This species is unique among species of Hyposmocoma because it has metallic purple wings with a narrow, diagonal orange band near the wing apex.

Male. (n = 2; Fig 1). Forewing length 4.8–5.0 mm.Head with a mixture of copper and metallic purple colored scales arranged radially from compound eye. Haustellum with light brown scales. Maxillary palpus reduced. Labial palpus curved with copper and metallic purple colored scales, scale color similar on all surfaces of palpus. Antenna brown with a mosaic of metallic purple scales. Thorax mostly copper; dark brown/purple scales present along anterior margin. Foreleg coxa with brown and metallic purple scales; femur, tibia, and tarsomeres mostly dark brown. Midleg as foreleg, but spurs covered in a mixture of dark and light-brown scales. Hindleg as midleg, but longer with long hairs on dorsal margin of tibia. Forewing metallic with a narrow diagonal orange band near wing apex. Diffuse orange patch in proximal region of FW along anal margin. Fringe orange and brown/metallic purple, longer scales tending to be brown/metallic purple, shorter ones orange. Hindwing brown with brown fringe. Abdomen dorsally dark brown; ventrally metallic brown/purple, with tuft of long dark brown scales covering lateral surface of genitalia.

Male genitalia (Fig. 11).Right brachium of uncus sickle shaped and curved at 1/2, tapering gradually, heavily sclerotized. Left brachium small, not sclerotized. Tegumen wide and sclerotized. Valvae roughly symmetrical, two long thin setae arising from approximately 2/3 length along dorsal margin of both valvae. Dense row of fine, hair-like setae disposed comblike along inner ventral margin of valva. Phallus stout, heavily sclerotized, open ventrally, tapered, and bent ventrad at about 1/2 of length; vesica without spines or cornuti. Anellus with two symmetrical rounded lobes with short setae.

Female. (n = 4). Externally as male, forewing length 5.2–5.5 mm.

Female genitalia. (Fig 18). Papillae anales very short and setose. Anterior and posterior apophyses slender, long, posterior apophyses about same length as anterior apophyses. Ostium bursae small, heavily sclerotized, externally protruding, roughly triangular, not snail-shaped. Corpus bursae oval and elongate, with very light scobination; signum absent. Ductus bursae long and narrow, slightly twisted, about equal in length of corpus bursae. Apical margin of tergum VIII with median emargination.

Larval case (n = 7).Dark brown, smooth, 7–9 mm in length and 1.7–2 mm wide.

(2♂, 4♀). 1♂, 1♀: HI: Oahu, Waianae Range, Palikea trail, “purse” case 15-I-09, em. 23-III-2009, #DR09A3I, coll. P. Schmitz, D. Rubinoff, W. Haines, J. Eiben. 1♂, 1♀: HI: Oahu, Waianae Mountains, Palikea area, ~ elev. 850 on Pittosporum sp. leaves, 23-X-2009, em. 22-I-2010, #DR09J1A, coll. P. Krushelnycky. 1♀: HI: Oahu, Waianae Mountains, Palikea area, ~elev. 850 m, 5-XI-2009, em. 28-I-2010, #DR09K1A, coll. P. Krushelnycky. 1♀: HI: Oahu, South Waianae Mountains, Palikea area, 800–925 m, 30-III to 8-IV-2010, em 15-V-2010, #DR10C7B, coll. P. Krushelnychy and OANRP staff. All specimens from the UHIM.

Eight specimens from Oahu, Hawaii, USA (UH log numbers DR09A3I (1), DR09J1A (3), DR09K1A (2), DR10C17B (2)), extraction codes DN1202, DN1219, DN1262, DN1315, DN1328, DN1329, DN1330, and DN1331.

Case-making larvae were collected from October to April. Larvae were typically found in leaf litter, but in some cases were found on leaves such as Pittosporum sp. (Pittosporaceae).

Known only from the Waianae Mountain Range, Oahu.

This species has a large, orange, “V”-shaped marking on the forewing found in no other described species of Hyposmocoma.

Male. (n = 1; Fig 2). Forewing length 4.9 mm.Head with copper-colored scales arranged radially from compound eye. Haustellum with light brown scales. Maxillary palpus reduced. Labial palpus curved with copper colored scales, scale color similar on all surfaces of palpus. Antenna brown with a mosaic of copper scales. Thorax mostly copper; dark brown scales present along anterior margin. Foreleg coxa with brown and copper scales; femur, tibia, and tarsomeres mostly dark brown with light brown ring at distal margin of femur, tibia, and tarsomeres I-V. Midleg as foreleg, but spurs covered in a mixture of dark and light-brown scales. Hindleg as midleg, but longer with long hairs on dorsal margin of tibia. Forewing brown, two transverse orange fascia form a “V”. Proximal orange band widens along anal margin, distal band uniform in width. Fringe orange and brown, longer scales tending to be brown, shorter ones orange. Hindwing brown with brown fringe. Abdomen dorsally dark brown; ventrally copper, with tuft of long dark brown scales covering lateral surface of genitalia.

Male genitalia. Right brachium of uncus sickle shaped, slender, heavily sclerotized, widening at 1/2 length, slightly twisted to left. Left brachium small, not sclerotized. Tegumen wide and sclerotized. Four long thin setae along dorsal margin of left valva, three shorter setae at same location of right valva. Left valva slightly wider than right. Dense row of fine, hair-like setae disposed along inner ventral margin of valva. Phallus stout, blunt tipped, heavily sclerotized, open ventrally, and bent ventrad at about 1/2 of length; vesica without spines or cornuti. Anellus with two symmetrical rounded lobes with short setae.

Female. (n = 1). Externally as male, forewing length 4.7 mm.

Female genitalia. (Fig 17). Papillae anales short and setose. Anterior and posterior apophyses slender, long, anterior apophyses slightly longer than posterior apophyses. Ostium bursae small, heavily sclerotized, externally protruding, roughly triangular, not snail-shaped. Corpus bursae oval and elongate, with very light scobination; signum absent. Ductus bursae long and narrow, slightly twisted, about equal in length of corpus bursae. Apical margin of tergum VIII with median emargination.

Larval case. (n = 2).Dark brown, smooth, 7.8–8.5 mm in length and 1.8–2 mm wide. The larval case is very similar to that of Hyposmocoma auropurpurea. Though both species are found in the Waianae Mountains, adult morphology and DNA sequence confirms these are distinct species.

(1♂, 2♀). 1♂: HI: Oahu, Waianae Range, Palikea Trail, “purse” case, 15-I-2009, emergence. 16-III-2009, #DR09A3I, coll. P. Schmitz, D. Rubinoff, W. Haines, J. Eiben. Specimen in perfect condition. Male genitalia slide #AK100. 1♀: same data as male. Female genitalia slide #AK101. 1♀: HI: Oahu, Pahole NAR. Northern Waianae Mts. Elev. 500 m, on Pipturus albidus (Urticaceae). 14-XII-2010, #DR10L1C, em. 24-III-2011, coll. P. Krushelnycky. Additional voucher collection #AR0803, spec/lot #PKSP11751. Molecular ID: AK-259-11. All specimens from the UHIM.

Two specimens from Oahu, Hawaii, USA (UH log number DR09A3I), extraction codes DN1314A, DN1314B.

Case-making larvae were collected in the Waianae Mountains of Oahu on the Palikea Trail during December and January. Larvae were found in leaf litter and on rotting logs. Adult emergence occurred between March and April. Because we have collected fairly extensively in the Waianae Mountains, we predict that this species univoltine, with larvae active during the winter months and adults emerging in the spring.

Known only from the Waianae Mountain Range, Oahu.

Hyposmocoma ipohapuu has a forewing pattern that differs from any other described species in the genus. A wide pale yellow band is present along the anal margin of the forewing and curves proximally at the wing margin towards the costa. A small, round, dark brown mark is present approximately two thirds of the way from the wing base to the apex.

Male (n = 2; Fig. 3). Forewing length 5.0 mm.Head with pale brown scales radiating from compound eye. Haustellum with a mixture of light and dark brown scales. Maxillary palpus reduced. Labial palpus recurved and covered in pale brown scales, which are dark laterally. Antennal flagellum pale brown, with a ring of dark brown scales extending from the proximal margin of each flagellomere. Thorax mainly pale brown, dark brown at cervical margin and near posterior margin of notum. Foreleg dark brown with pale brown ring at distal margin of femur. Midleg as foreleg, but with pale brown ring at distal margin of tibia and tarsomeres I-V, spurs pale brown. Hindleg as midleg but longer with long pale brown hairs. Forewing pale brown, with dark brown band extending from costal margin of wing base to apex, mark forming a convex arch near apex. A separate brown band extends along anal margin of forewing. Fringe pale brown. Hindwing and hindwing fringe grayish brown. Abdomen dorsally dark brown; ventrally pale brown with a tuft of long pale brown scales on either side of genitalia.

Male genitalia. (Fig. 14). Right brachium of uncus sickle shaped, rather thick, heavily sclerotized, slender at apical 1/3, slightly twisted to left. Left brachium small, not sclerotized. Tegumen wide and sclerotized. Valvae asymmetrical, left valva slightly wider at middle than right, with three long sclerotized club-shaped setae along dorsal margin curving posteriorly. Dorsal margin of right valva smooth, lacking setal sockets. Phallus stout, blunt tipped, heavily sclerotized, and bent ventrad at about 1/2 of length; vesica without spines or cornuti. Anellus with two symmetrical rounded lobes, thin until apex, both adorned with few small setae.

Female. (n = 1). Externally as male, but with longer forewing length (5.8 mm) and small dark brown mark medially below dark band on forewing.

Female genitalia. (Fig. 19). Papillae anales long and setose. Anterior and posterior apophyses thin and straight, slightly enlarged at posterior end, posterior apophyses about 2x length as anterior apophyses. Ostium bursae small, heavily sclerotized, externally protruding into a triangle, not snail-shaped. Corpus bursae oval with light scobination; signum absent. Ductus bursae thick, approximately 1/2 length of corpus bursae. Apical margin of tergum VIII with median emargination.

Larval case. (n = 5; Fig 7). The mature case is 5.9–6.6 mm in length and 1.2–1.5 mm wide, smooth with banding that follows the length of the case. The case widens slightly at both ends.

Holotype: ♂, [1] Printed white label: ‘H[AWAI]I: Hawaii, Volcano village | Pearl ave[nue], on tree fern | “purse” case, X-30-08 | em[ergence]. III-13-[20]08, #DR08K8C | coll[ector]. J[esse]. Eiben, M[elissa]. Dean’; [2] Printed red label: ‘HOLOTYPE | Hyposmocoma ipohapuu Kawahara & Rubinoff’. Male genitalia slide #AK110. Specimen in perfect condition. Paratypes: (1♂, 1♀). 1♂: same data as holotype but emergence 2-March-2009. 1♀: Data same as male paratype, but emergence 13-March-2009. Female genitalia slide #AK114. Cases (5): same data as holotype. All pinned specimens and slides deposited in the UHIM.

Three specimens from Big Island, Hawaii, USA (UH log number DR08K8C), extraction codes DN121, DN1321 and KY2. This species was tentatively called “Hsp69” before given this formal name.

This species is named “ipohapuu”, which means “tree-fern lover” in Hawaiian.

Case-making larvae were collected on the abaxial surface of old fronds of a Hawaiian tree fern (Hāpu‘u, Cibotium glaucum (Sm.) Hook. & Arn., Cibotiaceae) in the rain forest at Volcano Village near Hawaii Volcano National Park, Hawaii (Big) Island. The habit of residing in old tree fern fronds, still attached to the stump, is typical of several purse case species including Hyposmocoma filicivora Meyrick, 1935.

Known only from Volcano Village, Hawaii Island. Probably restricted to the rainforest areas around Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, where it appears to be uncommon. The elevation for the type locality is approximately 1200 m.

Hyposmocoma makawao differs from any other species in the genus. No other species has a single, thick, transverse orange band near the base of the forewing.

Male. (n = 1; Fig. 4). Forewing length 4.8 mm. Head brown with iron-red scales near outer margin of eye; scales large near vertex. Haustellum pale brown. Maxillary palpus reduced. Labial palpus curved with pale brown scales, scales dark brown along lateral margin of labial palpus. Antennal flagellum dark brown along dorsal surface, lighter brown ventrally. Thorax reddish brown, laterally brown with patches of lighter brown scales below forewing. Foreleg and midleg with brown scales, scales dark brown laterally. Hindleg same as midleg, but with long scales along dorsal margin. Spines on legs light brown. Forewing dark brown with a single, wide fiery red-brown transverse fascia one fourth from the base of the wing to apex and narrowing towards costal margin. Abdomen covered in dark brown scales dorsally, light brown scales covering ventral surface.

Male genitalia. (Fig. 15). Right brachium of uncus sickle shaped, slender, heavily sclerotized, widening slightly at 1/2 length, slightly twisted to left. Left brachium small, not sclerotized. Tegumen wide and sclerotized. Valvae asymmetrical, left valva slightly wider than right, valvae without large sclerotized setae or sockets along dorsal margin. Dense row of fine, hair-like setae along inner ventral margin of both valvae. Phallus stout, blunt tipped, heavily sclerotized, open ventrally, and bent ventrad at about 1/2 of length; vesica without spines or cornuti. Anellus with two symmetrical rounded lobes with fine setae.

Female. (n = 1). Same as male, but with forewing length 4.9 mm.

Larval case. (n = 7; Fig. 8). The case is 4.1–5.0 mm in length and 1.2–1.6 mm wide, smooth with banding that follows the length of the case. Two wide, dark bands form a “V” that crosses over the central region of the case.

Holotype: ♂, [1] Printed white label: ‘H[AWAI]I: Maui, Makawao Forest Reserve | elev[ation]: 3500 ft, on Koa branches | “purse” case, I-30-[20]09, #DR08K12A | coll[ector]. W[illiam]. Haines’; [2] Printed red label: ‘HOLOTYPE | Hyposmocoma makawao Kawahara & Rubinoff’. Male genitalia slide AYK103. Specimen in perfect condition. Paratype: 1♀: same data as holotype, but emergence date 13-Feb-2009, abdomen missing. Cases (7): same data as holotype. All specimens stored in the UHIM.

Two specimens from Maui with UH log number DR08K12A, extraction codes DN114, DN1320. The specimen from which extract DN114 was taken was tentatively called “Hsp67” before being given this formal name.

This species is named “makawao” after its type locality, Makawao Forest Reserve, Maui.

Case-making larvae were collected at Makawao Forest Reserve (MFR), Maui. Samples were collected using a beat-sheet, placed under branches of the koa tree (Acacia koa Gray).

Known only from the MFR, which harbors an extraordinary diverse natural fauna and flora, and is the only known locality for several species of Hyposmocoma, including Hyposmocoma domicolens (Butler, 1881), Hyposmocoma molluscivora Rubinoff & Haines, 2005, Hyposmocoma opuulaau Schmitz & Rubinoff, 2011, Hyposmocoma pukoa Schmitz & Rubinoff, 2011, and Hyposmocoma pupumoehewa Schmitz & Rubinoff, 2011. Unfortunately, the native habitat has been in sharp decline, even during the short course of this project, due to ongoing damage from invasive ungulates. If conservation action is not soon taken, it is likely that many of the rare plants and animals that remain in this mixed mesic forest will disappear.

Hyposmocoma nebulifera is similar to Hyposmocoma rubescens from Kauai, but differs in having a larger dark brown C-shaped forewing mark, and much smaller spurlike specialized setae on the valva. It is also similar to Hyposmocoma ekemamao but is larger, and has two central round spots on the forewing, while Hyposmocoma ekemamao only has one.

Male. (n = 3; Fig. 5). Forewing length 5.8 – 6.0 mm.Head light brown with scales near outer margin of eye, scales large near vertex. Haustellum pale brown. Maxillary palpus reduced. Labial palpus curved with pale brown scales, scales dark brown at terminus. Antennal flagellum light with dark brown bands. Thorax light brown, with lighter brown scales on tegula. Foreleg and midleg with brown scales and bands of light brown. Hindleg same as midleg, but with long scales along dorsal margin formed into a brush-like patch. Spines on legs light brown. Forewing light brown with a C-shaped dark brown mark 1/3 of distance to forewing apex, dark brown spot at base of forewing. One dark brown mark with light border at center of wing, another mark about 1/3 distance between first mark and apex. Abdomen covered in brown scales.

Male genitalia. (n = 1; Fig. 12). Right brachium of uncus sickle shaped, thin, long, and slightly twisted to left. Tegumen wide and sclerotized. Valvae asymmetrical, left valva medially slightly wider than right. Valvae without large sclerotized setae, but adorned with fine hair-like setae disposed comblike on inner surface of ventral margin. Phallus stout, blunt tipped, heavily sclerotized, and gradually curved ventrad at approximately 2/3 of length; vesica without spines or cornuti. Anellus with two symmetrical rounded lobes, thin until apex, both adorned with few small setae.

Female. (n = 2). Externally as male, but with larger wing span (6.5–7.2 mm).

Female genitalia. Papillae anales short and setose. Anterior and posterior apophyses thin, slightly curved, posterior apophyses slightly longer than anterior apophyses. Ostium bursae heavily sclerotized, externally protruding, C-shaped curled left, not triangular. Corpus bursae oval with light scobination; signum absent. Ductus bursae long, narrow, and approximately 2/3 length of corpus bursae. Apical margin of tergum VIII with median emargination.

Larval case. (n = 1; Fig. 9). Dark brown, smooth, 8.1 mm in length and 2.5 mm wide.

Paratype: ♀, [1] Printed white labels: ‘[HAWAII, Oahu, ] Waianae Mts. | 3000 ft. OAHU | Hawaiian Is. | IV. 1892. | Perkins. 225133’; [2] ‘Fauna Hawaiiensis | Collection’; [3] Hand written and printed white label: ‘Hyposmocoma | nebulifera | Wlsm. | PARA-TYPE 1/3’; [4] BPBM Paratype pink label: ‘No 32412 | Hawaiian Coll. | BISHOP Museum’ (BPBM). Non-type material: 1♂, HI: Oahu, Waianae Mountains, Palikea trail, 15 January 2009, emergence 13 February 2009, #DR09A3K, coll. P. Schmitz, D. Rubinoff, W. Haines, J. Eiben, male genitalia slide #AK113 (UHIM). 1♂, 1♀: HI: Oahu, Waianae Mountains, Palikea area, elev: 850 m, in leaf litter, extracted in Berlese funnel, “purse case”, emergence 29 October 2009, #DR09J2B, coll. P. Krushelnycky, female genitalia slide #AK109 (UHIM).

Two specimens from Palikea, Oahu, UH log number DR09A3K, extraction codes DN118, DN161. One specimen from Oahu, UH log number DR09J2B, extraction code DN1220. The specimen from which extract DN118 was obtained was tentatively called “Hsp68”.

Known only from the Waianae Mountain Range, Oahu. With nearly thirty described species of Hyposmocoma (Zimmerman 1978), the Palikea preserve in the Waianae mountains has a very high diversity of Hyposmocoma, and the area is also one of the best-preserved on Oahu. The rich species diversity of Hyposmocoma may reflect the diversity throughout the island before human colonization.

Hyposmocoma tantala is similar to Hyposmocoma nebulifera, but differs in having a dark forewing background color and much thicker dark forewing markings. The male genitalia has large sclerotized spines on the left valva that are absent in Hyposmocoma nebulifera.

Male. (n = 1). Forewing length 5.5 mm.Head light brown with light brown scales near outer margin of eye; scales large near vertex. Haustellum pale brown. Maxillary palpus reduced. Labial palpus curved with pale brown scales, scales dark brown at terminus. Antennal flagellum light with dark brown bands. Thorax light brown, with lighter brown scales on tegula. Foreleg and midleg with brown scales and bands of light brown. Hindleg same as midleg, but with long scales along dorsal margin formed into a brush-like patch. Spines on legs light brown. Forewing light brown with a large dark brown mark extending from costal margin 1/3 of distance to forewing apex and a smaller dark brown mark at 2/3 of distance to apex. Abdomen covered in brown scales.

Male genitalia (Fig. 13).Right brachium of uncus thick and curved ventrad, smooth, gradually tapering, slightly twisted to left. Left brachium small, not sclerotized. Tegumen wide and sclerotized. Shape of valva largely symmetrical, but left valva with three long tapered narrow spurlike setae along dorsal margin near apex; right valva without large sclerotized setae. Dense row of fine, hair-like setae disposed along inner ventral margin of both valvae. Phallus stout, blunt tipped, heavily sclerotized, open ventrally, and bent ventrad at about 1/2 of length; vesica without spines or cornuti. Anellus with two symmetrical rounded lobes with fine setae.

Female. (n = 2; Fig 6). Externally as male, but with larger wing span (6.2 mm).

Female genitalia. (Fig 16). Papillae anales short and setose. Anterior and posterior apophyses thin and straight, posterior apophyses slightly longer than anterior apophyses. Ostium bursae heavily sclerotized, externally protruding, and C-shaped curled left. Ductus bursae long and of small girth. Corpus bursae roughly kidney-shaped, with light scobination; signum absent. Apical margin of tergum VIII with median emargination.

Larval case. (n = 1; Fig 10). Dark brown, smooth, 9 mm in length and 2 mm wide.

Holotype: ♀, [1] Printed white label: ‘H[AWAI]I: Oahu, Tantalus, Manoa | Cliffs Trail, n[ea]r. Round Top Dr[ive]. | Purse Case DR10H2I [in bold type] | 22-Aug-2010, em[ergence]. 25-Oct[ober]-2010 | A. Y. Kawahara, W. Haines, | C. Yee, C. Atta collectors; [2] Printed red label: ‘HOLOTYPE | Hyposmocoma tantala Kawahara & Rubinoff’. Specimen in perfect condition. Female genitalia slide # slide AK108 (UHIM); Non-type material: 1♂, HI: Oahu: Mt. Tantalus, 4 km N of Manoa, 600 m., 8-VI-1991, coll. W. E. Steiner et al. (USNM).

Two specimens from Oahu (UH log number DR10H2I), extraction codes DN1317, DN1319.

This species is named “tantala” after Mt. Tantalus, from where the type specimen was collected. While Mt. Tantalus has experienced a tremendous amount of destruction from invasive species in the past century, it has historically been a locality with very high endemism, and the type locality of several other endemic insects, including flies (Hardy 1960; 1964), beetles (e.g. Liebherr and Zimmerman 2000), and at least two other species of Hyposmocoma (Zimmerman 1978). We wish to recognize this historically noteworthy site and draw attention to the fact that some endemic species, worthy of conservation, still persist even after long periods of disturbance.

Adults were reared from case-making larvae collected on bark of a damp dead tree covered partially with lichen.

Known only from Mt. Tantalus, Oahu.