J. Jauffret leg., CF-LYC-061 (CF).

Females from French Guiana and Brazil, Pará (Fig. 17) are uniformly brown on the dorsal wing surface while the female from Costa Rica (Fig. 16) has the basal parts of both wings blue. Their genitalia, however, are uniform. Additionally, their COI DNA sequences are similar. This geographic variability is similar to that in Oenomaus taua.

Two females were reared in Costa Rica (97-SRNP-62841.1 and 97-SRNP-6283) from Guatteria verrucosa R.E. Fr. (Annonaceae) (adult vouchers in USNM). Details of the rearing records along with images of the immatures can be found in Janzen and Hallwachs (2012).

Females of this species (Figs 16, 17, 32, 33) have the same ventral wing pattern as males, occur at the same localities, and have similar COI DNA sequences. A female paratype of Oenomaus cyanovenata from Pará, Brazil was designated and illustrated in D’Abrera (1995) without definitive supporting evidence. This female has a different dorsal wing pattern than the female from Pará that we have associated with the male. We are skeptical of the biological validity of this paratype designation.

Four males and seven females from French Guiana and Brazil, Pará were barcoded. One male (CF-LYC-046) is 6.7% divergent from the other three males, but its sequence is identical with that from a male of Oenomaus magnus (CF-LYC-020). Potential explanations for this result range from contamination to biologically significant, but until we have additional information, we omit this male from the following results. Divergence among the 10 other specimens of Oenomaus cyanovenata was 0.1%. The reared females from Costa Rica, which were barcoded in another project, are 0.4% divergent from the South American specimens.

This species was described from one Brazilian (AM) male, which is the only known specimen. As noted, its genitalia are similar to those of Oenomaus mentirosa, but it has a distinctly different ventral wing pattern.

Unknown.

This species occurs in lowland and lower montane habitats with wet or deciduous forest. It is recorded from eastern Ecuador and Brazil (AM, MT, DF, GO, PR).

Ecuador.– 1♂: Pastaza Province, 45 km Puyo-Arajuno Rd., 1000 m, 26.IX.1999, Robert C. Busby leg., gen. prep. CF n°342 (RCB). Brazil.– 2♂: GO, 163 km W. Jataí S. Rita Araguaia, 850 m, 29.V.1969, S.S. Nicolay, genitalia slide/vial #4367, prep. S.S. Nicolay (USNM); PR, Highlands, 24.XI.1934, coll. Karl Schmitt, E.I. Huntington, Genitalia 1992: 19♂ R.K. Robbins (AMNH).

Described by Faynel and Moser (2008).

This species occurs in wet and dry lowland forest. It has been recorded from Panama, French Guiana, Venezuela, eastern Ecuador, Peru (LO, SM, UC, MD) and Brazil (PA, AM, RO, MT, GO). This species, Oenomaus floreus, and maybe Oenomaus griseus occur in drier forest than other species with an “atena-like” ventral wing pattern.

Panama.– 1♂: Los Ríos, C. Z., 15.XII.1964, S.S. Nicolay leg., Genitalia 1992: 73♂ R.K. Robbins (USNM ENT 00180046). 2♀: Los Ríos, C. Z., 27.I.1965, S.S. Nicolay, gen. prep. CF n°430 (USNM) (Fig. 15); Los Ríos, C. Z., 19.XII.1964, G.B. Small, gen. prep. CF n°431 (USNM). Ecuador.– 1♂: Morona-Santiago 15 km S Gualaquiza, 850 m, 3°27.6'S, 78°33.1'W, 27.IX.2000, Robert C. Busby leg. (RCB). Peru.– 1♂: MD, Parque Manu, Pakitza 340 m, 11°55'48"S, 71°15'18"W, 15.X.1991, Leg. M. Casagrande, Genitalia No. 1992: 38♂ R.K. Robbins (USNM). Brazil.– 2♂: PA, Obidos, IX.1930, Ex coll. Le Moult, Genitalia No. 1992: 75♂ R.K. Robbins; PA, Santo Antônio do Tauá, Reserva Sonho Azul, 1°15'S, 48°03'W, 16.VII.2003, P. & J. Jauffret leg., CF-LYC-072 (CF); RO, 62 km SW Ariquemes, Línea 20, lot 21, 23, 25 (Fazenda Rancho Grande), 11.X.1993, AVZ Brower, gen. prep. CF n°411 (OSAC); GO, Pirenópolis, 820 m, 15°49'S, 48°59'W, E. Emery leg. (MC 255).

Four males in the USNM were collected on hills on Los Ríos hill (approximately 9°00'32"N, 79°35'34"W) and in Cocolí (approximately 8°58'46"N, 79°35'59"W), Canal Area, Panama. These areas are drier (<2 m annual precipitation, Rand and Rand 1982) than the forest in which other Oenomaus with an “atena-like” wing pattern have been found in Panama. Four females from these two localities have the same ventral wing pattern as the males. Since no other males are known from these localities, we associate the sexes and illustrate the adult wing pattern and genitalia of one of these females (Figs 15, 34).

We also associate a female from Brazil, Pará (CF-LYC-072) with a male of Oenomaus gaia from French Guiana because they have the same ventral wing pattern and have similar barcode sequences (0.2%).

As noted previously, interspecific variation in the barcode sequences of Oenomaus ambiguus, Oenomaus cortica, Oenomaus gaia, Oenomaus morroensis is less than 2%, in contrast to interspecific divergences among other species in Oenomaus. For example males of Oenomaus gaia (CF-LYC-023) and Oenomaus cortica (CF-LYC-052) are 0.8% divergent. Another male of Oenomaus gaia (CF-LYC-024) and Oenomaus morroensis (CF-LYC-015) are 1.1% divergent.

This species is a relatively uncommon inhabitant of lower montane forest in southern Brazil, so far known only from the state of Santa Catarina. Previously, it was known only from the male holotype, which lacks locality data.

Brazil.– 5♂: SC, Highlands near Massaranduba-Blumenau, Collection E.I. Huntington No. 1009 (AMNH, x4); SC, Highlands near Massaranduba-Blumenau, Collection E.I. Huntington No. 1009, genitalia slide/vial #4705, prep. S.S. Nicolay, Allyn Museum Photo No. 022078-7, 8 VI (AMNH) . 2♀: SC, Rio Vermelho, São Bento do Sul, 10.III.1973, leg. Rank, gen. prep. CF n°414 (USNM ENT 00180041); SC, Highlands near Massaranduba-Blumenau, Collection E.I. Huntington No. 1009, genitalia slide/vial #4707, prep. S.S. Nicolay, Allyn Museum Photo No. 022078-9, 10 VI (AMNH).

The female (Figs 12, 35) occurs in the same habitat as the male and has the same ventral wing pattern.

This species appears to be endemic to Brazil’s central plateau (DF).

Unknown.

This widespread South American species occurs in wet and dry lowland forests. It is recorded from French Guiana, Colombia, eastern Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Brazil (AM, MG).

Colombia.– 1♀: Muzo, 400b. 800 m, coll. Fassl (SMF). Ecuador.– 2♀: Morona-Santiago, Santiago (Hill North of Town), 3°02.3'S, 78°00.3'W, 350 m, 20.IX.2010, Robert C. Busby leg. (RCB); 27 km Santiago-Puerto Moreno Rd., 2°56.4'S, 77°49.5'W, 500–550 m, 17 IX 2005, Robert C. Busby, leg. (RCB). Peru.– 1♀: JU, Aldea, 600–700 m, 1054/7455, 23.VIII.2003, J.J. Ramírez (MUSM). Brazil. – 2♂: MG, km 500 Belo Horizonte-Brasília, Hwy, 11.IV.1973, C. Callaghan, genitalia slide/vial #4737, prep. S.S. Nicolay (USNM); AM, Rio Amazonas, Vila Nova (ca. Tonantins, 0252S/6748), 100 m, IX.1993, M. Büche leg. (MUSM). Bolivia.– 1♂: Las Juntas, XII. 1913, Steinbach Acc. 5045, genitalia slide/vial #4743, prep. S.S. Nicolay (CMNH).

The distinctive ventral wing pattern of this species allows identification of the female.

Sequences from a Brazilian male (CF-LYC-006) and French Guiana female paratype (CF-LYC-007) diverge 3.0%.

This species inhabits wet lowland forest. It is recorded from French Guiana, eastern Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Brazil (PA, MT).

Ecuador.– 1♂: Pastaza Province, 32 km S. of Puyo, 20–21.X.1996, 1000 m, Robert C. Busby leg., gen. prep. CF n°346 (RCB). Peru.– 1♂: LO, Agua Blanca, 0356/7328, 130 m, 10.XI.2005, J.J. Ramírez (MUSM). 2♀: JU, vic. Satipo, c. 800 m, Villa Esperanza, c. 11°16'S, 74°15'W, V.1983, leg. M. Callegari (USNM) ; LO, Cerros de Contamana, El Indio, 200 m, 10.IX.1986, P. Hocking (MUSM). Bolivia.– 1♂: Río Songo, 750 m, coll. Fassl, Genitalia No. 2002: 5♂ R.K. Robbins (SMF).

As noted by Faynel and Moser (2008), Oenomaus jauffreti is a variable species, especially ventrally. For example, the VHW basal spot in cell Sc+R1 is large and mostly white in French Guiana; is small, black with a white centered pupil in Brazil (MT), and is large, with black and white scales in Ecuador. The only element which seems to be stable is the presence of a white spot on the basal side of VHW cell Rs-M1.

Females were associated with males by their characteristic ventral wing pattern (Faynel and Moser 2008). Six specimens of Oenomaus jauffreti have been barcoded (four males and two females), including three male paratypes (CF-LYC-028, CF-LYC-029, CF-LYC-030) and one female paratype (CF-LYC-032). The six barcodes show 1.2% divergence.

This is a poorly understood species that occurs in South American lowland forest. It has been recorded from French Guiana, Peru, Bolivia, and Brazil (AM, MT).

French Guiana.– 1♀: Approuague - Mapaou, 4°31'N, 52°13'W, 29. XII. 2008,  S. Fernandez leg. (CF) (Fig. 13). Peru.– 1♀: SM, Upper Huallaga Valley, V-VI 2000, Purch. Thorne 7/01, gen. prep. CF n°428 (USNM). Brazil.– 1♂: MT, Diamantino, Alto Rio Arinos, 5.X.1998, E. Furtado leg., gen. prep. CF n°446 (MC 254). Bolivia.– 1♀: “Thecla melleus Drc.♀, Buenavista 750 m, Bolivia Steinbach., Modt. 22/2 1927 af, qui Steinbach Bolivia, Coll. C.S. Larsen, Faaborg, gen. prep. CF n° 449 (MNHN).

We associate females from French Guiana (Figs 13, 36), Peru, and Bolivia with this species. They have the same ventral wing pattern, a similar geographic range, and limited COI DNA sequences are the same.

The sequence of a female from French Guiana (CF-LYC-039) is the same as (0% divergence) that of the male paratype from Peru (CF-LYC-020). This female is the first record of Oenomaus magnus from French Guiana.

This species occurs in wet lowland forest. It is recorded from Nicaragua, Costa Rica, French Guiana, Guyana, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Brazil (PA, PE, ES).

Costa Rica.– 2♂: Heredia, prov. Finca La Selva, 3 km S. Puerto Viejo, 10°26'N, 84°01'W, 26.VII.1992, leg. H.A. Hespenheide (USNM) ; prov. Heredia, F. La Selva, 3 km S. Pto. Viejo, 10°26'N, 84°01'W, 5.IV.1985, H.A. Hespenheide (USNM). 1♀: Area de Conservación Guanacaste, voucher Janzen & Hallwachs #97-SRNP-62841, legs away for DNA, Genitalia 2009: 30♀ R.K. Robbins (USNM) (Fig. 20). Guyana.– 1♂: Region 7 Lower Cuyuni River nr. Arimu R. 100’, 6°34'N, 58°58'W, 2.IX.1991, leg. S. Fratello (USNM ENT 00180024). Brazil.– 1♂: ES, Itaguassú, IX.1971, Paulo César Elias, A.C. Allyn Acc. 1971-38, genitalia slide/vial #4700, prep. S.S. Nicolay (USNM). 1♀: PE, Recife, 5.I.1962, leg. Ebert (USNM).

Faynel (2007, 2008) partitioned this species into a Transandean Region (terminology from Brown 1982) nominate subspecies and an Amazonian Region subspecies Oenomaus melleus guyanensis based on size and color of scales at the base of the VFW. The male genitalia of each taxon were the same. As noted in the next paragraph, the new material examined does not confirm this recognition of two taxa. For example, the Costa Rican specimens resemble the Amazonian ones. For this reason, we synonymize Oenomaus melleus guyanensis Faynel with Oenomaus melleus melleus (Druce), new synonym.

The wing pattern of Oenomaus melleus is highly variable. The type from Colombia and two specimens from Nicaragua and Venezuela are relatively large (male FW length = 16.8 mm, SD = 1.3, N = 3). They have a white spot on the basal part of VHW cell Rs-M1, no reddish scales on the basal part of ventral wing, and a black spot in VHW cell Cu1-Cu2. The specimens from French Guiana, Guyana, Brazil (PA), Venezuela and Peru (UC) are smaller (male FW length = 14.1 mm, SD = 0.4, N = 5). They have a white spot on the basal part of VHW cell Rs-M1, reddish scales on the basal part of ventral wing, and no black spot in VHW cell Cu1-Cu2. The males from Costa Rica are also relatively small (male FW length = 14.7 mm, SD = 1.6, N = 3). They have no white spot on the basal part of VHW cell Rs-M1, no reddish scales on the basal part of ventral wing and a black spot in VHW cell Cu1-Cu2.

Described by Faynel (2008).

Described by Faynel and Moser (2008) from five males from Brazil (SC, RS), but no other specimens are known. It appears to be a species of lower montane and subtropical forest.

A small white spot on VHW cell Sc+R1-Rs that is displaced basally (Faynel and Moser 2008) is present in the holotype, but not in the paratypes.

Although Oenomaus morroensis is unrecorded north of Santa Catarina, a reared male from São Paulo (see under Oenomaus moseri) could possibly be this species.

Unknown.

One paratype has been barcoded (CF-LYC-015). As already noted, this sequence is 5.0% divergent from the sympatric and superficially similar Oenomaus moseri.

This species occurs in wet lowland forest. It has been recorded from Peru and Brazil (AM). As noted, the genitalia of this species are similar to those of the newly described Oenomaus myrteana.

Peru.– 3♂: LO, Agua Blanca, 0356/7328, 130 m, 17.V.2004, J.J. Ramírez leg. (MUSM, x3). Brazil.– 1♂: AM, S. Paulo de Olivença, X.1983, Via Kesselring, Genitalia No. 1983: 133♂ R.K. Robbins (USNM ENT 00180054).

Unknown.

One male of Oenomaus nigra from Peru has been barcoded (CF-LYC-148).

This species occurs in many different habitats from sea level up to 1000 m. It is unique in the genus in that it is often found in highly disturbed habitats. It is the most common Oenomaus species in collections and has been recorded from the United States, Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, French Guiana, Surinam, Guyana, Trinidad, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and many states throughout Brazil. As noted in the introduction, this species is a well-known pest of commercial Annonaceae.

The blacks spots on ventral wings vary in size and the blue on the dorsal wings vary from light cyan to dark purple. The “Thecla lauta Draudt” phenotype from western Mexico is smaller and duller than individuals from the remainder of its range.

Males were territorial on hilltops between 14:00–15:15 hours in Panama (Canal Area, hilltops in Paraíso, 7 males during June and August, 6 vouchers in USNM) and between 14:29 and 15:15 on Serrinha in Brazil (hilltop in Santa Catarina, Villa Nova, 200 m, 3 males in March, vouchers in USNM).

Both sexes are recognized by their ventral wing pattern, which is unique in the genus.

Sequences from a Peruvian male (CF-LYC-147) and a Mexican male (CF-LYC-146) diverge 1.5%.

This species occurs in wet lowland forest. It has been recorded from French Guiana and Brazil (PA, AM).

Brazil.– 1♂. Santarém, Amazons, A.H. Fassl, 3.IV.1920, gen. prep. CF n°317 (MNHN H-447).

Described by Faynel (2008).

This species is widespread in wet lowland forest. It is recorded from Guatemala, Panama, French Guiana, eastern Ecuador, Peru, and Brazil (PA, AM, RO). It is one of the more common species in the genus and mating pairs have been collected in Panama, Ecuador, and Brazil.

Guatemala.– 1♂: Cayuga, Sept., Schaus & Barnes coll., Genitalia No. 1992: 28♂ R.K. Robbins (USNM). Panama.– 2♂: Canal Zone, Gamboa, 5.I.1979, Leg. R. Robbins, in copula 15:00, Genitalia No. 1982: 125♂ R.K. Robbins (USNM ENT 00180050); Canal Zone, Summit, 17.III.1979, Leg. R. Robbins, in copula 15:00, gen. prep. CF n°423 (USNM). 2♀: Canal Zone, Gamboa, 5.I.1979, Leg. R. Robbins, in copula 15:00, Genitalia No. 1982: 126♀ R.K. Robbins (USNM ENT 00180051) (Fig. 18); Canal Zone, Summit, 17.III.1979, Leg. R. Robbins, in copula 15:00, gen. prep. CF n°424 (USNM). Ecuador.– 2♂: Napo, 14 km Tena-Puyo Road, 1°06.7'S, 77°46.9'W, 600 m, X.2010 (Apuya), I. Aldas & Robert C. Busby leg., gen. prep. CF n°418 (RCB);Napo Province, 14 km S. of Tena, 600 m, 17–18.X.1996 (Apuya), mating pair, Robert C. Busby leg., gen. prep. CF n°345 (RCB). 1♀: Napo Province, 14 km S. of Tena, 600 m, 17–18.X.1996 (Apuya), mating pair, Robert C. Busby leg., gen. prep. CF n°417 (RCB) (Fig. 19). Brazil.– 1♂: RO, 160–350 m, vic. Cacaulândia, 10°32'S, 62°48'W, 19.X.1991, in copula, Leg. J. MacDonald, gen. prep. CF n°412 (USNM). 1♀: RO, 160–350 m, vic. Cacaulândia, 10°32'S, 62°48'W, 19.X.1991, in copula, Leg. J. MacDonald, gen. prep. CF n°413 (USNM); PA, Santo Antônio do Tauá, Reserva Sonho Azul, 1°15'S, 48°03'W, 2.III.2010, P. & J. Jauffret leg. (CF).

Females from Brazil and Ecuador (Fig. 19) are uniformly brown on the dorsal wing surface while the female from Panama (Fig. 18) has the basal parts of both wings blue. Their genitalia, however, are uniform. This geographic variability is similar to that in Oenomaus cyanovenata.

Territorial behavior on a hilltop in Panama (Canal Area, Gamboa, Cerro Pelado) was observed in January and August at 15:00 hours (vouchers in USNM). Two mating pairs were also collected on the same hilltop in January and March at 15:00 hours (vouchers in USNM).

We illustrate adult females that were collected in copula (Figs 18–19) and the genitalia of one (Fig. 37).

A female from Brazil, Pará (CF-LYC-064), which has a wing pattern similar to the females collected in copula, is 3.1% divergent from a male from Peru (CF-LYC-085).