An illustrated checklist of the genus Elymnias Hübner, 1818 (Nymphalidae, Satyrinae)

Chia-Hsuan Wei; David J. Lohman; Djunijanti Peggie; Shen-Horn Yen

doi:10.3897/zookeys.676.12579

Research Article

An illustrated checklist of the genus Elymnias Hübner, 1818 (Nymphalidae, Satyrinae)

Chia-Hsuan Wei^‡, David J. Lohman^§|, Djunijanti Peggie^¶, Shen-Horn Yen^‡

‡ National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

§ City University of New York, New York, United States of America

| National Museum of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines

¶ Research Centre for Biology-LIPI, Cibinong-Bogor, Indonesia

Corresponding author: Shen-Horn Yen ( shenhornyen@hotmail.com )

Academic editor: Thomas Simonsen

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Citation: Wei C-H, Lohman DJ, Peggie D, Yen S-H (2017) An illustrated checklist of the genus Elymnias Hübner, 1818 (Nymphalidae, Satyrinae). ZooKeys 676: 47-152. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.676.12579

ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:B6631828-C401-4F98-BFBD-7A504DCA1A3C

Abstract

We review the genus Elymnias Hübner, 1818, a morphologically diverse satyrine butterfly clade involved in multifarious Batesian mimicry relationships throughout Asia and Africa. A variety of different model species are mimicked, and many Elymnias species are sexually dimorphic mimics, with males and females resembling different model species. We revise species and subspecies delimitations in light of an integrative taxonomic investigation using external morphology, male and female genital morphology, and a multi-locus molecular phylogeny. There is little interspecific genitalic variation among species in this group, and previous taxonomists therefore relied almost entirely on wing patterns. Our molecular phylogenetic analysis reveals several examples of polymorphism or wing pattern divergence within a single species currently classified as two or more different species. We also found examples of wing pattern convergence among disparate lineages that mimic the same widespread model species. Frequently, two or more phenotypically similar species were classified as a single species. This comprehensive checklist reviews all names associated with Elymnias to align its taxonomy with the evolutionary history of the group. All available information on nomenclature, type localities, repositories of type specimens, and geographical distributions is summarized, and images of adult specimens and genitalia are provided along with distribution maps of all species and selected subspecies. We identify 2 species incertae sedis, establish 15 monophyletic species groups (including 1 species unplaced in any species group), and make 49 taxonomic changes, including 35 new synonyms, 7 new combinations (2 of which have new status), 1 resurrected combination, 1 resurrected subspecies, and 7 status changes.

Keywords

Batesian mimicry, convergent evolution, Elymniini , polymorphism, sexual dimorphism, Southeast Asia

Introduction

Elymnias Hübner, 1818 (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) is a species-rich and widespread butterfly genus distributed throughout the Old World tropics (Aoki et al. 1982). It derives its name from Elymnias jynx Hübner, 1818 (now Elymnias hypermnestra hypermnestra (Linnaeus, 1763)) (Fruhstorfer 1907). The genus’ widespread range and remarkable wing pattern diversity, together with the economic importance of several species, has attracted the attention of taxonomists and agricultural entomologists for centuries (Merrett 1993; Wallace 1869). However, the entire group has not been examined systematically in over 100 years (Fruhstorfer 1907; 1911), and no studies to date have used genetic data to substantiate taxonomic hypotheses. Most species are found in the Indo-Australian Archipelago, a geographically complex and geologically dynamic area with over 20,000 islands that are likely to have contributed to diversification in this taxon (Lohman et al. 2011).

We recognize a single Afrotropical species with two subspecies and 52 Australasian species with 181 subspecies distributed from Nepal to Sri Lanka in the west, throughout tropical and subtropical Asia, and extending east to Taiwan and south to Australia’s Cape York and the Bismark Archipelago of Papua New Guinea. A few species are widespread across several countries or landmasses, but many are restricted to single islands. Several new species have been discovered recently (Monastyrskii 2004; Okubo 2010; Saito and Koshi 2012), highlighting the rarity of many species and their predilection for relatively inaccessible locales, such as high mountains and remote islands.

Species in the genus differ markedly in wing color, pattern, shape, and size, making Elymnias one of the most morphologically heterogeneous butterfly genera (Feltwell 1993). This morphological diversity is apparently because most species are Batesian mimics of strikingly different, unpalatable model butterfly species (Corbet 1933; 1943). Many Elymnias species are monomorphic; conspecific males and females mimic the same model species (e.g., E. paradoxa and E. vasudeva). However, some species are sexually dimorphic mimics (Moore 1894; Punnett 1915; Vane-Wright 1976), with males and females mimicking different models and differing markedly in wing color and pattern (e.g., E. kuenstleri and E. harterti; Corbet et al. 1992; Parsons 2000). A few sexually dimorphic Elymnias species mimic a single sexually dimorphic model species, such as E. casiphone and E. saueri, which both mimic Euploea mulciber. A few species exhibit variability in sexual dimorphism: males and females in some populations mimic the same model species and are monomorphic, while the same species is strongly dimorphic in other locales (e.g., E. hypermnestra and E. agondas).

Larvae of all species with known life histories feed exclusively on palms (Arecaceae) (Bascombe et al. 1999; Ek-Amnuay 2012; Parsons 2000; Robinson et al. 2017), and several species are also agricultural pests on economically important oil palm, Elaeis guineensis (Koh and Gan 2007; Merrett 1993). Adults are known to feed on exudates from rotting fruit (Treadaway and Schroeder 2012). Palm-feeding butterflies are not known to sequester noxious secondary compounds from their larval hosts, and naïve avian predators readily consumed adult E. hypermnestra in laboratory trials (S.-H. Yen, unpublished results), supporting the hypothesis that Elymnias are Batesian and not Müllerian mimics.

After the description of Linnaeus’s Papilio hypermenstra (now Elymnias hypermnestra hypermnestra) in 1763, the accumulation of new species/subspecies publications was slow and confined to few localities, for instance, E. nesaea (Linnaeus, 1764) from Java, E. panthera (Fabricius, 1787) from Borneo, and E. vitellia (Stoll, [1781]) from Ambon. Most species and subspecies were described during between the middle of the 19^th century and early 20^th century in the following works: Hewitson (1858; 1861; 1867; 1874; South East Asian Islands), Felder and Felder (1860; 1863; 1867; Philippines), Butler (1867; 1871; 1874; 1882; 1883; Asia), Distant (1882a; b; 1883; 1886; Malaysia), Semper (1887; 1892; Philippines), Grose-Smith (1889; 1892; 1894a; b; 1897; South East Asian Islands), Staudinger (1889; 1894a; b; Palawan and New Guinea), de Nicéville (1890; 1893; 1895; 1898; 1900; 1902; Indo-Malaya) , Moore (1857; 1875; 1878a; b; 1880; 1886; 1894; Indian subcontinent and Indochina), Fruhstorfer (1894a; b; c; 1895a; b; 1896a; b; c; 1898a; b; c; 1899; 1900; 1902a; b; c; 1904a; b; c; d; Southeast Asia; 1911), Rothschild (1915a; b; c; d; islands surrounding New Guinea), Hemming (1967; global), and Talbot (1929; 1932; Malaysia). Several new taxa have been discovered during the last 40 years, including species described by Jumalon (1975; Philippines), Tsukada and Nishiyama (1979; Southeast Asia), Tateishi (2001; Southeast Asia), Uémura and Kitamura (2001; Philippines), Monastyrskii (2004; the Indochina), Suzuki (2006; the Andaman Islands), Okubo (2010; the Lesser Sunda Islands), and Saito and Koshi (2012; Indochina).

The first checklist of Elymnias was compiled by Wallace (1869), followed by Butler (1871); Gaede (1931) enumerated the Elymnias species recognized at that time. The most recent comprehensive generic revision was completed by Fruhstorfer (1907; 1911), who recognized over 200 species-level taxa. This most recent study established the genus’ higher classification, infrageneric grouping, geographical distributions, diagnostic characters, and synonyms. He recognized Elymniopsis Westwood, [1851] (now a junior synonym of Elymnias) as a valid genus and separated Elymnias into two subgenera: Elymnias and Mimadelias Moore, 1894. However, Fruhstorfer’s taxonomic treatment relied entirely on comparisons of wing shape and color pattern; he did not examine genitalia. After this work, a few additional publications provide regional checklists with images of adults, including: Aoki and Uémura (1982), D’Abrera (1985), Pinratana (1988), Corbet et al. (1992), Osada et al. (1999), Chou (2000), Monastyrskii (2005), Ek-Amnuay (2012), Treadaway and Schroeder (2012), and Inayoshi (2017). These works, together with G. Lamas’ catalog of butterfly names established the taxonomic groundwork for the genus. Prior to the present study, ca. 47 species and 190 subspecies were recognized (G. Lamas, pers. comm.).

This checklist enumerates and verifies all current combinations and synonyms, and provides original literature citations, type localities, repositories of type specimens, photographs of specimens and genitalia, and maps of each subspecies’ geographical range and type locality. Integrative taxonomic practice employing multi-locus molecular phylogenetics in concert with data from wing and genitalic characters has informed taxonomic decisions to retain or revise contentious classification and nomenclature. This checklist is meant to clarify taxonomic problems in the genus and aid biologists interested in studying butterfly biodiversity, but will also serve as a framework for future studies on the phylogeny, biogeography, wing pattern evolution, and speciation of this fascinating radiation of Batesian mimetic butterfly species.

Material and methods

Examination of original literature and type specimens

The taxonomic changes we propose are based on examinations of hundreds of specimens in dozens of museums, quantification of wing and genitalic characters including over 100 dissections of males and females (Wei et al. in prep.), and a multi-locus molecular phylogenetic analysis based on six genetic markers from over 200 specimens including nearly every species that we recognize (Lohman et al. in prep.).

Verification of type specimens was based on information provided in the original literature as well as critical review of the collection of specific authors, especially Fruhstorfer. All taxonomic treatments proposed in the present study, including the availability of infrasubspecific taxa, follow regulations and suggestions of the latest version of ICZN (1999).

All publications with original descriptions of new taxa or describing new taxonomic acts were consulted to verify the status and collection localities of type material. Geographical information was obtained directly from specimen labels and from literature to provide accurate locality data and minimize misinterpretation of geographical localities caused by misidentified or mislabeled specimens.

All images of specimens photographed in various museum collections are used here with permission from each museum. Except for the photographs provided by KUTH (Department of Entomology, Kasetsart University), David J. Lohman, and the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, all the other photographs were taken by Chia-Hsuan Wei and Shen-Horn Yen.

The following abbreviations are used to specify the repository of type material. Specimens, including type specimens, were borrowed and/or photographed from many of these institutions and private collections.

Abbreviations of specimen repositories

DNPFIC Forest Insect Collection, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Thailand

ECMP Entomology Collection, Bureau of Science, Manila, Philippines

FMNH Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, USA

HPC Hiroto Hanafusa Private Collection, Japan

HSPC Hiroyuki Soeda Personal Collection, Japan

IM Indian Museum, Calcutta, India

IPC Yutaka Inayoshi Private Collection, Chiang Mai, Thailand

JPC Julian Jumalon Private Collection, Cebu City, Philippines

KMSPC Kazu-Michi Suzuki Private Collection, Japan

KUTH Department of Entomology, Kasetsart University, Thailand

LSL Linnaean Society of London, London, London, UK

MCZ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, USA

MEPR Museo Entomologico Pietro Rossi, Duino, Italy

NODAI Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan

MUS Malaysia Universiti Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Malaysia

NBC National Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands

NHM The National History Museum, London, UK

NHMT The National History Museum at Tring, Tring, UK

NHMW Vienna Museum of Natural History, Vienna, Austria

NMNH National Museum of Natural History, USA

NRM Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden

NSYSU National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

NWSUAF Northwest A & F University, Shaanxi, China

OMPC Kikumaro Okano Private Collection, Japan

OPC Kiyoshi Okubo Private Collection, Japan

PNM National Museum of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines

SMFD Naturmuseum Senckenberg, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

SMK Sarawak Museum Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia

SMTD Staatliches Museum für Tierkunde, Dresden, Germany

SPC Kotaro Saito Private Collection, Japan

TME Toyosato Museum of Entomology, Tsukuba, Japan

TPC Tsukada Private Collection, Japan

UPC Yoshinobu Uémura Private Collection, Japan

ZMHB Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin, Germany

ZMUC Zoological Museum University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

Species concept and integrative taxonomic approach

We ascribe to the Biological Species Concept, which defines species as reproductively isolated groups of populations (Mayr 1940). We have attempted to recognize reproductive isolation between species by identifying coordinated morphological and/or genetic differences among species in several traits. We also expect that species should not be polyphyletic and that species should generally be monophyletic after sufficient time since divergence from their sister taxon. We regard subspecies as phenotypically distinctive geographic variants and do not expect them to be monophyletic or reproductively isolated from other subspecies (Braby et al. 2012). However, a subspecies should be differentiable from other conspecific subspecies using morphology, genetic data, or other characteristics.

Given the within-species morphological variability known from this and other mimetic butterfly taxa (Punnett 1915), we adopted the following procedures for evaluating the validity of prior taxonomic hypotheses: (1) We reconstructed phylogenies using both morphological (Wei et al. in prep.) and molecular data (Lohman et al. in prep.), and used these as guides for interpreting relationships among species and taxonomic boundaries within species complexes; (2) In these analyses, we endeavored to include specimens from the type localities (or the surrounding area—at least the same island group) of the nominotypical subspecies to substantiate taxonomic boundaries of geographically widespread species with multiple subspecies (e.g., agondas, casiphone, hypermnestra, nesaea, and panthera); (3) We considered the geological history of a species’ range (Hall 2001; Hall and Smyth 2008; Sathiamurthy and Voris 2006), particularly for taxa that are rare in museum collections and not readily available for morphological or molecular study. For example, present-day Sulawesi comprises multiple terranes, some of which originated in different biogeographical subregions, that collided in the Miocene (Lohman et al. 2011; Stelbrink et al. 2012). If two or more subspecies of the same species are described from a large and geologically complex island such as Sulawesi or New Guinea and we had limited material for phylogenetic study, then we generally retained the landmass’s different subspecies for lack of evidence to synonymize them; (4) When genetic and/or ecological data suggested that different names had been applied to different mimetic forms, sexes, or seasonal forms, we synonymized these taxa.

For convenience, we have divided the genus into 15 monophyletic species groups (Lohman et al. in prep.) named after each clade’s oldest named species. Because of the uniformity of genitalia and extreme intraspecific variability in wing patterns, there are few if any morphological synapomorphies that can be used to discriminate these species groups. They have been circumscribed based on relatedness as inferred by a multi-locus molecular phylogeny.

Distribution maps and type localities

A variety of sources were used to infer the distribution maps that we provide, including museum data, taxonomic and other publications (Aoki et al. 1982; Braby 2000; Ek-Amnuay 2012; Hanafusa 2001; Inayoshi 2017; Monastyrskii 2004; 2005; Okubo 2010; Parsons 2000; Saito and Koshi 2012; Suzuki 2006; Tateishi 2001; Treadaway and Schroeder 2012; Uémura and Kitamura 2001; Vane-Wright and de Jong 2003). The majority of Elymnias taxa were described when most of South and Southeast Asia were colonized by European countries, and many of the type locality names given in the species descriptions have changed since colonial times. Therefore, in addition to the original type locality names given in the species description, we have attempted to provide the modern locality names in parentheses. In the text below, we do not attempt to use present knowledge of the taxon’s distribution to infer the precise location where the type was collected. However, when designating type localities on the distribution maps, we have attempted to use knowledge of the taxon’s current distribution and other information to indicate the type locality as precisely as possible. Nonetheless, many type localities are imprecise and cannot be localized because many labels simply list the island where the specimen was found (e.g., New Guinea) rather than a precise locality.

Format of the checklist

This annotated checklist is formatted in the following way:

valid species name author, year

Specimens: Figs X, Y, Z; Male genitalia: Figs X, Y, Z; Distribution: Fig: X

ssp. recognized valid subspecies name , author, year

Original combination of subspecies, Author, Year. TL: Type locality provided in original description (Current name of type locality in a standardized format- Country: Province, locality). TS: Depository of type specimen. Original citation.

Junior synonym original combination, Author, Year. TL: Type locality provided in original description (Current name of type locality); TS: Depository of type specimen. Original citation.

Checklist of Elymnias

ELYMNIAS Hübner, 1818 (Type species: Elymnias jynx Hübner, 1818, = Papilio hypermnestra Linnaeus, 1763) Zuträge Samml. exot. Schmett. 1:12.

Didonis Hübner, [1819] (Type species: Papilio vitellia Stoll, 1781)¹

Verz. bek. Schmett. 2: 17.

Dyctis Boisduval, 1832 (Type species: Dyctis agondas Boisduval, 1832)

Voy. Astrolabe. 1: 138.

Agrusia Moore, 1894 (Type species: Melanitis esaca Westwood, 1851)

Lepidoptera Indica 2 (18): 169.

Bruasa Moore, 1894 (Type species: Melanitis penanga Westwood, 1851)

Lepidoptera Indica 2 (18): 164–165.

Melynias Moore, 1894 (Type species: Papilio lais Cramer, [1777])

Lepidoptera Indica 2 (18): 156–163.

Mimadelias Moore, 1894 (Type species: Elymnias vasudeva Moore, 1858)²

Lepidoptera Indica 2 (18): 165–168.

Elymniopsis Fruhstorfer, 1907 (Type species: Papilio phegea Fabricius, 1793)³

Dt. ent. Z. Iris 20 (3): 173–174.

bammakoo-group

bammakoo (Westwood, 1851)

Specimens: Fig. 1A–D; Male Genitalia: Fig. 22A; Distribution: Fig. 27

ssp. bammakoo (Westwood, 1851)

Papilio phegea Fabricius, 1793. TL: Uganda. TS: ZMUC. (preoccupied by Papilio phegea Borkhausen, 1788). Ent. Syst. 3 (1): 132.

Melanitis bammakoo Westwood, 1851. TL: Ashanti (Ghana: Ashanti Region). TS: NHM. Gen. diurn. Lep. 2: 405, pl. 68, fig. 3.

Elymnias phegea var. intermedia Aurivillius, 1898. TL: not indicated. TS: NRM. K. svenska Vetenskakad. Handl. 31 (5): 45.

Elymnias phegea ab. angustata Bartel, 1905. TL: Kamerun, Barombi Station (Cameroon: Southwest Region, Barombi Mbo). TS: unknown. Novit. Zool. 12: 129.

Elymiopsis bammakoo var. hybrida Niepelt, 1915. TL: Kassai River (Democratic Republic of Congo: Kasai River). TS: NHM. Int. Ent. Zs. 9: 58.

Elymniopsis lise Hemming, 1960. TL: Uganda. TS: ZMUC. (replaced Papilio phegea Fabricius, 1793). Annot. lep. 1: 30.

ssp. rattrayi Sharpe, 1902

Elymnias rattrayi Sharpe, 1902. TL: Entebbe (Uganda: Central Uganda, Entebbe). TS: NHM. Entomologist 35: 41.

Elymnias ugandae Grünberg, 1908. TL: Uganda. TS: unknown. Sitzungsber. Ges. Naturf. Freunde. Berlin. 1908: 51.

Elymniopsis ugandae f. rattrayi Lewis, 1974. TL: Uganda. TS: unknown. Butterflies of the World, p. 266, pl. 115, fig. 15.

Elymniopsis bammakoo rattrayi (Sharpe, 1902). TL: Uganda. TS: unknown. Butterflies of West Africa, p. 283.

paradoxa-group

paradoxa Staudinger, 1894

Specimens: Fig. 1E–F; Male Genitalia: Fig. 22B; Distribution: Fig. 28

Elymnias paradoxa Staudinger, 1894. TL: Kubary (Papua New Guinea: Madang Province, Mt. Kubari). TS: ZMHB. Dt. ent. Z. Iris 7 (1): 116.

Elymnias erastus Grose-Smith, 1894. TL: Sattelberg (Papua New Guinea: Morobe Province, Huon Peninsula, Sattelberg). TS: NHM. Novit. Zool. 1 (3): 588.

papua-group

papua Wallace, 1869

Specimens: Fig. 1G–M; Male Genitalia: Fig. 22C; Distribution: Fig. 29

ssp. papua Wallace, 1869 ⁴

Elymnias papua Wallace, 1869. TL: New Guinea⁵. TS: NHM. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1869 (4): 329.

Elymnias viridescens Grose-Smith, 1894. TL: Humboldt Bay (Indonesia: Papua, Jayapura, Yos Sudarso Bay). TS: NHM. Novit. Zool. 1(2): 365, pl. 12, figs 5–6.

Dyctis viridescens var. kakarona Hagen, 1897. TL: Sattelberg (Papua New Guinea: Morobe Province, Huon Peninsula, Sattelberg). TS: NHMT. Jarhb. Nass. Ver. Nat. 50: 78.

Elymnias papua bivittata van Eecke, 1915. syn. n. TL: Bivakeiland, Koofbivak, New Guinea (Indonesia: Papua, Asmat Regency, Bivak Island). TS: NBC. Nova Guinea 13 (1): 65, pl. 3, fig. 5 & 5a.

ssp. lactentia Fruhstorfer, 1907

Elymnias papua lactentia Fruhstorfer, 1907. TL: Waigiu Island (Indonesia: West Papua, Raja Ampat Regency, Waigeo). TS: NHM. Dt. ent. Z. Iris 20 (3): 240.

ssp. cinereomargo Joicey & Noakes, 1915

Elymnias viridescens cinereomargo Joicey & Noakes, 1915. TL: Biak Island (Indonesia: Papua, Biak). TS: NHM. Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1915 (2): 196.

ssp. climena Talbot, 1932

Elymnias climena Talbot, 1932. TL: Mysol Island (Indonesia: West Papua, Raja Ampat Regency, Misool). TS: NHM. Bull. Hill Mus. Witley 4 (3): 168.

ssp. euploeoides Talbot, 1932

Elymnias euploeoides Talbot, 1932. TL: Batchian (Indonesia: North Maluku, Bacan). TS: NHM. Bull. Hill Mus. Witley 4 (3): 167.

esaca-group

esaca (Westwood 1851) ⁶

Specimens: Figs 1N–P, 2A–C; Male Genitalia: Fig. 22D–E; Distribution: Fig. 30

ssp. esaca (Westwood, 1851)

Melanitis esaca Westwood, 1851. TL: East Indies. TS: NHM. Gen. diurn. Lep. 2: 405.

Elymnias godferyi Distant, 1883. TL: Sungei Ujong (Peninsular Malaysia: Negeri Sembilan, Sungei Ujong). TS: NHM. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. 12 (71): 351.

Dyctis esacoides de Nicéville, [1893]. TL: Perak (Peninsular Malaysia: Perak), Battak Mountains⁷ (Indonesia: North Sumatra). TS: IM. J. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. 7 (3): 323, pl. H, fig. 2.

ssp. egialina (C. & R. Felder, 1863)

Melanitis egialina C. & R. Felder, 1863. TL: Luzon (Philippines: Luzon). TS: NHMW.

Wien. ent. Monats. 7 (4): 121.

Melanitis ligya C. & R. Felder, 1863. nom. nud. TL: Luzon (Philippines: Luzon). TS: NHMW. Wien. ent. Monats. 7 (4): 121.

Melanitis pallas C. & R. Felder, 1863. nom. nud. TL: Luzon (Philippines: Luzon). TS: NHMW. Wien. ent. Monats. 7 (4): 121.

ssp. borneensis Wallace, 1869 ⁸

Elymnias borneensis Wallace, 1869. TL: Sarawak (East Malaysia: Sarawak). TS: NHM. Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1869 (4): 324.

Elymnias (Mimadelias) esaca taeniola Fruhstorfer, 1907. syn. n. TL: southeast Borneo. TS: NHM. Dt. ent. Z. Iris 20 (3): 250.

ssp. andersonii (Moore, 1886) ⁹

Dyctis andersonii Moore, 1886. TL: Mergui (Myanmar: Thanintharyi, Mergui Archipelago). TS: NHM. J. Linn. Soc. Lond. 21 (1): 33, pl. 3, fig. 5.

Elymnias (Mimadelias) oberthuri Fruhstorfer, 1902. syn. n. TL: Renong, Siam (Thailand: Ranong). TS: NHM. Soc. Ent. 17 (11): 82.

ssp. maheswara Fruhstorfer, 1894

Elymnias (Dyctis) maheswara Fruhstorfer, 1894. TL: Gede Vulcan (Indonesia: West Java, Mt. Gede). TS: NHM. Ent. Nachr. 20 (2): 21.

ssp. leontina Fruhstorfer, 1898

Elymnias esaca leontina Fruhstorfer, 1898. TL: Nias (Indonesia: North Sumatra, Nias). TS: NHM. Ent. Zs. 12 (14): 99.

ssp. pseudodelias Fruhstorfer, 1907

Elymnias (Mimadelias) esaca pseudodelias Fruhstorfer, 1907. TL: Sumatra (Indonesia: Sumatra). TS: NHM. Dt. ent. Z. Iris 20 (3): 250.

ssp. georgi Fruhstorfer, 1907

Elymnias (Mimadelias) esaca georgi Fruhstorfer, 1907. TL: Mindanao (Philippines: Mindanao). TS: NHM. Dt. ent. Z. Iris 20 (3): 251.

ssp. saifuli Hanafusa, 1993

Elymnias esaca saifuli Hanafusa, 1993. TL: Siberut Island (Indonesia: West Sumatra, Mentawai Islands, Siberut). TS: HPC. Futao (11): 3.

ssp. popularis Hanafusa, 1994

Elymnias esaca popularis Hanafusa, 1994. TL: Tanahmasa Island (Indonesia: North Sumatra, South Nias Regency, Batu Islands, Tanahmasa). TS: HPC. Futao (17): 19.

ssp. splendida Tateishi, 2001

Elymnias esaca splendida Tateishi, 2001. TL: Singkep Island (Indonesia: Riau Islands, Lingga Archipelago, Singkep Island). TS: FMNH. Futao (39): 13.

ssp. lingga Tateishi, 2001

Elymnias esaca lingga Tateishi, 2001. TL: Lingga Island (Indonesia: Riau Islands, Lingga Archipelago, Lingga Island). TS: FMNH. Futao (39): 14.

ssp. nigricans Tateishi, 2001

Elymnias esaca nigricans Tateishi, 2001. TL: Enggano Island (Indonesia: Bengkulu, Enggano Island). TS: FMNH. Futao (39): 14.

ssp. andrewi Schröder & Treadaway, 2003

Elymnias esaca andrewi Schröder & Treadaway, 2003. TL: Philippines: Oriental Mindoro, Mt. Halcon. TS: SMFD. Nachr. ent. Ver. Apollo 23 (4): 193, pl. 1, figs 3–4.

ssp. leytensis Schröder & Treadaway, 2003

Elymnias esaca leytensis Schröder & Treadaway, 2003. TL: Philippines: Southern Leyte, Saint Bernard, Hinabian. TS: SMFD. Nachr. ent. Ver. Apollo 23 (4): 194, pl. 1, figs 7–8.

ssp. tateishii Lamas, 2010

Elymnias esaca tateishii Lamas, 2010. SHILAP 38 (150): 198. (replacement name of Elymnias esaca lautensis Teteishi, 2001).

Elymnias esaca lautensis Tateishi, 2001. TL: Laut Island (Indonesia: South Kalimantan, Kota Baru, Laut Island). TS: FMNH. Futao (39): 13. (preoccupied by Elymnias harterti lautensis Medicielo & Hanafusa, 1994).

vasudeva Moore, 1857 ¹⁰

Specimens: Fig. 2D–K; Male Genitalia: Fig. 22F; Distribution: Fig. 31

ssp . vasudeva Moore, 1857

Elymnias (Mimadelias) vasudeva vasudeva Moore, 1857. TL: Darjeeling (India: West Bengal, Darjeeling). TS: NHM. Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy. 1: 238.

Elymnias thycana Wallace, 1869. syn. n. TL: India. TS: NHM. Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1869 (4): 323. ⁽⁸⁾

Mimadelias deva Moore, 1894. syn. n. TL: Khasia Hills, Assam (India: Meghalaya, Khasi Hills). TS: NHM. Lepid. Ind. 2 (19): 167, pl. 142, fig. 2a.

Mimadelias burmensis Moore, 1893. syn. n. TL: Tenasserim (Myanmar: Tanintharyi, Tenasserim). TS: NHM. Lepid. Ind. 2 (19): 168, pl. 143, fig. 1a–e.

Elymnias vacudera [sic] sinensis Chou, Zhang & Xie, 2000. syn. n. TL: Yunnan (China: Yunnan). TS: NWSUAF. Entomotaxonomia 22 (3): 224, figs 7–8.

dara-group

dara Distant & Pryer, 1887

Specimens: Fig. 3A–D; Male Genitalia: Fig. 22G–I; Distribution: Fig. 32

ssp. dara Distant & Pryer, 1887

Elymnias dara Dinstant & Pryer, 1887. TL: north Borneo. TS: NHM. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (5) 19 (109): 50.

ssp. albofasciata Staudinger, 1889

Elymnias albofasciata Staudinger, 1889. TL: Philippines: Palawan. TS: ZMHBDt. ent. Z. Iris 2 (1): 39.¹¹

ssp. deminuta Staudinger, 1889

Elymnias albofasciata var. deminuta Staudinger, 1889. TL: Lawang (Indonesia: East Java, Malang, Lawang). TS: ZMHB. Dt. ent. Z. Iris 2 (1): 40.

ssp. bengena Fruhstorfer, 1907

Elymnias dara bengena Fruhstorfer, 1907. TL: Palabuan (Indonesia: West Java, Sukabumi, Pelabuhan Ratu). TS: NHM. Dt. ent. Z. Iris 20 (3): 216.

ssp. darina Fruhstorfer, 1907

Elymnias dara darina Fruhstorfer, 1907. TL: Battak Mountains (Indonesia: North Sumatra). TS: NHM. Dt. ent. Z. Iris 20 (3): 215.

ssp. daedalion (de Nicéville, 1890)

Dyctis daedalion de Nicéville, 1890. TL: Myittha (Myanmar: Mandalay, Kyaukse, Myittha). TS: IM. J. Bomb. nat. Hist. Soc. 5 (3): 202, pl. D, fig. 4.

patna-group

patna (Westwood, 1851)¹²

Specimens: Fig. 3E–I; Male Genitalia: Fig. 22J; Distribution: Fig. 33

ssp. patna (Westwood, 1851)

Melanitis patna Westwood, 1851. TL: East India. TS: NHM. Gen. diurn. Lep. 2: 405, pl. 68, fig. 2.

Elymnias patna bercovitzi Joicey & Talbot, 1921. TL: Five Finger Mountains (China: Hainan, Wuzhi Mountain). TS: NHM. Bull. Hill Mus. Witley 1 (1): 173.

Melanyias patnoides Moore, 1893. syn. n. TL: Burma, Karen Hills, East Pegu (Myanmar: Bago). TS: NHM. Lepid. Ind. 2 (19): 163, pl. 141, fig. 2 & 2a.

Elymnias patna stictica Fruhstorfer, 1902. syn. n. TL: Than-Moi, Nordtonkin (Vietnam: Lang Son, Than Moi). TS: NHM. Dt. ent. Z. Iris 14 (2): 271.

ssp. hanitschi Martin, 1909

Elymnias patna hanitschi Martin, 1909. TL: Malayische Halbinsel (Thai-Malay Peninsula). TS: NHMT. Dt. ent. Z. Iris 22 (1): 52.

peali Wood-Mason, 1883

Specimens: Fig. 3J–K; Male Genitalia: Fig. 22K; Distribution: Fig. 34

Elymnias peali Wood-Mason, 1883. TL: Aideo, Sibsagar district, Assam (India: Assam, Sivasagar). TS: NHM. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (5) 11: 62, pl. 2, fig. A & B.

ceryx-group

ceryx (Boisduval, 1836) ¹³

Specimens: Fig. 3L–M; Male Genitalia: Fig. 22L; Distribution: Fig. 35

Melanitis ceryx Boisduval, 1836. TL: West Java (Indonesia: West Java). TS: NHM. Hist. Nat. Ins., Spec. Gén. Lépid. 1: pl. 9, fig. 8.

Elymnias hestinia Fruhstorfer, 1911. TL: Java (Indonesia: Java). TS: NHM. Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 383.

kuenstleri Honrath, [1885]

Specimens: Fig. 4A–C; Male Genitalia: Fig. 22M; Distribution: Fig. 36

ssp. kuenstleri Honrath, [1885]

Elymnias künstleri (=kuenstleri) Honrath, [1885]. TL: Perak and Malacca (Peninsular Malaysia: Perak and Malacca). TS: NHM. Berl. ent. Z. 29 (2): 276, pl. 8, fig. 3.

ssp. gauroides Fruhstorfer, 1894

Elymnias gauroides Fruhstorfer, 1894. TL: Tjisewu, West Java (Indonesia: West Java, Cisewu). TS: NHM. Ent. Nachr. 20 (3): 43.

ssp. rileyi Corbet, 1933

Elymnias kuenstleri rileyi Corbet, 1933. TL: Borneo. TS: NHM. Stylops 2: 132.

Elymnias borneensis Riley, 1923. TL: Borneo. TS: unknown. Entomologist 56 (717): 36.

ssp. dohrnii de Nicéville, 1895 ¹⁴

Elymnias (Melynias) dohrnii de Nicéville, 1895. TL: Bohorok, East Sumatra (Indonesia: North Sumatra, Langkat Regency, Bohorok). TS: IM. J. Bomb. nat. Hist. Soc. 10 (1): 21, pl. S, fig. 12.

Elymnias kuenstleri mariae Toxopeus, 1936. syn. n. TL: Bekoelen (Indonesia: South Sumatra, Bengkulu). TS: NBC. Ent. Med. Ned. Ind. 2: 46, fig. 1.

ceryxoides de Nicéville, 1895. stat. rev. 15

Specimens: Fig. 3N–O; Distribution: Fig. 37

Elymnias (Melynias) ceryxoides de Nicéville, 1895. TL: Battak Mountains (Indonesia: North Sumatra). TS: IM.J. Bomb. nat. Hist. Soc. 10 (1): 22, pl. S, fig. 13.

Elymnias ceryx ceryxoides f. nigritia Fruhstorfer, 1907. TL: Vulkan Singalang (Indonesia: West Sumatra, Agam Regency, Mt. Singgalang). TS: NHM. Dt. ent. Z. Iris 20 (3): 213.

pellucida Fruhstorfer, 1895

Specimens: Fig. 4D–E; Male Genitalia: Fig. 22N; Distribution: Fig. 38

Elymnias pellucida Fruhstorfer, 1895. TL: Kinabalu (East Malaysia: Sabah, Mt. Kinabalu). TS: NHM. Ent. Nachr. 21 (11): 168.

Elymnias annea Pryer & Cator, 1894. TL: Borneo. TS: NHM. Br. N. Borneo Herald 12 (9): 234.

Elymnias aroa Shelford, 1902. TL: Mount Penrissen, Sarawak (East Malaysia: Sarawak, Mt. Penrissen). TS: SMK. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1902 (2): 272.

penanga-group

penanga (Westwood, 1851) ¹⁶

Specimens: Fig. 4F–L; Male Genitalia: Fig. 22O; Distribution: Fig. 39

ssp. penanga (Westwood, 1851)

Melanitis penanga Westwood, 1851. TL: Penang (Peninsular Malaysia: Penang). TS: NHM. Gen. diurn. Lep. (2): 405.

Melaninis mehida Hewitson, 1863. TL: Singapore. TS: NHM. Ill. exot. Butts. [4] (Melanitis): [69], pl. [36], figs 2–3.

Elymnias abrisa Distant, 1886. TL: Province Wellesley (Peninsular Malaysia: Penang, Seberang Perai). TS: NHM. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. 17 (102): 531.

Elymnias penanga penanga f. hislopi (♀) Eliot, 1967. TL: Langkawi (Peninsular Malaysia: Kedah, Langkawi). TS: NHM(?). Entomologist 100 (1244): 3.

Elymnias penanga f. immaculata Martin, 1909. TL: Indonesia: Sumatra. TS: NHMT. Dt. ent. Z. Iris 22 (1): 55.

Elymnias penanga penanga f. johnsoni Talbot, 1929. TL: Penang (Peninsular Malaysia: Penang). TS: NHM. Bull. Hill Mus. Witley 3 (1): 80.

ssp. sumatrana Wallace, 1869

Elymnias sumatrana Wallace, 1869. TL: Sumatra (Indonesia: Sumatra). TS: NHM. Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1869 (4): 325.

ssp. konga Grose-Smith, 1889

Elymnias konga Grose-Smith, 1889. TL: Kina Balu Mountain, (East Malaysia: Sabah, Mt. Kinabalu). TS: NHM. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (6) 3 (16): 317.

Elymnias borneensis Grose-Smith, 1892. TL: Northeast Borneo. TS: NHM. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (6) 10 (60): 428. (preoccupied by Elymnnias borneensis Wallace 1869)

Elymnias penanga trepsichroides Shelford, 1904. TL: North Borneo. TS: NHM. J. Straits Asiat. Soc. (41): 103. (replacement name for Elymnias borneensis Grose-Smith, 1892)

Elymnias penanga konga f. mehidina, Fruhstorfer, 1907. TL: Borneo. TS: NHM. Dt. ent. Z. Iris 20 (3): 226.

Elymnias penanga konga f. ptychandrina, Fruhstorfer, 1907. TL: North Borneo. TS: NHM. Dt. ent. Z. Iris 20 (3): 227.

ssp. chelensis de Nicéville, 1890

Elymnias chelensis de Nicéville, 1890. TL: Khasi Hills (India: Meghalaya, Khasi Hills). TS: IM. J. Bomb. nat. Hist. Soc. 5 (3): 200, pl. D, fig. 3.

hypermnestra-group

hypermnestra (Linnaeus, 1763) ¹⁷

Specimens: Figs 5A–N, 6A–P, 7A–O, 8A–H; Male Genitalia: Fig. 23A–K; Distribution: Fig. 40

ssp. hypermnestra (Linnaeus, 1763)

Papilio hypermnestra Linnaeus, 1763. TL: Java (Indonesia: Java). TS: LSL. Amoenitates Acad. 6: 407.

Papilio protogenia Cramer, 1779. TL: Java (Indonesia: Java). TS: NBC. Uitl. Kapellen. 2 (16): 141, pl. 189, fig. F–G.

Hamadryas jynx Hübner, 1808. TL: not indicated. TS: unknown. Erste Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. p. 4.

Elymnias jynx Hübner, 1818. TL: East Indies. TS: unknown. Zuträge Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: 12.

Elymnias hypermnestra hypermnestra f. perpusilla Fruhstorfer, 1907. TL: Java (Indonesia: Java). TS: NHM. Dt. ent. Z. Iris 20 (3): 181.

Elymnias hypermnestra f. atrata Roepke, 1942. TL: Java (Indonesia: Java). TS: NBC. Rhop. Javan. (4): 422.¹⁸

ssp. undularis (Drury, 1773) ¹⁹

Papilio undularis Drury, 1773. TL: East Indies. TS: NHM. Ill. Nat. Hist. Exot. Insects 2: 17, pl. 10, f. 1–2.

Biblis undularis Westwood, 1837. TL: East Indies, Java (Indonesia: Java). TS: NHM. Ill. Exo. Ent. 2: 18, pl. X, figs 1–2.

Melanitis undularis Westwood, 1851. TL: East India, Java (Indonesia: Java). TS: NHM. Gen. diurn. Lep. 2: 404.

ssp. fraterna Butler, 1871

Elymnias fraterna Butler, 1871. TL: Ceylon (Sri Lanka). TS: NHM. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1871: 520, pl. 42, fig. 3.

ssp. nigrescens Butler, 1871

Elymnias nigrescens Butler, 1871. TL: Sarawak (East Malaysia: Sarawak). TS: NHM. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1871: 520, pl. 42, fig. 1.

Elymnias hecate Butler, 1871. TL: Labuan, Borneo (East Malaysia: Labuan). TS: NHM. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1871 (2): 520, pl. 42, f. 2.

Elymnias nigrescens nigrescens f. pseudagina Fruhstorfer, 1907. TL: Sarawak, Borneo (East Malaysia: Sarawak). TS: NHM. Dt. ent. Z. Iris 20 (3): 191.

Elymnias nigrescens nigrescens f. edela Fruhstorfer, 1907. TL: Pontianak (Indonesia: West Kalimantan, Pontianak). TS: NHM. Dt. ent. Z. Iris 20 (3): 191.

Elymnias nigrescens nigrescens f. virilis Fruhstorfer, 1907. TL: Lawas (East Malaysia: Sarawak, Lawas). TS: NHM. Dt. ent. Z. Iris 20 (3): 191.

Elymnias nigrescens nigrescens f. hecate Fruhstorfer, 1907. TL: Labuan (East Malaysia: Labuan). TS: NHM. Dt. ent. Z. Iris 20 (3): 191.

ssp. cottonis (Hewitson, 1874). comb. n. ²⁰

Melanitis cottonis Hewitson, 1874. TL: Andaman Islands (India: Andaman Islands). TS: NHM. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. 14 (83): 358.

Elymnias cottonis cottonis Fruhstorfer, 1907. TL: Andaman Islands (India: Andaman Islands). TS: NHM. Dt. ent. Z. Iris 20 (3): 183.

ssp. tinctoria Moore, [1879]²¹

Elymnias tinctoria Moore, [1879]. TL: Meetan, Moolai (Myanmar: Tanintharyi) TS: NHM. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878 (4): 826.

Elymnias hypermnestra tinctoria f. paraleuca Fruhstorfer, 1907. TL: Mergui-Archiel, Tenasserim (Myanmar: Thanintharyi, Mergui Archipelago). TS: NHM. Dt. ent. Z. Iris 20 (3): 177.

ssp. hainana Moore, 1878 ²²

Elymnias hainana Moore, 1878. TL: Hainan (China: Hainan). TS: NHM. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1878 (3): 696.

Elymnias nigrescens formosana Fruhstorfer, 1903. TL: Takau (Taiwan: Kaohsiung). TS: NHM. Dt. ent. Z. Iris 16 (1): 17.

Elymnias nigrescens tonkiniana Fruhstorfer, 1902. syn. n. TL: Tonkin, Haiphong (Vietnam: Haiphong). TS: NHM. Dt. ent. Z. Iris 14 (2): 271.

Elymnias hypermnestra nigrescens f. depicta Fruhstorfer, 1907. syn. n. TL: Tonkin (northern Vietnam). TS: NHM. Dt. ent. Z. Iris 20 (3): 188.

Elymnias hypermnestra septentrionalis Chou & Huang, 1994. syn. n. TL: Nanning (China: Guangxi, Nanning). TS: NWSUAF. Monographia Rhopalocerum Sinensium 1: 375, fig. 27.

ssp. discrepans Distant, 1882 ²³

Elymnias discrepans Distant, 1882. TL: Penang, Province Wellesley (Peninsular Malaysia: Penang, Seberang Perai). TS: NHM or NHMT. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (5) 9 (53): 397.

ssp. orientalis Röber, 1891

Elymnias orientalis Röber, 1891. TL: Flores (Indonesia: East Nusa Tenggara, Flores). TS: unknown. Tijdschr. Ent. 34: 311.

Elymnias nigrescens dohertyi Fruhstorfer, 1902. TL: Ende Island (Indonesia: East Nusa Tenggara, Flores, Ende Island). TS: NHM. Dt. ent. Z. Iris 14 (2): 273.

ssp. baliensis Fruhstorfer, 1896

Elymnias protegenia baliensis Fruhstorfer, 1896. TL: Bali (Indonesia: Bali). TS: NHM. Soc. Ent.11 (18): 147.

Elymnias nigrescens bulelenga Rothschild, 1915. TL: Buleleng (Indonesia: Bali, Buleleng Regency). TS: NHM. Novit. Zool. 22 (1): 124.

ssp. violetta Fruhstorfer, 1902 ¹⁹

Elymnias undularis violetta Fruhstorfer, 1902. TL: Muok-Lek (Thailand: Saraburi, Muak Lek). TS: NHM. Soc. Ent. Soc. Ent. 16 (22):169.

Elymnias hypermnestra violetta f. epixantha Fruhstorfer, 1907. TL: Bangkok (Thailand: Bangkok). TS: NHM. Dt. ent. Z. Iris 20 (3):178.

Elymnias hypermnestra violetta f. obfuscata Riley, 1932. TL: Siam (Thailand). TS: NHM. J. Siam. Soc. 8 (4, Suppl.): 249.

ssp. meridionalis Fruhstorfer, 1902 ¹⁹

Elymnias undularis meridionalis Fruhstorfer, 1902. TL: south Annam (southern Vietnam). TS: NHM. Soc. Ent. 16 (22): 169.

Elymnias meridionalis f. orphnia, Fruhstorfer, 1907. TL: south Annam (southern Vietnam). TS: NHM. Dt. ent. Z. Iris 20 (3): 179.

ssp. beatrice Fruhstorfer, 1902. comb. n. ²⁴

Elymnias nigrescens, Distant, 1882. Rhopalocera Malayana: 61.

Elymnias nigrescens beatrice Fruhstorfer, 1902. nomen n. for Distant’s nigrescens. TL: Singapore, Perak (Peninsular Malaysia: Perak), Lingga (Indonesia: Riau Islands, Lingga Archipelago, Lingga Island), Deli, (Indonesia: North Sumatra Province, Deli Serdang Regency), Sumatra (Indonesia: Sumatra), Wellesley Province (Peninsular Malaysia: Penang, Seberang Perai), Billiton (Indonesia: Bangka-Belitung Province, Belitung). TS: NHM. Dt. ent. Z. Iris 14 (2): 272.²²

Elymnias nigrescens ab. agina Fruhstorfer, 1902. unavailable name. TL: Singapore, Sumatra (Indonesia: Sumatra), Perak (Peninsular Malaysia: Perak). TS: NHM. Dt. ent. Z. Iris 14 (2): 272.²²

Elymnias nigrescens beatrice f. ornamenta Fruhsorfer, 1907. unavailable name. TL: Malay (Peninsular Malaysia). TS: NHM. Dt. ent. Z. Iris 20 (3): 190.²²

Elymnias hypermnestra agina, Corbet, 1943. Proc. Roy. Ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 12: 117–119.

ssp. sumbana Fruhstorfer, 1902 ²⁵

Elymnias nigrescens sumbana Fruhstorfer, 1902. TL: Sumba (Indonesia: East Nusa Tenggara, Sumba). TS: NHM. Dt. ent. Z. Iris 14 (2): 273.

ssp. decolorata Fruhstorfer, 1907

Elymnias nigrescens beatrice forma decolorata Fruhstorfer, 1907. unavailable name. TL: Sumatra (Indonesia: Sumatra). TS: NHM. Dt. ent. Z. Iris 20 (3): 189.

Elymnias hypermnestra decolorata, Aoki, Yamaguchi & Uémura, 1982. Butterflies of the Southeast Asian Islands 3: 175–176.

ssp. sumbawana Fruhstorfer, 1907

Elymnias nigrescens sumbawana Fruhstorfer, 1907. TL: Tambora, Sumbawa (Indonesia: West Nusa Tenggara, Sumbawa, Mt. Tambora). TS: NHM. Dt. ent. Z. Iris 20 (3): 197.

ssp. timorensis Fruhstorfer, 1907

Elymnias nigrescens timorensis Fruhstorfer, 1907. TL: Timor. TS: NHM. Dt. ent. Z. Iris 20 (3): 198.

ssp. alorensis Talbot, 1932

Elymnias nigrescens alorensis Talbot, 1932. TL: Alor (Indonesia: East Nusa Tenggara, Alor). TS: NHM. Bull. Hill Mus. Witley 4: 167.

ssp. nimota Corbet, 1937

Elymnias hypermnestra nimota Corbet, 1937. TL: Tioman (Peninsular Malaysia: Pahang, Rompin, Tioman Island). TS: NHM. Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 6 (5): 97.

ssp. kangeana Aoki & Uémura, 1982

Elymnias hypermnestra kangeana Aoki & Uémura, 1982. TL: Kangean (Indonesia: East Java, Sumenap Regency, Kangean). TS: TPC. Mem. Tsukada Coll. 4: 2.

ssp. robinsona Monastyrskii & Devyatkin, 2003

Elymnias hypermnestra robinsona Monastyrskii & Devyatkin, 2003. TL: Con Dao, Con Son Island (Vietnam: Ba Ria–Vung Tau Province, Con Dao Archipelago, Con Son Island). TS: NHM. Atalanta 34 (1/2): 81, pl. 5, figs 5, 7–8.

ssp. jennifferae Suzuki, 2006. comb. n.

Elymnias cottonis jennifferae Suzuki, 2006. TL: Little Andaman (India: Andaman Islands, Little Andaman Island). TS: KMSPC. Futao (52): 13.

ssp. uemurai Lamas, 2010 (replaced Elymnias nigrescens meliophila Fruhstorfer, 1896a). Shilap 38 (150): 198.

Elymnias nigrescens meliophila Fruhstorfer, 1896a. TL: Lombok (Indonesia: West Nusa Tenggara, Lombok). TS: NHM. Soc. Ent.11 (18): 147. (preoccupied by Elymnias hewitsoni meliophila Fruhstorfer 1896b).

caudata Butler, 1871 ²⁶

Specimens: Fig. 8J–K; Male Genitalia: Fig. 23L; Distribution: Fig. 41

Elymnias caudata Butler, 1871. TL: Canara (India: Karnataka, Kanara). TS: NHM. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1871: 520, pl. 42, fig. 4.

merula Swinhoe, 1915. incertae sedis ²⁷

Specimen: Fig. 8K; Distribution: Fig. 42

Elymnias merula Swinhoe, 1915. TL: Kandy, Ceylon (Sri Lanka: Central Province, Kandy). TS: NHM. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. 16 (93): 171.

leucocyma Godart, 1819. incertae sedis ²⁸

Distribution: Fig. 43

Biblis leucocyma Godart, 1819. TL: Java (Indonesia: Java). TS: unknown. Encyc. Méth. 9: 326.

nepheronides-group

nepheronides Fruhstorfer, 1907 ²⁹

Specimens: Fig. 8L–N; Male Genitalia: Fig. 23M; Distribution: Fig. 44

ssp. nepheronides Fruhstoerfer, 1907

Elymnias nepheronides Fruhstorfer, 1907. TL: Flores Island (Indonesia: East Nusa Tenggara, Flores). TS: NHM. Dt. ent. Z. Iris 20 (3): 228.

Elymnias detanii Aoki & Uémura, 1982. TL: Flores (Indonesia: East Nusa Tenggara, Flores). TS: NODAI. Butterflies of the Southeast Asian Islands 3: 208.

ssp. tamborana Okubo, 2010

Elymnias tamborana Okubo, 2010. TL: Mt. Ngegep, Sumbawa (Indonesia: West Nusa Tenggara, Sumbawa, Mt. Sengenges). TS: OPC. Trans. Lep. Soc. Jpn. 60 (4): 255–257.

harterti-group

harterti Honrath, 1889 ³⁰

Specimens: Fig. 9A–F; Distribution: Fig. 45

ssp. harterti Honrath, 1889

Elymnias harterti Honrath, 1889. TL: Perak (Peninsular Malaysia: Perak). TS: NHM. Berl. ent. Z. 33 (1): 165.

ssp. brookei Shelford, 1904

Elymnias brookei Shelford, 1904. TL: Sarawak (East Malaysia: Sarawak). TS: NHM. J. Straits Asiat. Soc. (41): 102.

Elymnias smithi Moulton, 1915. syn. n. TL: Mt. Molu (East Malaysia: Sarawak, Mt. Molu). TS: NHM. Entomologist 48: 98.

ssp. lautensis Medicielo & Hanafusa, 1994

Elymnias harterti lautensis Medicielo & Hanafusa, 1994. TL: Laut Island (Indonesia: South Kalimantan, Kota Baru Regency, Laut Island). TS: HPC. Futao (15): 17, pl. 4, figs 17–18.

ssp. arbaimuni Hanfusa, 2005

Elymnias haterti [sic] arbaimuni Hanfusa, 2005. TL: Indonesia: Jambi Province, Kuala Tungkal, Suban. TS: HPC. Futao (49): 11, pl. 1, figs 11–12.

parce Staudinger, 1889

Specimens: Fig. 9G–J; Male Genitalia: Fig. 23N; Distribution: Fig. 46

ssp. parce Staudinger, 1889 ³¹

Elymnias panthera parce Saudinger, 1889. TL: Palawan (Philippines: Palawan). TS: ZMHB. Dt. ent. Z. Iris 2 (1): 39.

ssp. justini Schröder & Treadaway, 2003

Elymnias parce justini Schröder & Treadaway, 2003. TL: Philippines: Palawan, Busuanga Island. TS: SMFD. Nachr. ent. Ver. Apollo 23 (4): 194, pl. 1, fig. 21.

panthera-group

panthera (Fabricius, 1787)

Specimens: Figs 9K, 10A–P; Male Genitalia: Figs 23O, 24A; Distribution: Fig. 47

ssp. panthera (Fabricius, 1787) ³²

Papilio panthera Fabricius, 1787. TL: Tranquebariae (India: Tamil Nadu, Tharangambadi). TS: ZMUC. Mantissa Ins. 2: 39.

ssp. dusara (Horsfield, [1829]) ³³

Melanitis dusara Horsfield, [1829]. TL: West Java (Indonesia: West Java). TS: NHM. Descr. Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy. 2: pl. 5, f. 7.

ssp. mimus Wood-Mason & de Nicéville, 1881

Elymnias mimus Wood-Mason & de Nicéville, 1881. TL: Nicobar Islands (India: Nicobar Islands). TS: uknown. J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 50: 230.

ssp. dolorosa Butler, 1883.

Elymnias dolorosa Butler, 1883. TL: Nias Island (Indonesia: North Sumatra, Indonesia, Nias). TS: NHM. Ent. mon. Mag. 20: 53.

ssp. lutescens Butler, 1867. comb. n., stat. n. ³⁴

Elymnias lutescens Butler, 1867. TL: Malacca, Singapore and Penang (Singapore & Peninsular Malaysia: Penang and Malacca). TS: NHM. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. 20 (120): 404, pl. 9, f. 10.

Elymnias panthera var. labuana Staudinger, 1889. syn. n. TL: Labuan Island (East Malaysia: Labuan). TS: ZMHB. Dt. ent. Z. Iris 2 (1): 39.

Elymnias panthera lacrima Fruhstorfer, 1904. syn. n. TL: [North Borneo], [Banka] (Indonesia: Banka-Belitung Province, Banka Island). TS: NHM. Berl. ent. Zs. 49: 188.

Elymnias defasciata Fruhstorfer, 1911, syn. n. TL: Borneo. TS: TS: NHM. Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 372.

Elymnias panthera alfredi Fruhstorfer, 1907. syn. n. TL: Southeast Borneo. TS: NHM. Dt. ent. Z. Iris 20 (3): 220.

Elymnias panthera alfredi f. pantherina Fruhstorfer, 1907. unavailable name. TL: Southeast Borneo. TS: NHM. Dt. ent. Z. Iris 20 (3): 220.

Elymnias panthera alfredi f. alfredi Fruhstorfer, 1907. unavailable name. TL: Southeast Borneo. TS: NHM. Dt. ent. Z. Iris 20 (3): 220.

ssp. enganica Doherty, 1891

Elymnias enganica Doherty, 1891. TL: Engano (Indonesia: Bengkulu, Enggano Island). TS: NHM. J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal. Part 2, 60 (1): 24.

ssp. lacrimosa Fruhstorfer, 1898

Elymnias panthera lacrimosa Fruhstorfer, 1898. TL: Bawean Island (Indonesia: East Java, Gresik Regency, Bawean). TS: NHM. Berl. ent. Zs. 43: 196.

ssp. suluana Fruhstorfer, 1899

Elymnais panthera suluana Fruhstorfer, 1899. TL: Sulu Island (Philippines: Sulu Province, Sulu Island). TS: NHM. Berl. ent. Zs. 44: 57.

ssp. bangueyana Fruhstorfer, 1899

Elymnias panthera bangueyana Fruhstorfer, 1899. TL: Banguey Island (Malaysia: Sabah, Banggi Island). TS: NHM. Berl. ent. Zs. 44: 58.

ssp. dulcibella Fruhstorfer, 1907

Elymnias panthera f. dulcibella Fruhstorfer, 1907. TL: East Java (Indonesia: East Java). TS: NHMDt. ent. Z. Iris 20 (3): 223.³¹

ssp. tautra Fruhstorfer, 1907

Elymnias panthera tautra Fruhstorfer, 1907. TL: Northeast Sumatra (Indonesia: North Sumatra). TS: NHM. Dt. ent. Z. Iris 20 (3): 218 (repl. E. lutescens Martin & de Nicéville, 1896)

ssp. arikata Fruhstorfer, 1907

Elymnias panthera arikata Fruhstorfer, 1907. TL: Natuna Island (Indonesia: Riau Province, Natuna Island). TS: NHM. Dt. ent. Z. Iris 20 (3): 219.

ssp. balina Martin, 1909

Elymnias panthera balina Martin, 1909. TL: Bali Island (Indonesia: Bali). TS: NHMT. Dt. ent. Z. Iris 22 (1): 58.

ssp. exsulata van Eecke, 1918

Elymnias panthera exsulata van Eecke, 1918. TL: Pulu [sic] Lasia (Indonesia: North Sumatra, Lasia Island). TS: NBC. Zoologische Mededeelingen 4 (2): 82.

ssp. winkleri Kalis, 1933

Elymnias panthera winkleri Kalis, 1933. TL: Sabang, Weh Island (Indonesia: Aceh, Sabang, Weh Island). TS: MEPR. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 76 (1–2): 80.

ssp. mira Corbet, 1942

Elymnias panthera mira Corbet, 1942. TL: Sipora Island (Indonesia: West Sumatra, Mentawai Regency, Sipora). TS: NHM. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (11) 9 (56): 612.

ssp. tiomanica Eliot, 1978

Elymnias panthera tiomanica Eliot, 1978. TL: Tioman (Peninsular Malaysia: Pahang, Rompin, Tioman Island). TS: NHM. Butterflies of the Malay Peninsula, 3^rd ed: 413.

ssp. belitungensis Okano, 1986

Elymnias panthera belitungensis Okano, 1986. TL: Belitung Island (Indonesia: Bangka-Belitung Province, Belitung). TS: OMPC. Tokurana 11 (1): 1, figs 1–6.

ssp. ruricolaris Hanafusa, 1989

Elymnias panthera ruricolaris Hanafusa, 1989. TL: Karimata Island (Indonesia: West Kalimatan Province, Karimata Island). TS: HPC. Futao (3): 10, pl. 3, figs 1–4.

ssp. banyakensis Hanafusa, 1993

Elymnias panthera banyakensis Hanafusa, 1993. TL: Kepulauan Banyak (Indonesia: Aceh, Banyak Islands). TS: HPC. Futao (13): 8.

ssp. attenuata Hanafusa, 1994

Elymnias panthera attenuata Hanafusa, 1994. TL: Tanahmasa Island (Indonesia: North Sumatra Province, Tanahmasa Island). TS: HPC. Futao (4): 13.

ssp. redangensis Hanafusa, 2001

Elymnias panthera redangensis Hanafusa, 2001. TL: Redang Island (Peninsular Malaysia: Terengganu, Redang Island). TS: HPC. Futao (37): 14, pl.1, figs 5–8.

ssp. zeta Abang, Treadaway & Schröder, 2004

Elymnias panthera zeta Abang, Treadaway & Schröder, 2004. TL: Balambangan Island (East Malaysia: Sabah, Balambangan Island). TS: MUS. Futao (47): 10, pl. 3, figs 33–36.

obnubila Marshall & de Nicéville, 1883

Specimens: Fig. 11A–B; Male Genitalia: Fig. 24B; Distribution: Fig. 48

Elymnias obnubila Marshall & de Nicéville, 1883. TL: Mergui (Myanmar: Thanintharyi, Mergui Archipelago). TS: IM. Butts India Burmah Ceylon 1 (2): 272.

congruens Semper, 1887

Specimens: Fig. 11C–G; Male Genitalia: Fig. 24C; Distribution: Fig. 49

ssp. congruens Semper, 1887 ³⁵

Elymnias congruens Semper, 1887. TL: N. Mindanao (Philippines: northern Mindanao). TS: SMFD. Reisen. Philipp. 2: 61, pl. 11, fig. 8–10.

Elymnias congruens photinus Fruhstorfer, 1907. syn. n. TL: N. Mindanao (Philippines: northern Mindanao). TS: NHM. Dt. ent. Z. Iris 20 (3): 199.

Elymnias congruens phaios Fruhstorfer, 1907. syn. n. TL: S. Mindanao (Philippines: southern Mindanao). TS: NHM. Dt. ent. Z. Iris 20 (3): 200.

Elymnias congruens rafaela Fruhstorfer, 1907. syn. n. TL: Bazilan (Philippines: Sulu Archipelago, Basilan). TS: NHM. Dt. ent. Z. Iris 20 (3): 200.

ssp. subcongruens Semper, 1892

Elymnias subcongruens Semper, 1892. TL: Mindoro (Philippines: Mindoro). TS: SMFD. Reisen. Philipp. 7: 329.

ssp. endida Fruhstorfer, 1911

Elymnias congruens endida Fruhstorfer, 1911. TL: Bohol (Philippines: Bohol). TS: NHM. Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 379.

ssp. salipi Schroeder & Treadaway, 1989

Elymnias salipi Schroeder & Treadaway, 1989. TL: Philippines: Tawi-Tawi Archipelago, Sanga Sanga Island, Boloboc. TS: SMFD. Ent. Z. 99 (22): 327, fig. 6.

ssp. jekei Schroeder & Treadaway, 1989

Elymnias jekei Schroeder & Treadaway, 1989. TL: Philippines: Luzon, Nueva Ecija, near Carranglan. TS: SMFD. Ent. Z. 99 (22): 328, fig. 6.

ssp. neergaardorum Schroeder & Treadaway, 2003

Elymnias neergaardorum Schroeder & Treadaway, 2003. TL: Phillipines: Masbate. TS: SMFD. Nachr. ent. Ver. Apollo 23 (4): 194, pl. 1, figs 14–15.

miyagawai Saito & Kishi, 2012

Specimens: Fig. 11H–I; Distribution: Fig. 50

Elymnias miyagawai Saito & Kishi, 2012. TL: Vietnam: Lam Dong. TS: SPC. Butterflies (62): 4, figs 1–2, 10.

nesaea-group

nesaea (Linnaeus, 1764)

Specimens: Fig. 12A–O; Male Genitalia: Fig. 24D–G; Distribution: Fig. 51

ssp. nesaea (Linnaeus, 1764) ³⁶

Papilio (Nymphalis) nesaea Linnaeus, 1764. TL: [Java] (Indonesia: Java). TS: LSL. Mus. Lud. Ulr. Reg.: 302.

Papilio lais Cramer, 1777. TL: Java (Indonesia: Java). TS: unknown. Uitl. Kapellen 2 (10): 21, pl. 110, f. A–B.

Elymnias nesaea hermia Fruhstorfer, 1907. syn. n. TL: near Lawang, (Indonesia: East Java, Lawang). TS: NHM. Dt. ent. Z. Iris 20 (3): 206.³⁴

ssp. timandra Wallace, 1869 ³⁷

Elymnias timandra Wallace, 1869. TL: Sylhet (Bangladesh: Sylhet Division), Moulmein (Myanmar: Mon State, Mawlamyine). TS: NHM. Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1869 (4): 326.

Elymnias nesaea cortona Fruhstorfer, 1911. syn. n. TL: Burma (Myanmar). TS: NHM. Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 379.

ssp. laisidis de Nicéville, 1896

Elymnias (Melynias) laisidis de Nicéville, 1896. TL: Sumatra (Indonesia: Sumatra). TS: IM. J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Part 2, 64 (3): 390.

ssp. baweana Hagen, 1896

Elymnias baweana Hagen, 1896. TL: Bawean Island (Indonesia: East Java, Gresik, Bawean). TS: NHMT. Jahrb. Nass. Nat. 49: 184, pl. 4, fig. 6.

ssp. neolais de Nicéville, 1898

Elymnias (Melynias) neolais de Nicéville, 1898. TL: Nias Island (Indonesia: North Sumatra, Nias). TS: IM. J. Bomb. nat. Hist. Soc. 12 (1): 136, pl. X, fig. 6.

ssp. apelles Fruhstorfer, 1902

Elymnias lais apelles Fruhstorfer, 1902. TL: Bangkok (Thailand: Bangkok). TS: NHM. Soc. Ent. 16 (22): 169

ssp. vordemani Snellen van Vollenhoven, 1902

Elymnias vordemani Snellen van Vollenhoven, 1902. TL: Kangean Island (Indonesia: East Java, Sumenap, Kangean). TS: NBC. Tijdschr. Ent. 45: 77, pl. 8, fig. 1.

ssp. hypereides Fruhstorfer, 1903 ³⁶

Elymnias lais hypereides Fruhstorfer, 1903. TL: North Borneo. TS: NHM. Dt. ent. Z. Iris 15 (2): 315

Elymnias nesaea coelifrons Fruhstorfer, 1907. syn. n. TL: Southeast Borneo (Indonesia: South or East Kalimantan). TS: NHM. Dt. ent. Z. Iris 20 (3): 205.³⁸

ssp. kamarina Fruhstorfer, 1906

Elymnias lais kamarina Fruhstorfer, 1906. TL: Batu Island (Indonesia: North Sumatra, South Nias Regency, Batu Islands). TS: NHM. Ent Zs. 20 (15): 98.

ssp. lioneli Fruhstorfer, 1907

Elymnias nesaea lioneli Fruhstorfer, 1907. TL: Malaysia. TS: NHM. Dt. ent. Z. Iris 20 (3): 203.

ssp. tawicola Schröder & Treadaway, 1989

Elymnias nesaea tawicola Schröder & Treadaway, 1989. TL: Philippines: Tawi-Tawi Archipelago, Sibutu Island, Cavan Cavan. TS: SMFD. Ent. Z. 99 (22): 326, fig. 4.

casiphone Geyer, [1827]

Specimens: Fig. 12A–M; Male Genitalia: Fig. 24H–L; Distribution: Fig. 52

ssp. casiphone Geyer, [1827]

Elymnias casiphone Geyer, [1827]. TL: not indicated. TS: unknown. Samml. exot. Schmett. 3: pl. [9], f. 1–2.³⁹⁴⁰

Elymnias kamara Moore, [1858]. syn. n. TL: Java (Indonesia: Java). TS: NHM. Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy 1: 239.

Elymnias kamara pareuploea Fruhstorfer, 1911. TL: [Java] (Indonesia: Java). TS: NHM. Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 382, pl. 87e.

Elymnias kamara pseudalumna Fruhstorfer, 1911. TL: Java (Indonesia: Java). TS: NHM. Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 382.

ssp. erinyes de Nicéville, 1895. comb. rev. ⁴¹

Elymnias (Melynias) erinyes de Nicéville, 1895. TL: Battak Mountains (Indonesia: North Sumatra). TS: IM. J. Bomb. nat. Hist. Soc. 10 (1): 19, pl. R, figs 9–10.

ssp. praetextata Fruhstorfer, 1896

Elymnias casiphone praetextata Fruhstorfer, 1896. TL: Lombok (Indonesia: West Nusa Tenggara, Lombok). TS: NHM. Soc. Ent. 11 (17): 140.⁴²

Elymnias kamara lombokiana Fruhstorfer, 1911. syn. n. TL: Lombok Island (Indonesia: West Nusa Tenggara, Lombok). TS: NHM. Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 383.³⁸

ssp. exclusa de Nicéville, 1898. comb. n.

Elymnias (Melynias) exclusa de Nicéville, 1898. TL: Bali (Indonesia: Bali). TS: IM. J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Part II 66 (4): 681.⁴³

Elymnias casiphone djilantik Martin, 1909, syn. n. TL: Bali (Indonesia: Bali). TS: NHMT. Dt. ent. Z. Iris 22 (1): 49.⁴¹

ssp. alumna Fruhstorfer, 1907

Elymnias casiphone alumna Fruhstorfer, 1907. TL: East Java (Indonesia: East Java). TS: NHM. Dt. ent. Z. Iris 20 (3): 209.

malelas (Hewitson, 1863)

Specimens: Fig. 14A–D; Male Genitalia: Fig. 24M; Distribution: Fig. 53

ssp. malelas (Hewitson, 1863) ⁴⁴

Melanitis malelas Hewitson, 1863. TL: East India. TS: NHM. Ill. exot. Butts. 4: [70], pl. [36], f. 6–7.

Elymnias malelas malelas ab. subdecorata Fruhstorfer, 1911. unavailable name. TL: Assam (India: Meghalaya). TS: NHM. Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 381.

Elymnias malelas ivena Fruhstorfer, 1911. syn. n. TL: Thailand, N. Vietnam. TS: NHM. Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 381.

Elymnias malelas nilamba Fruhstorfer, 1911. syn. n. TL: India. TS: NHM. Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 381.

saueri Distant, 1882 ⁴⁵

Specimens: Fig. 14E–F; Distribution: Fig. 54

ssp. saueri Distant, 1882

Elymnias saueri Distant, 1882. TL: Malaysia, Province Wellesley (Peninsular Malaysia: Penang, Seberang Perai). TS: NHM. Rhopalocera Malayana p. 65, pl. 9, fig. 3.

kochi Semper, 1887 ⁴⁶

Specimens: Fig. 14G–H; Male Genitalia: Fig. 24N; Distribution: Fig. 55

ssp. kochi Semper, 1887

Elymnias kochi Semper, 1887. TL: Philippines: Central Luzon. TS: SMFD. Reisen Philipp. (2) 55: 63, pl. 12, fig. 4.

casiphonides Semper, 1892 ⁴⁷

Specimens: Fig. 14I–J; Male Genitalia: Fig. 24O; Distribution: Fig. 56

ssp. casiphonides Semper, 1892

Elymnias casiphonides Semper, 1892. TL: Philippines: Mindanao. TS: SMFD. Reisen Philipp. (7): 330.

ssp. sanrafaela Schröder & Treadaway, 1980

Elymnias casiphonides sanrafaela Schröder & Treadaway, 1980. TL: Philippines: Samar, San Rafael TS: SMFD. Ent. Z. 90 (21): 238, fig. 3.

nelsoni Corbet, 1942

Specimens: Fig. 14K–L; Male Genitalia: Fig. 25A; Distribution: Fig. 57

ssp. nelsoni Corbet, 1942

Elymnias nelsoni Corbet, 1942. TL: Mentawei Islands (Indonesia: West Sumatra, Mentawai Islands). TS: NHM. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (11) 9 (56): 612, fig. 5.

amoena Tsukada & Nishiyama, 1979

Specimens: Fig. 14M; Distribution: Fig. 58

ssp. amoena Tsukada & Nishiyama, 1979

Elymnias amoena Tsukada & Nishiyama, 1979. TL: Sumba (Indonesia: East Nusa Tenggara, Sumba). TS: TPC. Mem. Tsukada Coll. 1: 15, figs 19–20.

kanekoi Tsukada & Nishiyama, 1980

Specimens: Fig. 14N–O; Male Genitalia: Fig. 25B; Distribution: Fig. 59

ssp. kanekoi Tsukada & Nishiyama, 1980

Elymnias kanekoi Tsukada & Nishiyama, 1980. TL: north Negros (Philippines: Negros Occidental). TS: TPC. Mem. Tsukada Coll. 2: 14, f. 8–9, 14

saola Monastyrskii, 2004

Specimens: Fig. 14P; Distribution: Fig. 60

ssp. saola Monastyrskii, 2004

Elymnias saola Monastyrskii, 2004. TL: Vietnam: Nghe An Province, Pu Mat Nature Reserve. TS: NHM. Atalanta 35 (1/2): 45, pl. 2a, figs 1–2; fig. 1A, 3

melias-group

melias (C. & R. Felder, 1863) ⁴⁸

Specimens: Fig. 15A–D; Male Genitalia: Fig. 25C; Distribution: Fig. 61

ssp. melias (C. & R. Felder, 1863)

Melanitis melias C. & R. Felder, 1863. TL: Lugban (Philippines: Luzon, Quezon, Lucban) and Burias Island (Philippines: Masbate, Burias Island). TS: NHMW. Wien. ent. Monats. 7 (4): 120.

ssp. malis Semper, 1887

Elymnias melias malis Semper, 1887. TL: Casiguran (Philippines: Central Luzon, Aurora, Casiguran). TS: SMFD. Reisen Philipp. (2): 62, pl. 12, figs 2–3.

Elymnias palmifolia Schultze, 1908. TL: Cagayang (Philippines: Northern Luzon, Cagayan). TS: ECMP. Philipp. J. Sci 3 (1): 27, pl. 1, fig. 1.

beza (Hewitson, 1877)

Specimens: Fig. 15E–F; Male Genitalia: Fig. 25D; Distribution: Fig. 62.

ssp. beza (Hewitson, 1877)

Melanitis beza Hewitson, 1877. TL: Philippines: Mindanao. TS: NHM. Ent. Mon. Mag. 13: 179.

Elymnias kochi plateni Fruhstorfer, 1907. syn. n. TL: Philippines: Mindanao. TS: NHM. Dt. ent. Z. Iris 20 (3): 228.⁴⁹

ssp. samarana Schröder & Treadaway, 1980

Elymnias beza samarana Schröder & Treadaway, 1980. TL: Philippines: Samar, San Rafael. TS: SMFD. Ent. Z. 90 (21): 236, fig. 2.

sansoni Jumalon, 1975

Specimens: Fig. 15G–J; Male Genitalia: Fig. 25E; Distribution: Fig. 63

ssp. sansoni Jumalon, 1975

Elymnias sansoni Jumalon, 1975. TL: Philippines: Negros. TS: JPC. Trans. Lep. Soc. Jpn. 26 (2): 47.

ssp. aklanensis Uémura & Kitamura, 2001

Elymnias sansoni aklanensis Uémura & Kitamura, 2001. TL: Philippines: Panay, Aklan Province, Makato, Castillo. TS: TME. Butterflies 29: 5.

luteofasciata Okubo, 1980

Specimens: Fig. 15K–L; Distribution: Fig. 64

Elymnias luteofasciata Okubo, 1980. TL: Philippines: Mindanao, Davao, Penangudloton, Upian River, Calinan. TS: OPC. Tyô to Ga 31 (1,2): 60.

vitellia-group

vitellia (Stoll, [1781])

Specimens: Fig. 15M–P; Male Genitalia: Fig. 25F–G; Distribution: Fig. 65

ssp. vitellia (Stoll, [1781])

Papilio vitellia Stoll, [1781]. TL: Ambon (Indonesia: Maluku, Ambon). TS: unknown. Uitl. Kapellen. 4 (30): 116, pl. 349, fig. E–F.

Melanitis stellaris Snellen van Vollenhoven, 1861. TL: [New Guinea]. TS: NBC. Tijdschr. Ent. 4 (5/6): 159, pl. 8, fig. 3.

Elymnias vitellia f. basium Fruhstorfer, 1907. unavailable name. TL: Saparua (Indonesia: Maluku, Saparau). TS: NHM. Dt. ent. Z. Iris 20 (3): 230.

Elymnias vitellia ceramensis Martin, 1909. TL: Ceram (Indonesia: Maluku, Seram). TS: NHMT. Dt. ent. Z. Iris 22 (1): 65.

ssp. viminalis Wallace, 1869

Elymnias viminalis Wallace, 1869. TL: Buru Island (Indonesia: Maluku, Buru). TS: NHM. Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1869 (4): 328.

agondas (Boisduval, 1832) ⁵⁰

Specimens: Figs 16A–H, 17A–I, 18A–M, 19A–M; Male Genitalia: Fig. 25H–N; Distribution: Fig. 66

ssp. agondas (Boisduval, 1832) ⁵¹

Dyctis agondas Boisduval, 1832. TL: Vanikoro (Solomon Islands: Temotu Province, Vanikoro). TS: unknown. Voy. Astrolabe. 1: 138.

Dyctis bioculatus Westwood, 1851. syn. n. TL: Arfak Mountains (Indonesia: West Papua). TS: NHM. Gen. diurn. Lep. 2: 354, pl. 54, fig. 4.

Elymnias agondas muscosa Fruhstorfer, 1907. TL: Kapaur (Indonesia: West Papua, Fakfak). TS: NHM. Dt. ent. Z. Iris 20 (3): 243.

Elymnias agondas tampyra Fruhstorfer, 1907. TL: Kumusi River (Papua New Guinea: Northern Province, Kumusi River). TS: NHM. Ent. Rundschau 31 (5): 25.

Elymnias agondas hagias Fruhstorfer, 1914. TL: Eilandenfluß (Indonesia: Papua, Pulau River). TS: NHM. Ent. Rundschau 31 (5): 25

ssp. melane (Hewitson, 1858)

Melanitis melane Hewitson, 1858. TL: [Key Island] (Indonesia: Maluku, Kei Island). TS: NHM. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1858: 465, pl. 55, figs 2, 4.

Elymnias (Dyctis) mela de Nicéville, 1902. TL: Key Island (Indonesia: Maluku, Kei Island). TS: IM. J. Bomb. nat. Hist. Soc. 14 (2): 238, pl. FF, figs 4–5.

Elymnias (Dyctis) meletus de Nicéville, 1902. TL: Key Island (Indonesia: Maluku, Kei Island). TS: IM. J. Bomb. nat. Hist. Soc. 14 (2): 241.

Elymnias (Dyctis) melitia de Nicéville, 1902. TL: Key Island (Indonesia: Maluku, Kei Island). TS: IM. J. Bomb. nat. Hist. Soc. 14 (2): 242.

ssp. melantho Wallace, 1869

Elymnias melantho Wallace, 1869. TL: Gagie Island (Indonesia: West Papua, Raja Ampat Regency, Gag Island). TS: NHM. Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1869 (4): 330.

Elymnias agondas moranda Fruhstorfer, 1904. TL: Waigeu (Indonesia: West Papua, Raja Ampat Regency, Waigeo). TS: NHM. Dt. ent. Z. Iris 16 (2): 322.

ssp. glaucopis Staudinger, 1894

Elymnias glaucopis Staudinger, 1894. TL: Sattelberg (Papua New Guinea: Morobe Province, Huon Peninsula, Sattelberg). TS: ZMHB. Dt. ent. Z. Iris 7 (1): 116.

Elymnias agondas glaucopis Fruhsforfer, 1907. TL: New Guinea. TS: NHM. Dt. ent. Z. Iris 20 (3): 243.

ssp. melanippe Grose-Smith, 1894

Elymnias melanippe Grose-Smith, 1894. TL: Sattelberg (Papua New Guinea: Morobe Province, Huon Peninsula, Sattelberg). TS: NHM. Novit. Zool. 1 (3): 587.

Elymnias vertenteni Hulstaert, 1925. TL: Irian Jaya (Indonesia: Papua or West Papua). TS: NBC. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (9) 15 (88): 447.

ssp. melanthes Grose-Smith & Kirby, 1897

Elymnias melanthes Grose-Smith & Kirby, 1897. TL: Woodlark Island (Papua New Guinea: Milne Bay, Woodlark Island). TS: NHM. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (6) 19: 178.

Elymnias agondas melanthes f. infernalis (♀) Fruhstorfer, 1914. TL: Not indicated. TS: NHM. Ent. Rundschau 31 (5): 26.

Elymnias agondas melanthes f. virginalis (♀) Fruhstorfer, 1914. TL: Not indicated. TS: NHM. Ent. Rundschau 31 (5): 26.

ssp. melagondas Fruhstorfer, 1900

Elymnias melagondas Fruhstorfer, 1900. TL: New Guinea. TS: NHM. Stett. ent. Ztg. 60 (10-12): 339.

Elymnias agondas melagondas f. taenarides (♀) Fruhstorfer, 1914. TL: Milnebai (Papua New Guinea: Milne Bay). TS: NHM. Ent. Rundschau. 31 (5): 26.

ssp. australiana Fruhstorfer, 1900

Elymnias australiana Fruhstorfer, 1900. TL: Cape York (Australia: Queensland, Cape York). TS: NHM. Stett. ent. Ztg. 60 (10-12): 339.

ssp. aruana Fruhstorfer, 1900

Elymnias aruana Fruhstorfer, 1900. TL: Aru (Indonesia: Maluku, Indonesia). TS: NHM. Stett. ent. Ztg. 60 (10-12): 341.

ssp. goramensis Fruhstorfer, 1900

Elymnias goramensis Fruhstorfer, 1900. TL: Goram Island (Indonesia: Maluku, East Seram Regency, Gorong Island). TS: NHM. Stett. ent. Ztg. 60 (10-12): 341.

ssp. agondina Fruhstorfer, 1904

Elymnias agondina Fruhstorfer, 1904. TL: Salewatti (Indonesia: West Papua, Raja Ampat Islands, Salawati). TS: NHM. Dt. ent. Z. Iris 16 (2): 322.

ssp. dampierensis Rothschild, 1915

Elymnias dampierensis Rothschild, 1915. TL: Dampier (Papua New Guinea: Madang, Karkar Island). TS: NHMT. Novit. Zool. 22 (2): 201.

ssp. multocellata van Eecke, 1915

Elymnias multocellata van Eecke, 1915. TL: Kloofbivak (Indonesia: Papua). TS: NBC. Nova Guinea 13 (1): 66, pl. 3, f. 6.

ssp. thryallis Kirsch, 1876. comb. n. ⁴⁸ ⁴⁸

Elymnias thryallis Kirsch, 1876. TL: Mysore, Kordo (Indonesia: Papua, Biak). TS: SMTD. Mitt. zool. Mus. Dresden 1: 119, pl. 6, fig. 4.

Elymnias glauconia Staudinger, 1894. TL: Kubary (Papua New Guinea: Jiwaka, Mt. Kubari). TS: ZMHB. Dt. ent. Z. Iris 6 (2): 362, pl. 6, fig. 2.

Elymnias glauconia var. chloera Staudinger, 1894. TL: New Guinea. TS: ZMHB. Dt. ent. Z. Iris 6 (2): 363.

Elymnias thryallis f. brunnescens Fruhstorfer, 1911. TL: New Guinea. TS: NHM. Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 389.

Elymnias thryallis f. pseudosalpinx Fruhstorfer, 1911. TL: New Guinea. TS: NHM. Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 389.

Elymnias thryallis f. terentilina Fruhstorfer, 1911. TL: New Guinea. TS: NHM. Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 389.

Elymnias thryallis f. violacea Fruhstorfer, 1911. TL: Waigiu Island (Indonesia: West Papua, Raja Ampat Regency, Waigeo). TS: NHM. Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 389.

cybele (C. & R. Felder, 1860)

Specimens: Fig. 20A–F; Male Genitalia: Figs 25O, 26A; Distribution: Fig. 67

ssp. cybele (C. & R. Felder, 1860) ⁵²

Melanitis cybele C. & R. Felder, 1860. TL: Batschian Island (Indonesia: North Maluku, Bacan). TS: NHMW. Wien. ent. Monats. 4 (8): 248.

Dyctis astrifera Butler, 1874. TL: Batchian (Indonesia: North Maluku, Bacan). TS: NHM. Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1874 (4): 425.

Elymnias cybele opaca Fruhstorfer, 1907. syn. n. TL: Halmaheira (Indonesia: North Maluku, Halmahera). TS: NHM. Dt. ent. Z. Iris 20 (3): 229.

Elymnias cybele ternatana syn. n. Fruhstorfer, 1907. TL: Ternate (Indonesia: North Maluku, Ternate). TS: NHM. Dt. ent. Z. Iris 20 (3): 229.

ssp. obiana Fruhstorfer, 1904

Elymnias obiana Fruhstorfer, 1904. TL: Obi Island (Indonesia: North Maluku, Obi). TS: NHM. Dt. ent. Z. Iris 16 (2): 321.

ssp. adumbrata Fruhstorfer, 1907. subsp. rev. ⁵³

Elymnias cybele adumbrata Fruhstorfer, 1907. TL: Buru (Indonesia: Maluku, Buru). TS: NHM. Dt. ent. Z. Iris 20 (3): 228.

cumaea (C. & R. Felder, [1867]) ⁵⁴

Specimens: Fig. 20G–H; Male Genitalia: Fig. 26B; Distribution: Fig. 68

ssp. cumaea (C. & R. Felder, [1867]) ⁵⁵

Melanitis cumaea C. & R. Felder, [1867]. TL: Halmahera (Indonesia: North Maluku Halmahera). TS: NHMW. Reise. Fregatte. Novara. 2 (3): 452, pl. 452., pl. 61, f. 9–10.

ssp. thyone Fruhstorfer, 1904. comb. n., stat. n. ⁵⁶

Elymnias thyone Fruhstorfer, 1904. TL: [North Celebes] (Indonesia: North Sulawesi, Indonesia). TS: NHM. Soc. Ent. 19: 53.

ssp. toliana Fruhstorfer, 1899 ⁵⁷

Elymnias cumaea toliana Fruhstorfer, 1899. TL: Toli Toli (Indonesia: Central Sulawesi, Tolitoli). TS: NHM. Berl. Ent. Zs. 44 (1/2): 53.

Elymnias pseudeuploea Fruhstorfer, 1911. unavailable name. TL: Sulawesi (Indonesia: Sulawesi). TS: NHM. Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 385.

hewitsoni Wallace, 1869

Specimens: Fig. 20I–J; Male Genitalia: Fig. 26C; Distribution: Fig. 69

ssp. hewitsoni Wallace, 1869

Elymnias hewitsoni Wallace, 1869. TL: Macassar (Indonesia: South Sulawesi, Makassar). TS: NHM. Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1869 (4): 327.

Elymnias hewitsoni hewitsoni f. sumptuosa Fruhstorfer, 1907. TL: Tanetta (Indonesia: Central Sulawesi, Poso Regency, Tentena). TS: NHM. Dt. ent. Z. Iris 20 (3): 237.

ssp. meliophila Fruhstorfer, 1896

Elymnias meliophila Fruhstorfer, 1896. TL: Saleyer (Indonesia: South Sulawesi, Selayar Islands, Selayar). TS: NHM. Soc. Ent. 11 (4): 25.

ssp. atys Fruhstorfer, 1904

Elymnias hewitsoni atys Fruhstorfer, 1904. TL: Bouthain, south Celebes (Indonesia: South Sulawesi, Moncong Lompobatang). TS: NHM. Soc. Ent. 19 (8): 60.

mimalon (Hewitson, 1861)

Specimens: Fig. 20K–N; Male Genitalia: Fig. 26D; Distribution: Fig. 70

ssp. mimalon (Hewitson, 1861)

Melanitis mimalon (Hewitson, 1861). TL: Toli-Toli (Indonesia: Central Sulawesi, Tolitoli). TS: NHM. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1861: 52, pl. 9, figs 1–2.

Elymnias mimalon mimalon f. leucostigmata Fruhstorfer, 1907. TL: Toli-Toli (Indonesia: Central Sulawesi, Tolitoli). TS: NHM. Dt. ent. Z. Iris 20 (3): 239.

ssp. ino Fruhstorfer, 1904

Elymnias mimalon ino Fruhstorfer, 1904. TL: Tawaya, Celebes (Indonesia: Central Sulawesi, Towaya). TS: NHM. Soc. Ent. 19 (7): 53.

ssp. nysa Fruhstorfer, 1907

Elymnias mimalon nysa Fruhstorfer, 1907. TL: South Celebes (Indonesia: Southeast Sulawesi). TS: NHM. Dt. ent. Z. Iris 20 (3): 239, pl. 7, fig. 5.

hicetas Wallace, 1869

Specimens: Fig. 20O–P; Male Genitalia: Figs 26E–F; Distribution: Fig. 71

ssp. hicetas Wallace, 1869

Elymnias hicetas Wallace, 1869. TL: Macassar, south Celebes (Indonesia: South Sulawesi, Makassar). TS: NHM. Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1869 (4): 327.

Elymnias hicetas bonthainensis Fruhstorfer, 1899. syn. n. TL: Bua Kraeng (Indonesia: South Sulawesi, Mt. Bawakaraeng). TS: NHM. Berl. ent. Zs. 44 (1/2): 55.⁵⁸

ssp. hicetina Fruhstorfer, 1904

Elymnias hicetas hicetina Fruhstorfer, 1904. TL: Tombugu (Indonesia: Central Sulawesi, Tombuko). TS: NHM. Soc. Ent. 19 (7): 53.

ssp. butona Fruhstorfer, 1904

Elymnais hicetas butona Fruhstorfer, 1904. TL: North Buton (Indonesia: Southeast Sulawesi, Buton). TS: NHM. Soc. Ent. 19 (7): 53.

ssp. rarior Martin, 1929 ⁵⁹

Elymnias hicetas rarior Martin, 1929. TL: Celebes (Indonesia: Sulawesi). TS: NHMT. Mitt. münchn. ent. Ges. 19: 160.

holofernes (Butler, 1882)

Specimens: Fig. 21A–B; Male Genitalia: Fig. 26G; Distribution: Fig. 72

Dyctis holofernes Butler, 1882. TL: Duke-of-York Island (Papua New Guinea: East New Britain, Duke of York Island). TS: NHM. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. 10 (55): 42.

bornemanni Ribbe, 1889. stat. n. ⁶⁰

Specimens: Fig. 21C–D; Male Genitalia: Fig. 26H; Distribution: Fig. 73

Elymnias bornemanni Ribbe, 1889. TL: Bangkai (Indonesia: Central Sulawesi, Banggai). TS: SMTD (?). Dt. ent. Z. Iris 2 (1): 183, pl. 3, f. 1–2.

phrikonis Fruhstorfer, 1899. stat. n. ⁶¹

Specimens: Fig. 21E–F; Male Genitalia: Fig. 26I; Distribution: Fig. 74

Elymnias cumaea phrikonis Fruhstorfer, 1899. TL: Sula Besi and Sula-Mangoli (Indonesia: North Maluku, Sula Islands, Sanana and Mangole). TS: NHM. Berl. ent. Zs. 44 (1/2): 53.

Elymnias cumaea relicina Fruhstorfer, 1907. syn. n. TL: Sula Besi (Indonesia: North Maluku, Sula Islands, Sanana). TS: NHM. Dt. ent. Z. Iris 20 (3): 234.

sangira Fruhstorfer, 1899

Specimens: Fig. 21G–H; Male Genitalia: Fig. 26J; Distribution: Fig. 75

Elymnias cumaea sangira Fruhstorfer, 1899. TL: Sangir, Sulawesi (Indonesia: North Sulawesi, Sangihe Islands, Sangir Besar). TS: NHM. Berl. ent. Zs. 44 (1/2): 54.

umbratilis Joicey & Noakes, 1915. stat. n. ⁶²

Specimens: Fig. 21I–J; Male Genitalia: Fig. 26K; Distribution: Fig. 76

Elymnias cybele umbratilis Joicey & Noakes, 1915. TL: Biak (Indonesia: Papua, Biak). TS: NHM. Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1915 (2): 195.

resplendens Martin, 1929. stat. n. ⁶³

Specimens: Fig. 21K–L; Male Genitalia: Fig. 26L; Distribution: Fig. 77

Elymnias cumaea resplendens Martin, 1929. TL: Celebes (Indonesia: Sulawesi). TS: NHMT. Mitt. münchn. ent. Ges. 19: 162.

Species not placed in any group⁶⁴

singhala Moore, [1875]

Specimens: Fig. 21M–N; Male Genitalia: Fig. 26M; Distribution: Fig. 78

Elymnias singhala Moore, [1875]. TL: Colombo, Ceylon (Sri Lanka: Western Province, Colombo). TS: NHM. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1874 (4): 568.

Discussion

Wing patterns of Elymnias butterflies appear to be highly evolvable, which facilitates Batesian mimetic resemblance to a variety of phenotypically dissimilar model species. Many Elymnias are found on islands in the Indo-Australian Archipelago, and the isolation provided by islands seems to provide the opportunity for divergence and local adaptation, facilitating resemblance to different model species in different locales. The remarkable capacity for phenotypic evolution of wing patterns has resulted in sexually dimorphic mimicry, convergence of distantly related taxa on similar wing patterns, and marked phenotypic divergence among conspecific popuations. These phenomena have previously confounded attempts to produce an accurate taxonomic framework because few if any morphological characters are taxonomically or phylogenetically informative. Wing veination, male genitalia, and female genitalia are remarkably uniform among species of Elymnias; only slight variation in male genitalia might be useful for discriminating some species. Species delimitation and diagnosis in Elymnias has therefore traditionally relied almost entirely on wing patterns. Our molecular phylogeny, which uses genetic markers presumed to be unrelated to wing phenotypes, has detected multiple instances of similar wing patterns in non-sister Elymnias lineages that mimic the same, widespread model species. This similarity seems to be the result of convergent evolution, and we have therefore split these taxa into two or more monophyletic lineages (e.g., E. cumaea and E. cybele have each been split into four and three different species, respectively). On the other hand, some Elymnias species—like other mimetic butterfly taxa (Kunte et al. 2014; Merrill et al. 2015; Thompson and Timmermans 2014)—are polymorphic, with single species expressing different mimetic phenotypes in allopatric populations where they mimic different models. We have identified several instances of one nominal species nested within another, and synonymize these taxa under a single species name (e.g., E. cottonis into E. hypermnestra and E. cybele thryallis into E. agondas).

Strong dimorphism caused many early workers to describe males and females as separate species, most of which have been synonymized. In this paper we confirmed Araya’s (2016) conclusion of synonymizing E. detanii, known only from males, into E. nepheronides, known only from females; this rare species is known only from the Indonesian islands of Flores and Sumbawa. Similarly, E. vasudeva oberthurii has been sunk into E. esaca andersonii, as these apparently represent different sexes of the same species.

Females of several Elymias species, including E. agondas, E. hypermnestra, and E. esaca, are morphologically variable across their range. Rather than recognize every wing pattern variant as a different subspecies, we have synonymized many subspecies into geographically cohesive taxa, for example, within the islands of Borneo or New Guinea.

Much of the mismatch between Elymnias’ previous taxonomic framework and its evolutionary history is due to rapid evolutionary change. This resulted in morphologically-delimited nominal species that were polyphyletic. In these cases, our molecular phylogenetic results make delimiting species relatively straightforward. However, there are several cases that are not as clear-cut. For example, we elected to retain E. esaca and E. vasudeva as distinct species despite their paraphyletic relationship because of marked, species-specific morphological differences in these two parapatrically distributed taxa. Population genetic theory predicts incomplete lineage sorting of genetic loci to persist for some time after speciation, resulting in paraphyletic species; the probability of reciprocal monophyly increases with time since divergence (Avise and Ball 1990). Thus, requiring all species to be monophyletic would underestimate true species diversity (Hickerson et al. 2006), particularly in recently diverged species (Knowles and Carstens 2007) such as esaca and vasudeva. However, we decided to sink E. kamara into E. casiphone despite their morphological differences because both taxa are wholly sympatric and because morphologically intermediate specimens are known. We included four specimens of E. c. casiphone and four of E. “kamara” from Java, Bali, and Lombok in our molecular phylogeny, and the topology of all genetic loci individually and together clearly indicated these taxa were conspecific. We suspect that a genetic switch is responsible for the distinct pair of E. casiphone casiphone male and female phenotypes (which mimic Euploea mulciber males and females) and the different, sexually dimorphic forms of E. casiphone kamara, which mimic other Euploea species.

Our molecular phylogeny identifies several examples of allopatrically or parapatrically distributed populations that form distinct, monophyletic sister groups: E. sansoni sansoni on Negros and E. sansoni aklanensis on Panay; E. patna from India and E. patna from peninsular Malaysia; E. vitellia vitellia from Seram and E. vitellia viminalis from Buru; and E. hypermnestra from Java and the Lesser Sundas and E. hypermnestra from everywhere else. These monophyletic sister lineages would likely be considered different species under a strict phylogenetic species concept, and, in most cases, preliminary Bayesian species delimitation analyses with the program Bayesian Phylogenetics and Phylogeography (BPP; Yang and Rannala 2010) suggest the sister lineages are different species. However, we refrain from splitting these species because we regard the geographic sampling of our phylogenetic work as too sparse, consider the degree of phylogenetic distance between the lineages to be too small, or otherwise fail to find convincing evidence that reciprocal monophyly is the result of anything more than geographical isolation. In addition, a recent simulation study suggests that programs such as BPP delimit population structure, not species (Sukumaran and Knowles 2017). Further work may find convincing evidence to split one or more of these pairs into two species.

Although there is one African and several mainland Asian species, most of Elymnias’ diversity is found on the islands of the Indo-Australian Archipelago. Islands are considered laboratories for the study of evolution because they promote isolation and divergence while simplifying the task of delimitating populations and other taxa. Evolutionary study of this taxon provides an excellent opportunity to study the role of archipelagoes in diversification, and the evolutionary genetics of evolutionary novelty and speciation.

List of taxonomic changes

New synonyms

Elymnias papua bivittata van Eecke, 1915, of Elymnias papua papua Wallace, 1869

Elymnias (Mimadelias) esaca taeniola Fruhstorfer, 1907, of Elymnias esaca borneensis, Wallace, 1869

Elymnias (Mimadelias) oberthuri Fruhstorfer, 1902, of Elymnias esaca andersonii (Moore, 1886)

Elymnias thycana Wallace, 1869, of Elymnias vasudeva vasudeva Moore, 1857

Mimadelias deva Moore, 1894, of Elymnias vasudeva vasudeva Moore, 1857

Mimadelias burmensis Moore, 1893, of Elymnias vasudeva vasudeva Moore, 1857

Elymnias vacudera [sic] sinensis Chou, Zhang & Xie, 2000, of Elymnias vasudeva vasudeva Moore, 1857

Melanyias patnoides Moore, 1893, of Elymnias patna patna (Westwood, 1851)

Elymnias patna stictica Fruhstorfer, 1902, of Elymnias patna patna (Westwood, 1851)

Elymnias kuenstleri mariae Toxopeus, 1936, of Elymnias kuenstleri Honrath, [1885]

Elymnias nigrescens tonkiniana Fruhstorfer, 1902, of Elymnias hypermnestra hainana Moore, 1878

Elymnias hypermnestra nigrescens f. depicta Fruhstorfer, 1907, of Elymnias hypermnestra hainana Moore, 1878

Elymnias hypermnestra septentrionalis Chou & Huang, 1994, of Elymnias hypermnestra hainana Moore, 1878

Elymnias smithi Moulton, 1915, of Elymnias harterti brookei Shelford, 1904

Elymnias panthera var. labuana Staudinger, 1889, of Elymnias panthera lutescens Butler, 1867

Elymnias panthera lacrima Fruhstorfer, 1904, of Elymnias panthera lutescens Butler, 1867

Elymnias defasciata Fruhstorfer, 1911, of Elymnias panthera lutescens Butler, 1867

Elymnias panthera alfredi Fruhstorfer, 1907, of Elymnias panthera lutescens Butler, 1867

Elymnias congruens photinus Fruhstorfer, 1907, of Elymnias congruens congruens Semper, 1887

Elymnias congruens phaios Fruhstorfer, 1907, of Elymnias congruens congruens Semper, 1887

Elymnias congruens rafaela Fruhstorfer, 1907, of Elymnias congruens congruens Semper, 1887

Elymnias nesaea hermia Fruhstorfer, 1907, of Elymnias nesaea nesaea (Linnaeus, 1764)

Elymnias nesaea cortona Fruhstorfer, 1911, of Elymnias nesaea timandra Wallace, 1869

Elymnias nesaea coelifrons Fruhstorfer, 1907, of Elymnias nesaea hypereides Fruhstorfer, 1903

Elymnias kamara Moore, [1858], of Elymnias casiphone casiphone Geyer, [1827]

Elymnias kamara lombokiana Fruhstorfer, 1911, of Elymnias casiphone praetextata Fruhstorfer, 1896

Elymnias casiphone djilantik Martin, 1909, of Elymnias casiphone exclusa de Nicéville, 1898

Elymnias malelas ivena Fruhstorfer, 1911, of Elymnias malelas malelas (Hewitson, 1863)

Elymnias malelas nilamba Fruhstorfer, 1911, of Elymnias malelas malelas (Hewitson, 1863)

Elymnias kochi plateni Fruhstorfer, 1907, of Elymnias beza beza (Hewitson, 1877)

Dyctis bioculatus Westwood, 1850, of Elymnias agondas agondas (Boisduval, 1832)

Elymnias cybele opaca Fruhstorfer, 1907, of Elymnias cybele cybele (C. & R. Felder, 1860)

Elymnias cybele ternatana Fruhstorfer, 1907, of Elymnias cybele cybele (C. & R. Felder, 1860)

Elymnias hicetas bonthainensis Fruhstorfer, 1899, of Elymnias hicetas hicetas Wallace, 1869

Elymnias cumaea relicina Fruhstorfer, 1907, of Elymnias phrikonis Fruhstorfer, 1899

New combinations

Elymnias hypermnestra cottonis (Hewitson, 1874) (Melanitis cottonis)

Elymnias hypermnestra beatrice Fruhstorfer, 1902 (Elymnias nigrescens beatrice)

Elymnias hypermnestra jennifferae Suzuki, 2006 (Elymnias cottonis jennifferae)

Elymnias panthera lutescens Butler, 1867 (Elymnias lutescens)

Elymnias casiphone exclusa de Nicéville, 1898 (Elymnias (Melynias) exclusa)

Elymnias agondas thryallis Kirsch, 1876 (Elymnias thryallis)

Elymnias cumaea thyone Fruhstorfer, 1904 (Elymnias thyone)

Resurrected combination

Elymnias casiphone erinyes de Nicéville, 1895

Resurrected subspecies

Elymnias cybele adumbrata Fruhstorfer, 1907

Status changes

Elymnias ceryxoides de Nicéville, 1895 stat. rev.

Elymnias panthera lutescens Butler, 1867 stat. n.

Elymnias cumaea thyone Fruhstorfer, 1904 stat. n.

Elymnias bornemanni Ribbe, 1889 stat. n.

Elymnias phrikonis Fruhstorfer, 1899 stat. n.

Elymnias umbratilis Joicey & Noakes, 1915 stat. n.

Elymnias resplendens Martin, 1929 stat. n.

Incertae sedis

Elymnias merula Swinhoe, 1915

Elymnias leucocyma Godart, 1819

Species not placed in any group

Elymnias singhala Moore, [1875]

Plates

Format of each legend for specimen figures (1–22):

valid species or subspecies name_♂♀_dorsal/ventral_specimen repository_current name of collection locality (Country: State/Province, Locality). D = dorsal; V = Ventral; ♂ = male ♀ = female.

Format of each legend for male genitalia figures (22–26):

valid species or subspecies_specimen repository_current locality name.

See pages 4–5 for abbreviations of specimen repositories.

Each distribution map (Figs 27–78) indicates the subspecies distributions for a single species. The species name is indicated in the lower left corner, and subspecies distributions are indicated with different colors. Red dots indicate the species type locality and black dots indicate subspecies type localities. If the type locality is vague, then the dot is positioned in the center of the area specified. Type localities are not indicated on small islands, where a dot would obscure the landmass on the map.

Figure 1.

A bammakoobammakoo ♂ D NHM central Africa B bammakoobammakoo ♀ D NHM collection locality unknown C bammakoobammakoo ♂ D NMNH Central African Republic: Bangui D bammakoorattrayi ♂ D NMNH Uganda: Bwamba E paradoxa ♂ D NHM Indonesia: Papua, Weyland Mountains F paradoxa ♀ D NHM Indonesia: Papua, Weyland Mountains G papuapapua ♂ D NHM Indonesia: Papua, Yos Sudarso Bay; Syntype of Elymnias papua viridescens H papuapapua ♀ D NHM Indonesia: Papua, Yos Sudarso Bay; Syntype of Elymnias papua viridescens I papuapapua ♂ D NHM Papua New Guinea J papuapapua ♀ D NHM Papua New Guinea K papuacinereomargo ♂ D NHM Indonesia: Papua, Biak L papuacinereomargo ♀ D NHM Indonesia: Papua, Biak M papualactentia ♂ D NHM Indonesia: West Papua, Raja Ampat Regency, Waigeo N esacaandersonii ♂ D KUTH Thailand: Yala, Than To O esacamaheswara ♂ D NHM Indonesia: Java P esacamaheswara ♀ D NHM Indonesia: Java.

Figure 2.

A esacaleontina ♂ D+V NHM Indonesia: North Sumatra, Nias B esacaleontina ♀ D+V NHM Indonesia: North Sumatra, Nias C esacaesaca ♂ D KUTH Thailand: Yala, Than To D vasudeva ♂ D KUTH Thailand: Kanchanburi, Sri Sawat E vasudeva ♀ D KUTH Thailand: Chaiyaphum, Phu Khieo F vasudeva ♂ D+V NHM India: Assam G vasudeva ♀ D+V NHM India: Assam H vasudeva ♂ D NHM India: Meghalaya, Khasi Hills I vasudeva ♀ D NHM India: Meghalaya, Khasi Hills J vasudeva ♂ D DNPFIC Thailand: Kanchanaburi K vasudeva ♀ D NHM India: Assam.

Figure 3.

A darabengena ♂ D NHM Indonesia: West Java B darabengena ♀ D NHM Indonesia: West Java C daradaedalion ♂ D NHM Myanmar D daradaedalion ♀ D NHM Myanmar E patnapatna ♂ D NHM India: Sikkim F patnapatna ♀ D NHM India: West Bengal, Darjeeling, Pedong G patna “inayoshii” (nomem nudum) ♂ D KUTH Thailand: Ranong; Holotype H patna “inayoshii” (nomen nudum) ♀ D KUTH Thailand: Trang, Khao Chong; Paratype I patnahanitschi ♂ D NHM Peninsular Malaysia J peali ♂ D NHM India: Assam, Sivasagar K peali ♀ D NHM India: Assam; Holotype L ceryx ♂ D NHM Indonesia: West Java, Mt. Gede M ceryx ♀ D NHM Indonesia: West Java, Mt. Gede N ceryxoides ♂ D MCZ Indonesia: North Sumatra, Mt. Sinabung O ceryxoides ♀ D UPC Indonesia: West Sumatra.

Figure 4.

A kuenstlerikuenstleri ♂ D+V NHM Specimen locality unknown B kuenstlerikuenstleri ♀ D+V NHM Peninsular Malaysia: Selangor, Bukit Kutu C kuenstleririleyi ♂ D NHM Borneo D pellucida ♂ D NHM Malaysia: Sabah, Mt. Kinabalu E pellucida ♀ D NHM Malaysia: Sabah, Mt. Kinabalu F penangapenanga ♀ D NHM Malaysia G penangapenanga ♀ D NHM Singapore; Allotype of Elymnias abrisa H penangapenanga ♀ D NHM Peninsular Malaysia: Penang; Holotype of Elymnias penanga penanga f. johnsoniI penangasumatrana ♀ D NHM Indonesia: Sumatra; Holotype J penangakonga ♂ D NHM North Borneo K penangakonga ♀ D NHM North Borneo L penangachelensis ♂ D NHM Thailand: Ranong.

Figure 5.

A hypermnestrahypermnestra ♂ D+V NHM Indonesia: Java, Bogor B hypermnestrahypermnestra ♀ D+V NHM Indonesia: Java, Bogor C hypermnestraundularis ♂ D NHM India: Assam D hypermnestraundularis ♀ D NHM India: Sikkim E hypermnestrafraterna ♂ D NHM Sri Lanka F hypermnestrafraterna ♀ D NHM Sri Lanka G hypermnestracottonis ♂ D NHM India: Andaman Islands H hypermnestracottonis ♀ D NHM India: Andaman Islands I hypermnestranigrescens ♂ D NHM Brunei: Tutong J hypermnestranigrescens ♂ D NHM East Malaysia: Sarawak, Mt. Marapok K hypermnestranigrescens ♂ D NHM East Malaysia: Labuan; Holotype of Elymnias hecate L hypermnestranigrescens ♀ D NHM East Malaysia: Sarawak, Mt. Mulu M hypermnestra nigrescens “f. pseudagina” ♀ D NHM East Malaysia: Sarawak N hypermnestranigrescens ♀ D NHM Indonesia: Riau Islands.

Figure 6.

A hypermnestratinctoria ♂ D NHM Myanmar: Bago B hypermnestratinctoria ♀ D NHM Myanmar: Ayeyarwady, Pathein Chypermnestrta tinctoria ♂ D NHM Thailand: Bangkok D hypermnestratinctoria ♀ D NHM Thailand: Bangkok E hypermnestratinctoria ♀ D NHM Myanmar: Tanintharyi; Syntype of Elymnias hypermnestra tinctoria f. paraleucaF hypermnestratinctoria ♀ D NHM Peninsular Malaysia: Kedah, Langkawi Island G hypermnestra discrepens ♂ D NSYSU Peninsular Malaysia: Penang H hypermnestra discrepens ♀ D NHM Peninsular Malaysia: Penang; Allotype I hypermnestrahainana ♂ D NSYSU Taiwan: Kaohsiung J hypermnestrahainana ♀ D NSYSU Taiwan: Kaohsiung K hypermnestrahainana ♂ D NHM Vietnam L hypermnestrahainana ♀ D NHM Vietnam M hypermnestrahainana (f. depicta) ♂ D NHM Vietnam: Haiphong N hypermnestrahainana (f. depicta) ♀ D NHM Vietnam: Haiphong O hypermnestraorientalis ♂ D NHM Indonesia: East Nusa Tenggara, Flores, Ende Island; Holotype of Elymnias nigrescens dohertyi P hypermnestraorientalis ♀ D NHM Indonesia: East Nusa Tenggara, Flores.

Figure 7.

A hypermnestrabaliensis ♂ D NHM Indonesia: Bali Bhypernmestra baliensis ♀ D NHM Indonesia: Bali C hypermnestrabaliensis ♂ D NHM Indonesia: Bali; Holotype of Elymnias nigrescens bulelenga D hypermnestratinctoria ♂ D KUTH Thailand: Chiang Mai E hypermnestratinctoria ♀ D KUTH Thailand: Chanthaburi F hypermnestravioletta ♀ D NHM Thailand: Sri Racha; Holotype of Elymnias hypermnestra violetta f. obfuscataG hypermnestra meridonalis ♀ D NHM southern Vietnam; Holoype of Elymnias meridionalis f. orphniaH hypermnestrabeatrice ♂ D NHM Peninsular Malaysia: Perak, Taiping I hypermnestrabeatrice ♂ D NHM Peninsular Malaysia: Pahang, Gunung Tahan J hypermnestrabeatrice ♂ D MCZ Peninsular Malaysia: Perak K hypermnestrabeatrice ♀ D MCZ Singapore L hypermnestrasumbana ♂ D NHM Indonesia: East Nusa Tenggara, Sumba M hypermnestrasumbana ♀ D NHM Indonesia: East Nusa Tenggara, Sumba N hypermnestradecolorata ♂ D NHM Indonesia: Sumatra O hypermnestradecolorata ♀ D NHM Indonesia: Sumatra.

Figure 8.

A hypermnestrasumbawana ♂ D NHM Indonesia: West Nusa Tenggara, Sumbawa B hypermnestrasumbawana ♀ D NHM Indonesia: West Nusa Tenggara, Sumbawa C hypermnestratimorensis ♂ D NHM East Timor: Dili D hypermnestratimorensis ♀ D NHM East Timor: Dili E hypermnestraalorensis ♂ D NHM Indonesia: East Nusa Tenggara, Adonara F hypermnestraalorensis ♀ D NHM Indonesia: East Nusa Tenggara, Adonara G hypermnestrauemurai ♂ D NHM Indonesia: West Nusa Tenggara, Lombok H hypermnestrauemurai ♀ D NHM Indonesia: West Nusa Tenggara, Lombok I caudata ♂ D NHM Myanmar (specimen is likely mislabeled) J caudata ♀ D NHM India: Kerala, Malabar K merula ♂ D NHM Sri Lanka: Central Province, Kandy; Holotype L nepheronidesnepheronides ♂ D HSPC Indonesia: East Nusa Tenggara, Flores M nepheronidesnepheronides ♀ D NHM Indonesia: East Nusa Tenggara, Flores N nepheronidestamborana ♂ D OPC Indonesia: Sumbawa, Mt. Sengenges; Holotype.

Figure 9.

A hartertiharterti ♂ D+V OPC Malaysia: Perak, Batang Padang, Tapah B hartertiharterti ♀ D+V OPC Malaysia: Perak, Batang Padang, Tapah C hartertibrookei ♂ D NHM collection locality unknown D hartertilautensis ♂ D OPC Indonesia: South Kalimantan, Laut Island; Holotype E hartertiarbaimuni ♂ D OPC Indonesia: central Sumatra, Jambi; Holotype F hartertiarbaimuni ♀ D OPC Indonesia: central Sumatra, Jambi G parcejustini ♂ D+V SMFD Philippines: Palawan Province, Calamian Islands, Busuanga Island, Coron; Holotype H parcejustini ♀ D+V SMFD Philippines: Palawan Province, Calamian Islands, Busuanga Island, Coron; Paratype I parceparce ♂ D NHM Philippines: Palawan J parceparce ♀ D NHM Philippines: Palawan K pantheraenganica ♀ D NHM Indonesia: Bengkulu, Enggano Island.

Figure 10.

A pantherapanthera ♂ D NHM Peninsular Malaysia B pantherapanthera ♀ D NHM Peninsular Malaysia C pantheradusara ♂ D NHM Indonesia: Java D pantheradusara ♀ D NHM Indonesia: Java E pantheramimus ♂ D NHM India: Nicobar Islands F pantheramimus ♀ D NHM India: Nicobar Islands G pantheradolorosa ♂ D NHM Indonesia: North Sumatra, Nias H pantheradolorosa ♀ D NHM Indonesia: North Sumatra, Nias I pantheralutescens ♂ D NHM North Borneo J pantheralutescens ♀ D NHM East Malaysia: Sarawak K pantherasuluana ♂ D SMFD collection locality unknown L pantherasuluana ♀ D SMFD Philippines: Tawi-tawi, Mapun Island M pantheratautra ♂ D NHM Indonesia: Sumatra, Bengkalis, Senggoro N pantheratautra ♀ D NHM Indonesia: Sumatra, Bengkalis, Senggoro O pantheraarikata ♂ D NHM Indonesia: Riau Islands, Natuna P pantheraarikata ♀ D NHM Indonesia: Riau Islands, Natuna.

Figure 11.

A obnubila ♂ D+V NHM Malaysia: Perak B obnubila ♀ D+V NHM Thailand: Ranong C congruenscongruens ♂ D NHM Philippines: Cebu, Camotes Island D congruenssubcongruens ♀ D NHM Philippines: Mindoro E congruensendida ♂ D SMFD Philippines: Bohol F congruensendida ♀ D SMFD Philippines: Bohol G congruenscongruens ♀ D NMNH Philippines: Mindanao, Davao H miyagawai ♂ D SPC Vietnam: Lam Dong, Loc Bao; Holotype I miyagawai ♀ D SPC Vietnam: Lam Dong, Loc Bao; Paratype.

Figure 12.

A nesaeanesaea ♂ D NHM Indonesia: Java B nesaeanesaea ♀ D NHM Indonesia: Java C nesaeatimandra ♂ D NHM India: Meghalaya, Khasi Hills D nesaeatimandra ♀ D NHM India: Meghalaya, Khasi Hills E nesaealaisidis ♂ D MCZ Indonesia: Sumatra F nesaealaisidis ♀ D MCZ Indonesia: West Sumatra, Padang G nesaeabaweana ♂ D NHM Indonesia: East Java, Gresik Regency, Bawean H nesaea baewana ♀ D NHM Indonesia: East Java, Gresik Regency, Bawean I nesaeaneolais ♂ D MCZ Indonesia: North Sumatra, Nias, Dymna J nesaeaneolais ♀ D MCZ Indonesia: North Sumatra, Nias K nesaeahypereides ♂ D MCZ East Malaysia: Sabah, Sandakan L nesaeahypereides ♀ D MCZ East Malaysia: Sabah, Sandakan M nesaeaapelles ♂ D KUTH Thailand: Samut Sakhon N nesaeaapelles ♀ D KUTH Thailand: Bangkok, Bang Khen O nesaealioneli ♀ D KUTH Thailand: Satun, Thale Ban.

Figure 13.

A casiphonecasiphone ♂ D+V NHM Indonesia: Java B casiphonecasiphone ♀ D+V NHM Indonesia: Java C casiphonekamara ♂ D NHM Indonesia: Java D casiphonekamara ♀ D NHM Indonesia: Java E casiphonepraetextata ♂ D NHM Indonesia: West Nusa Tenggara, Lombok F casiphonepraetextata ♀ D NHM Indonesia: West Nusa Tenggara, Lombok G casiphonepraetextata (=kamaralombokiana) ♂ D NHM Indonesia: West Nusa Tenggara, Lombok H casiphonepraetextata (=kamaralombokiana) ♀ D NHM Indonesia: West Nusa Tenggara, Lombok I casiphonepraetextata (=kamaralombokiana) ♀ D NHM Indonesia: West Nusa Tenggara, Lombok; Syntype of Elymnias kamara lombokiana J casiphonealumna ♂ D NHM Indonesia: East Java, Blitar K casiphoneexclusa ♂ D NHM Indonesia: Bali L casiphoneerinyes ♂ D NHM Indonesia: Sumatra M casiphoneerinyes ♀ D NHM Indonesia: Sumatra.

Figure 14.

A malelas ♂ D NHM India: Sikkim B malelas ♀ D NHM India: Sikkim C malelas ♂ D MCZ Vietnam D malelas ♀ D KUTH Thailand: Chiang Mai E saueri ♂ D IPC Thailand: Phetchabun F saueri ♀ D NMNH Malaysia: Johor, Mersing to Kluang G kochi ♂ D SMFD Philippines: Luzon, Sierre Madre Mountain Range H kochi ♀ D PNM Philippines: Luzon, Sierre Madre Mountain Range I casiphonidescasiphonides ♂ D NHM Philippines: Mindanao J casiphonidescasiphonides ♀ D NHM Philippines: Mindanao K nelsoni ♂ D UPC Indonesia: West Sumatra, Mentawai Regency, Sipora L nelsoni ♀ D UPC Indonesia: West Sumatra, Mentawai Regency, Sipora M amoena ♀ D MCZ Indonesia: Sumba, Kombapari Forest N kanekoi ♂ D NHM Philippines: Negros O kanekoi ♀ D SMFD Philippines: Negros P saola ♂ D NHM Vietnam; Holotype.

Figure 15.

A meliasmelias ♂ D NMNH Philippines: Luzon, Cavite, Puerto Azul B meliasmelias ♀ D SMFD Philippines: Luzon, Sierre Madre Mountains C meliasmalis ♂ D NHM Philippines: Quezon, Polillo Island D meliasmalis ♀ D NHM Philippines: Luzon, Los Baños E bezabeza ♂ D NHM Philippines: Mindanao F bezabeza ♀ D NHM Philippines: Mindanao G sansonisansoni ♂ D SMFD Philippines: Negros H sansonisansoni ♀ D SMFD Philippines: Negros I sansoniaklanensis ♂ D UPC Philippines: Panay, Aklan; Paratype J sansoniaklanensis ♀ D UPC Philippines: Panay, Aklan; Paratype K luteofasciata ♂ D OPC Philippines: Mindanao, Penangudltan, Upian River, City of Davao; Holotype L luteofasciata ♀ D SMFD Philippines: Mindanao, South Cotabato, Mt. Matutum M vitelliavitellia ♂ D NHM Indonesia: Maluku, Ambon N vitelliavitellia ♀ D NHM Indonesia: Maluku, Ambon O vitelliaviminalis ♂ D NHM Indonesia: Maluku, Buru P vitelliaviminalis ♀ D NHM Indonesia: Maluku, Buru.

Figure 16.

A agondasagondas ♂ D+V NHM Indonesia: West Papua B agondasagondas ♀ D+V NHM Indonesia: West Papua C agondasmelane ♂ D+V NHM Indonesia: Maluku, Kei Island D agondasmelane ♀ D+V NHM Indonesia: Maluku, Kei Island E agondasglaucopis ♂ D+V NHM Papua New Guinea: Oro Province, Kumusi River F agondasglaucopis ♀ D+V NHM Papua New Guinea: Oro Province, Kumusi River G agondasmelanippe ♂ D+V NHM Papua New Guinea: Morobe Province, Huon Peninsula, Sattelberg H agondasmelanippe ♀ D+V NHM Papua New Guinea: Morobe Province, Huon Peninsula, Sattelberg.

Figure 17.

A agondasmelanthes ♂ D+V NHM Papua New Guinea: Milne Bay, Woodlark Island B agondasmelanthes ♀ D+V NHM Papua New Guinea: Milne Bay, Woodlark Island C agondasmelanthes ♀ D NHM Papua New Guinea: Milne Bay, Woodlark Island D agondasmelanthes ♀ D NHM Papua New Guinea: Milne Bay, Woodlark Island E agondasaruana ♂ D+V NHM Indonesia: Maluku, Aru F agondasaruana ♀ D+V NHM Indonesia: Maluku, Aru G agondasaruana ♀ D+V NHM Indonesia: Maluku, Aru H agondas ssp. ♂ D+V NHM Indonesia: Maluku, Tanimbar I agondas ssp. ♀ D+V NHM Indonesia: Maluku, Tanimbar.

Figure 18.

A agondasmelagondas ♂ D+V NHM New Guinea B agondasmelagondas ♀ D NHM New Guinea C agondasmelagondas ♀ D NHM New Guinea D agondasmelagondas ♀ D NHM New Guinea E agondasmelagondas ♀ D NHM New Guinea F agondasmelagondas ♀ D NHM New Guinea G agondasmelagondas ♀ D NHM New Guinea H agondasmelagondas ♀ D NHM New Guinea I agondasmelagondas ♀ D NHM New Guinea J agondasmelagondas ♀ D NHM New Guinea K agondasmelagondas ♀ D NHM New Guinea L agondasmelagondas ♀ D NHM New Guinea M agondasgoramensis ♂ D+V NHM Indonesia: Maluku, East Seram Regency, Gorong Island.

Figure 19.

A agondasdampierensis ♂ D NHM Papua New Guinea: Madang, Karkar Island; Syntype B agondasdampierensis ♀ D NHM Papua New Guinea: Madang, Karkar Island C agondasthryallis ♂ D NHM Papua New Guinea D agondasthryallis ♀ D NHM Papua New Guinea E agondasthryallis ♂ D+V NMNH Papua New Guinea: East Sepik, Maprik F agondasthryallis ♀ D+V NMNH Papua New Guinea: Regia, Mapuk G agondasthryallis ♀ D NHM Indonesia: Papua, Yos Sudarso Bay H agondasthryallis ♀ D NHM Indonesia: Papua, Yos Sudarso Bay I agondasthryallis ♀ D NHM Indonesia: Papua, Yos Sudarso Bay J agondasthryallis ♀ D NHM Indonesia: Papua, Yos Sudarso Bay K agondasaustraliana ♂ D MCZ Australia: Queensland, Claudie River L agondasaustraliana ♀ D NHM Australia: Queensland M agondasaustraliana ♀ D MCZ Australia: Queensland, West Claudie River.

Figure 20.

A cybelecybele ♂ D NHM Indonesia: North Maluku, Halmahera B cybelecybele ♀ D NHM Indonesia: North Maluku, Halmahera C cybelecybele ♂ D NHM Indonesia: North Maluku, Bacan D cybelecybele ♀ D NHM Indonesia: North Maluku, Bacan E cybeleobiana ♂ D NHM Indonesia: North Maluku, Obi F cybeleobiana ♀ D NHM Indonesia: North Maluku, Obi G cumaeacumaea ♂ D NHM Indonesia: North Sulawesi, Menado H cumaeacumaea ♀ D NHM Indonesia: North Sulawesi, Minahasa I hewitsonihewitsoni ♂ D NHM Indonesia: South Sulawesi J hewitsonihewitsoni ♀ D NHM Indonesia: South Sulawesi K mimalonmimalon ♂ D NHM Indonesia: Sulawesi L mimalonmimalon ♀ D NHM Indonesia: North Sulawesi, Menado M mimalonnysa ♂ D NHM Indonesia: South Sulawesi N mimalonino ♂ D NHM Indonesia: Central Sulawesi; Holotype O hicetashicetas ♂ D NHM Indonesia: Sulawesi P hicetashicetas ♀ D NHM Indonesia: South Sulawesi.

Figure 21.

A holofernes ♂ D NHM Papua New Guinea: New Britain B holofernes ♀ D NHM Papua New Guinea: New Britain C bornemanni ♂ D NHM Indonesia: Central Sulawesi, Banggai D bornemanni ♀ D NHM Indonesia: Central Sulawesi, Banggai E phrikonis ♂ D NHM Indonesia: Sula Archipelago F phrikonis ♀ D NHM Indonesia: Sula Archipelago G sangira ♂ D NHM Indonesia: North Sulawesi, Talaud H sangira ♀ D NHM Indonesia: North Sulawesi, Talaud I umbratilis ♂ D NHM Indonesia: Papua, Biak; Holotype J umbratilis ♀ D OPC Indonesia: Papua, Biak K resplendens ♂ MCZ Indonesia: Central Sulawesi, Palu L resplendens ♀ MCZ Indonesia: Central Sulawesi, Palu M singhala ♂ D NHM Sri Lanka N singhala ♀ D NHM Sri Lanka.

Figure 22.

A bammakoobammakooNHM Central Africa B paradoxaNHM Indonesia: Papua, Weyland Mountains C papuacinereomargoNHM Indonesia: Papua, Biak D esacamaheswaraNHM Indonesia: Java E esacaleontinaNHM Indonesia: North Sumatra, Nias F vasudevaNHM India: Meghalaya, Khasi Hills G daraalbofasciataMCZ Philippines: Palawan H darabengenaNHM Indonesia: Java I daradarinaMCZ Peninsular Malaysia: Pahang, Cameron Highlands J patnapatnaNHM India: Sikkim K pealiNHM India: Assam L ceryxNHM Indonesia: Java M kuenstleriNHM collection locality unknown N pellucidaNHM East Malaysia: Sabah, Mt. Kinabalu O penangachelensisNHM Thailand: Ranong.

Figure 23.

A hypermnestrahypermnestraNHM Indonesia: West Java, Bogor B hypermnestrahypermnestraMCZ Indonesia: Maluku, Seram C hypermnestrafraternaMCZ Sri Lanka: Western Province D hypermnestracottonisNHM India: Andaman Islands E hypermnestratinctoriaNSYSU Thailand: Trang, Khao Chong F hypermnestrahainanaNSYSU Taiwan: Kaohsiung G hypermnestradiscrepansNSYSU Peninsular Malaysia: Penang H hypermnestraorientalisMCZ Indonesia: East Nusa Tenggara, Flores I hypermnestrabaliensisNSYSU Indonesia: Bali J hypermnestrasumbanaMCZ Indonesia: East Nusa Tenggara, Sumba K hypermnestratimorensisMCZ Indonesia: East Nusa Tenggara, Timor L caudataNHM Myanmar (specimen is likely mislabeled) M nepheronidesnepheronidesMCZ Indonesia: East Nusa Tenggara, Flores N parceMCZ Philippines: Palawan O pantheratautraNHM Indonesia: Sumatra, Bengkalis, Senggoro.

Figure 24.

A pantherabalinaMCZ Indonesia: Bali B obnubilaNHM Peninsular Malaysia: Perak C congruenscongruensNHM Philippines: Cebu, Camotes Island D nesaeanesaeaNHM Indonesia: Java E nesaeanesaeaNSYSU Indonesia: Bali F nesaeatimandraNHM India: Meghalaya, Khasi Hills G nesaeavordemaniNSYSU Indonesia: East Java, Kangean Islands H casiphonecasiphoneNHM Indonesia: Java I casiphonecasiphoneNHM Indonesia: Java J casiphonepraetextataNHM Indonesia: East Nusa Tenggara, Lombok K casiphoneexclusaNSYSU Indonesia: Bali L casiphonealumnaNSYSU Indonesia: Java M malelasNSYSU Thailand: Chiang Mai N kochiMCZ Philippines: Luzon, Sierra Madre Range, Isabela O casiphonidescasiphonidesNHM Philippines: Mindanao

Figure 25.

A nelsoniMCZ Indonesia: West Sumatra, Pagai Island B kanekoiNHM Philippines: Negros C meliasmalisNHM Philippines: Quezon, Polillo Island D bezabezaNHM Philippines: Mindanao E sansoniaklanensisMCZ Philippines: Panay, Aklan, Mt. Madiaas F vitelliavitelliaNHM Indonesia: Maluku, Ambon G vitelliaviminalisMCZ Indonesia: Maluku, Buru H agondasglaucopisNHM Papua New Guinea: Oro Province, Kumusi River I agondasagondas (previously E. a. bioculatus) NSYSU Indonesia: West Papua, Sorong J agondasmelagondasMCZ Indonesia: West Papua, Sorong K agondasmelagondasMCZ Indonesia: Papua, Asiki L agondasaruanaMCZ Indonesia: Papua, Aru M agondasthryallisNHM Papua New Guinea: New Britain N agondasthryallisMCZ Indonesia: West Papua, Yapen O cybelecybeleNHM Indonesia: North Maluku, Bacan.

Figure 26.

A cybelecybeleNHM Indonesia: North Maluku, Halmahera B cumaeatolianaMCZ Indonesia: North Sulawesi C hewitsonimeliophilaNHM Indonesia: Maluku, Kisar D mimalonmimalonNHM Indonesia: Sulawesi E hicetashicetasNHM Indonesia: Sulawesi F hicetashicetinaNHM Indonesia: Sulawesi G holofernesNHM Papua New Guinea: New Britain H bornemanniNHM Indonesia: Central Sulawesi, Banggai I phrikonisMCZ Indonesia: North Maluku, Sula Regency, Sanana J sangiraNMNH Indonesia: North Sulawesi, Sangir island K umbratilisMCZ Indonesia: Papua, Biak L resplendensMCZ Indonesia: Central Sulawesi, Palu M singhalaNHM Sri Lanka

Figure 27.

Distribution map of Elymnias bammakoo.

Figure 28.

Distribution map of Elymnias paradoxa.

Figure 29.

Distribution map of Elymnias papua.

Figure 30.

Distribution map of Elymnias esaca.

Figure 31.

Distribution map of Elymnias vasudeva.

Figure 32.

Distribution map of Elymnias dara.

Figure 33.

Distribution map of Elymnias patna.

Figure 34.

Distribution map of Elymnias peali.

Figure 35.

Distribution map of Elymnias ceryx.

Figure 36.

Distribution map of Elymnias kuenstleri.

Figure 37.

Distribution map of Elymnias ceryxoides.

Figure 38.

Distribution map of Elymnias pellucida.

Figure 39.

Distribution map of Elymnias penanga.

Figure 40.

Distribution map of Elymnias hypermnestra.

Figure 41.

Distribution map of Elymnias caudata.

Figure 42.

Distribution map of Elymnias merula.

Figure 43.

Distribution map of Elymnias leucocyma.

Figure 44.

Distribution map of Elymnias nepheronides.

Figure 45.

Distribution map of Elymnias harterti.

Figure 46.

Distribution map of Elymnias parce.

Figure 47.

Distribution map of Elymnias panthera.

Figure 48.

Distribution map of Elymnias obnubila.

Figure 49.

Distribution map of Elymnias congruens.

Figure 50.

Distribution map of Elymnias miyagawai.

Figure 51.

Distribution map of Elymnias nesaea.

Figure 52.

Distribution map of Elymnias casiphone.

Figure 53.

Distribution map of Elymnias malelas.

Figure 54.

Distribution map of Elymnias saueri.

Figure 55.

Distribution map of Elymnias kochi.

Figure 56.

Distribution map of Elymnias casiphonides.

Figure 57.

Distribution map of Elymnias nelsoni.

Figure 58.

Distribution map of Elymnias amoena.

Figure 59.

Distribution map of Elymnias kanekoi.

Figure 60.

Distribution map of Elymnias saola.

Figure 61.

Distribution map of Elymnias melias.

Figure 62.

Distribution map of Elymnias beza.

Figure 63.

Distribution map of Elymnias sansoni.

Figure 64.

Distribution map of Elymnias luteofasciata.

Figure 65.

Distribution map of Elymnias vitellia.

Figure 66.

Distribution map of Elymnias agondas.

Figure 67.

Distribution map of Elymnias cybele.

Figure 68.

Distribution map of Elymnias cumaea.

Figure 69.

Distribution map of Elymnias hewitsoni.

Figure 70.

Distribution map of Elymnias mimalon.

Figure 71.

Distribution map of Elymnias hicetas.

Figure 72.

Distribution map of Elymnias holofernes.

Figure 73.

Distribution map of Elymnias bornemanni.

Figure 74.

Distribution map of Elymnias phrikonis.

Figure 75.

Distribution map of Elymnias sangira.

Figure 76.

Distribution map of Elymnias umbratilis.

Figure 77.

Distribution map of Elymnias resplendens.

Figure 78.

Distribution map of Elymnias singhala.

Acknowledgements

We dedicate this paper to Colin G. “Trig” Treadaway for his many contributions to the study of butterflies in the Philippines, and for the samples, photographs, and helpful advice he has provided to us. We are grateful to Shuen-Chen Chang, Rod Eastwood, Yutaka Inayoshi, Krushnamegh Kunte, Alexander Monastyrskii, Kiyoshi Okubo, Kotaro Saito, Hiroyuki Soeda, Yoshinobu Uémura, and Wei-Ting Wu for providing specimens or images. We also thank the various museums and institutional insect collections acknowledged in the manuscript for allowing us to study, photograph, and occasionally dissect specimens in their care, and are grateful to Perry A.C. Buenavente, David A. Grimaldi, Frank Yu-Feng Hsu, Jia-Yuan Liang, Naomi E. Pierce, Robert K. Robbins, Watana Sakchoowong, Andrei Sourakov, Akekawat Vitheepradit, and others for allowing us access to these collections. This work was funded by grants 102-2621-B-110-003-MY3 from Ministry of Science and Technology (Taiwan), DEB-1120380 and DEB-1541557 from the US National Science Foundation, Grant 9285-13 from the Committee for Exploration and Research of the National Geographic Society, and start-up funds from the City College of New York.

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The type species of Didonis Hübner was erroneously thought to be Papilio biblis Fabricius, 1807 in earlier literature. Scudder (1875) subsequently selected Papilio vitellia Stoll as the type species, and this designation thereby prevented misusage of the name and confusion with the genus Biblis Fabricius, 1807 as stated by Hemming (1967).

Moore (1894) did not include any species when establishing Mimadelias in Part 18 of his Lepidoptera Indica. The type species vasudeva was subsequently designated as the type species in his Part 19 of the same series.

Elymniopsis has often been regarded as a distinct genus since its establishment in 1907 by Fruhstorfer, and most references of Afrotropical butterflies list it as a genus of its own (e.g., Larsen 2005). Hemming (1943) first synonymized this genus with Elymnias and the opinion was followed by Gardiner (2010) and further supported by the phylogenetic studies by Peña et al. (2006). In our molecular phylogenetic study (Lohman et al. in prep.), this taxon is sister to all of the Asian species. However, aside from their wing patterns, which mimic various Acraea spp. (Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae), the morphological features of this species are not distinct from other Elymnias (Wei et al. in prep.), and we refrain from retaining the monotypic genus Elymniopsis.

We recognize 5 subspecies of papua in the present study and synonymize bivitatta with papua because no significant morphological differences were found. In addition, no apparent barriers to dispersal seem to exist between the geographic ranges of these two taxa.

Since Wallace only traveled to the Bird’s Head Peninsula on New Guinea, it is likely that the type specimen was collected in what is now the Indonesian province of West Papua.

The distinctiveness of esaca and vasudeva has never been doubted and they have been treated as distinct species in all prior studies. The former is distributed throughout most of the Greater Sunda Islands, the Philippines, and the Thai-Malay peninsula, and the range of the latter encompasses northeast India, Myanmar, northern Laos, northern Vietnam and southwest China. The wings of male esaca are shorter and more attenuate than vasudeva, and have black ground coloration with a metallic submarginal band in some specimens. The male of vasudeva is not dramatically different from the female in wing shape or color pattern. However, our molecular phylogenetic analysis (Lohman et al. in prep.) reveals that both specimens of vasudeva (from China and India) are nested within a clade of three esaca specimens from Java, Mindanao, and peninsular Malaysia. This paraphyletic relationship suggests that the two species should be synonymized. However, we regard both species as valid because: 1) wing color and pattern are strongly dimorphic in esaca, but more or less monomorphic in vasudeva; 2) the wing shape of esaca males differs from females, and this is not true of vasudeva; and 3) the two taxa are parapatric.

“Battak Mountains” is the type locality for many butterfly and other animal taxa, but the name appears on no recent map of Sumatra. It seems to refer to the mountainous region historically inhabited by the Batak ethnic groups in northeast Sumatra. From the description in de Nicéville and Martin (1895), “Battak Mountains” seems to refer to the portion of the Barisan Mountain Range running along the western edge of North Sumatra Province, including the peaks surrounding Lake Toba.

The subspecies esaca taeniola is synonymized with esaca borneensis because there are no consistent morphological differences between them and no obvious biogeographical barriers within the island Borneo that would restrict gene flow and maintain subspecific differences.

oberthuri was originally described as a species by Fruhstorfer (1902b) and subsequently downgraded to be a subspecies of vasudeva (Fruhstorfer 1907). We synonymize it with esaca andersonii because these two names seem to represent opposite sexes of the same subspecies confined to the Thai-Malay Peninsula.

1010

Having examined all the type specimens and a long series of other material ranging from northeast India to southwest China, we failed to detect any consistent differences among the subspecies described by (Moore 1857; 1894), Wallace (1869), and Chou (2000). We consider all vasudeva subspecies to be indistinguishable from one another; the variable wing patterns lack diagnostic differences and are not reliable for delimiting subspecies.

1111

Staudinger (1889) described albofasciata based on specimens from Palawan. However, the locality of a “type specimen” deposited in ZMHB is labeled as “Tanyong Malim, Malacca”. We consider the type to be either mislabeled or simply not a type of this subspecies. Staudinger (1889) indicated that he compared specimens of dara from Malacca (specimen provided by Künstler) and Palawan. The mistake in labeling is probably caused by historical confusion of the type locality since its publication.

1212

Moore (1894) described patnoides as a distinct species, but Fruhstorfer (1907) downgraded it to be a form of patna patna. In the same publication, Fruhstorfer (1907) described patna stictica from Vietnamese specimens. Having examined long series from India, Myanmar, northern Thailand, northern Laos, Vietnam and Hainan (China), we find no consistent differences in wing pattern and wing shape among populations in this region. We therefore synonymize both patnoides and stictica with patna. The subspecies hanitschi from the Malay Peninsula has slightly different metallic blue sheen from the nominotypical subspecies, and molecular phylogenetic analysis reveals that the patna from India and patna from Malay Peninsula form distinct sister lineages. We therefore retain the subspecies status of hanitschi in the present study. Ek-Amnuay et al. (2007) described inayoshii based on specimens collected in Ranong and Trang Provinces in peninsular Thailand. The name, however, is not available under the Code. Additionally, the taxonomic status of the peninsular Thai populations is questionable, as we find that the wing shape and coloration of inayoshii are markedly different from patna patna and patna hanitschi. Since we have no material for DNA sequencing, we cannot determine whether the peninsular Thai populations should be treated as a subspecies of patna or a different species altogether . The nomenclatural problem of inayoshii requires confirmation of the taxon’s species identity.

1313

Westwood (1851) was possibly unaware of the true collection locality of the type specimen of ceryx. Having examined the description, we confirm that the type locality of the type specimen should be Java, not Mexico.

1414

Toxopeus’s mariae was described from Sumatra, from which de Nicéville’s dohrnii was also collected. Since there are no remarkable or consistent morphological differences between the subspecies and because no biogeographic or climatic barriers to dispersal seem to exist on Sumatra, we consider mariae to be a junior synonym of dohrnii. de Nicéville’s dohrnii was once placed as a subspecies either of pellucida (Fruhstorfer 1907) or of patna (D’Abrera 1985), here we can confirm it should be associated with kuenstleri after having examined the specimens from Sumatra.

1515

The taxonomic status of De Nicéville’s ceryxoides has been inconsistent. It was originally proposed as a subspecies of ceryx, and the treatment was followed by Fruhstorfer (1907). Aoki et al. (1982) suggested upgrading ceryxoides as an independent species without giving explanation, but this taxon was again downgraded as a subspecies of ceryx by D’Abrera in 1985. Having examined both morphology and genetic data, we conclude that ceryxoides should be regarded as a full species endemic to Sumatra.

1616

Elymnias penanga is one of the few Elymnias species with polymorphic female color patterns. However, the female forms are not diagnostically different among subspecies. The diagnostic characters that distinguish subspecies are the size, forewing shape, and metallic sheen of the male.

1717

Elymnias hypermnestra is one of the few satyrine species that is regarded as a minor pest of several species of palms. The name has been used numerous times in the taxonomic, ecological, and agricultural literature (Corbet 1943; Koh and Gan 2007; Merrett 1993; Shang-Wen 1998; Yong et al. 2012). However, Lamas (2010) raised concern regarding the validity of this name. This species was originally placed in Papilio by Linnaeus (1763), which made it a junior primary homonym of Papilio hypermnestra Scopoli, 1763 (now a synonym of Zerynthia polyxena ([Schiffermüller], 1775) (Papilionidae). Papilio hypermnestra Linnaeus was published after 23 June 1763, whereas Papilio hypermnestra Scopoli was published before that date. Therefore, according the ICZN Article 57.2, both names are primary homonyms and the junior primary homonym (in this case, hypermnestra Linnaeus) is permanently invalid (see also Article 23.9.5). Given this set of circumstances, Linnaeus’ hypermnestra can only be regarded as valid under one of three conditions according to the code: 57.2.1. its use as a valid name (nomen protectum) is maintained under the conditions specified in Article 23.9, or 57.2.2. it is conserved by the Commission under Article 81, or 57.2.3. it, but not its senior homonym, is included in a relevant adopted Part of the List of Available Names in Zoology..” However, as already stated by Lamas (2010), hypermnestra Linnaeus does not fulfill any of the three conditions specified above, because: 1) hypermnestra Linnaeus has not been maintained as a nomen protectum and does not fulfill the conditions specified in Article 23.9; 2) hypermnestra Linnaeus has not been conserved by the Commission under Article 81; and 3) no part of the List of Available Names in Zoology has been adopted yet for Lepidoptera. Meanwhile, hypermnestra Scopoli has been used numerous times as a valid name after 1899 [see Article 23.9.1.1], and therefore does not qualify as a nomen oblitum. Consequently, if use of the younger homonym [hypermnestra Linnaeus] is to be maintained, the case needs to be submitted to the International Commission for Zoological Nomenclature for a ruling under the plenary power (Article 81). In addition, if Linnaeus’s hypermnestra is eventually considered invalid by the Commission, the other earliest available name for this species is Papilio undularis Drury, 1773, which is now used to represent the subspecies of northeast India, and the valid subspecific name for the population of Java would be protogenia Cramer, 1779.

1818

Roepke’s atrata has rarely been mentioned in previous literature, and, having examined the original description, we regard it as a junior synonym of the nominotypical subspecies, which is also from Java.

1919

Interpretation of the type locality of Drury’s undularis has been problematic. Drury did not clearly indicate the origin of the specimen he saw but labeled the locality as “East Indies”. During the late 18 ^th century, the phrase “East Indies” referred to a wide range of possible localities from India to Indonesia. However, authors working after Drury, without clear reason, interpreted undularis as a taxon distributed in northeast India rather than Indonesia. We examined many specimens from north India to Java at different museums and also compared the original drawings of hypermnestra (and its junior synonyms) and undularis in the literature (e.g., Cramer 1779; Drury 1773), but failed to detect any differences between them. We therefore retain the current concept of undularis until more evidence becomes available.

2020

Hewitson’s cottonis was described as a full species due to the lack of metallic sheen or any other notable markings on the upper side of both the fore- and hindwings; its conspecificity with hypermnestra has not previously been suggested. Our unpublished data (Wei et al. in prep.) demonstrates that cottonis and hypermnestra cannot be distinguished using morphological characters unrelated to possible mimicry, and the molecular phylogeny reveals that cottonis is nested within hypermnestra with strong support (Lohman et al. in prep.). We therefore combine cottonis (including subspecies jennifferae from Little Andaman) with hypermnestra, retaining the names cottonis and jennifferae as distinct subspecies.

2121

Besides undularis from northeast India, there are three other subspecies with orange, Danaus-mimicking females distributed in Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam. The differences between females of the subspecies tinctoria, violetta, and meridionalis, are subtle. Besides the female form mimicking Danaus chrysippus (or D. genutia), there is another female form with whitish hindwings (the forms obfuscata and paraleuca) that possibly mimics either D. melanippus or D. affinis in Thailand and Vietnam. Since the current subspecies classification has been adopted by local guidebooks and other publications for so long (Corbet et al. 1992; Ek-Amnuay 2012; Monastyrskii 2005; Pinratana 1988), we do not propose any nomenclatural change prior to a thorough phylogenetic/population genetics study based dense sampling of the entire region is completed.

2222

Moore’s hainana was described from specimens from Hainan Island, China, and the name has been applied to the Taiwanese population since the late 19 ^th century. Since Hainan is between China’s Guangxi Province and northern Vietnam, where septentrionalis and tonkiniana were described, respectively, and because examination of dozens of specimens evince no consistent morphological differences among these subspecies, we synonymize these three names and regard hainana as the valid name.

2323

Penang is a small island in the Andaman Sea lying just off the western coast of peninsular Malaysia. The strait that separates this small island (293 km²) from the peninsula is only 2–8 km wide, yet seems to form a dispersal barrier between the peninsular population (commonly known as agina, but herein changed to beatrice, see discussion below) and insular discrepans. The female type specimen of discrepans seems to be a morphologically intermediate form between orange, Danaus-mimicking tinctoria and dark, Euploea-mimicking phenotypes. This phenotype has not been documented from the mainland. We therefore retain the name discrepans because of the taxon’s distinctive female wing patterns; further studies will ascertain whether this subspecies is genetically distinct from other hypermnestra subspecies.

2424

Elymnias hypermnestra from Malay Peninsula, Singapore, Borneo, and Sumatra have been historically confusing and chaotic. In 1882, Distant reported and described nigrescens from the Malay Peninsula, Malacca, Billiton (Belitung), and Borneo. Since Butler (1871) already stated that the type locality of the “real nigrescens” is Sarawak (Borneo), and the female wing patterns of the populations in Borneo and Malay Peninsula are slightly different, it is not appropriate to apply the name nigrescens to the peninsular population. Fruhstorfer (1902) noticed that “ nigrescens” sensu Distant was different from the Bornean one, so he proposed a nomen novum, beatrice, to refer to “ nigrescenssensu Distant”. The concept of Fruhstorfer’s beatrice, however, is probably not monophyletic as he listed Perak, Lingga (Riau), Deli (North Sumatra), and Sumatra in the geographical range of beatrice, but our morphological study does not support lumping the Sumatran population with the peninsular Malaysian one. In the same publication, Fruhstorfer (1902a) described an aberration of nigrescens, namely agina, for populations in Singapore, Sumatra, and Perak. The name agina has been used much more frequently than beatrice to represent the population in the Malay Peninsula including Singapore (Corbet 1943; Lamas 2010; Pinratana 1988). However, Article 45.6.2 of the Code, agina was not an available name when Fruhstorfer first proposed it as an aberrant form of nigrescens (now a valid subspecies of hypermnestra). This name might have subsequently become available by Corbet (1943) when he discussed the taxonomy of the Elymnias hypermnestra of Malay Peninsula, and first used agina to represent the populations in Johor and Singapore. According to the Code (Article 45.5.1), Corbet would be the first author to make agina available so in the present study, we correct the authorship and year of agina to be “Corbet, 1943”. Both beatrice and agina became available for representing the populations in Malay Peninsula and Singapore. Determination of their validity, therefore, depends on the priority. Considering the fact that Corbet’s (1943) use of agina is much later than Fruhstorfer’s (1902a) proposal of a nomen novum, we conclude that beatrice should be used to represent the populations in southern part of the Malay Peninsula, including Singapore. The syntype series of both names contain more than one subspecies, so designation of a lectotype for both names will be necessary to fix the concept and use the names. This work will be published elsewhere.

2525

de Nicéville and Martin (1895) stated that they had “great difficulty in identifying satisfactorily the common species of Elymnias of the undularis group occurring in Sumatra”. They decided to follow Distant’s (1882a) concept of “ nigrescens” but still noticed that the Sumatran population of Elymnias hypermnestra (as nigrescens or protogenia) had smaller wings and duller coloration. Fruhstorfer (1907) noticed the opinion of de Nicéville & Martin, and decided to give the Sumatran population a status as a color form, and name it decolorata. However, since it was originally published as an infrasubspecific taxon, the name is not available under the Code unless another author uses the name to represent a valid taxon. In 1982, Aoki and colleagues enumerated the subspecies of Elymnias hypermnestra that occur throughout its range. They became the first authors to use decolorata to represent the Sumatran population. According to the Code (Article 45.5.1), the authorship of decolorata should be attributed to Aoki et al. (1982) because they made it available for use for the first time.

2626

Although caudata was originally proposed as a species of its own, some authors (Gupta 2007; Wynter-Blyth 1957) treated it as a subspecies of hypermnestra (or undularis) due to the similarity in the Danaus-mimicking females. Our morphological and molecular studies demonstrate that caudata is a distinct, monophyletic taxon that is sister to hypermnestra.

2727

Swinhoe’s merula is based on a single male type collected from Sri Lanka. Having examined the type deposited in the Natural History Museum, London, we are convinced that merula should be a synonym of hypermnestra. Lamas (pers. comm.) suggests synonymizing merula with the Sri Lankan fraterna; however, the male of Sri Lankan fraterna is quite different from merula and we cannot at present conclude that synonymizing it with this subspecies is warranted. We presume that the single specimen of merula was accidentally introduced with imported palms or is an aberration; we treat this name as incertae sedis.

2828

The true identity of Godart’s leucocyma has been problematic since its description in 1819. Godart specified “Java” as the source of the specimen but gave a vague description without any figure. Doubleday (1844) suggested that northern India (near the border with Myanmar) might be the source of the specimen. Moore (1878a) mentioned the name leucocyma in his checklist without providing any further information. In 1882, Marshall & de Nicéville recognized the validity of leucocyma and synonymized malelas with it. However, Moore (1894) considered leucocyma to be the name that should be validated rather malelas. Fruhstorfer (1907), based on Godart’s simple description, doubted that the origin of specimen was Java or northern India, and suggested placing leucocyma closer to hypermnestra. There are more than 2 species with color patterns similar to leucocyma (viz. forewing with metallic blue sheen and hindwing with undulate margin) in Java and northern India, so we cannot specify the use of this name until more evidence becomes available. Moreover, Hewitson’s figure (1861: pl. 9, fig. 34) of leucocyma was a misidentification of hewitsoni and has no relevance to this problem.

2929

Our molecular phylogenetic analysis confirms that detanii and nepheronides represent opposite sexes of the same species as Araya (2016) demonstrated using morphology. We also accept Araya’s (2016) decision to include tamborana as a subspecies of nepheronides on morphological grounds; we currently have no genetic data from tamborana.

3030

Having examined specimens deposited in the NHM, we are confident that harterti and brookei should be regarded as different subspecies of the same species. Moulton’s smithi is identical to Shelford’s brookei so they are synonymized in the present study.

3131

Staudinger (1889) placed parce as a subspecies of panthera, but morphological and molecular evidence suggest that parce does not belong to the panthera-group; it is more closely allied to harterti.

3232

Fabricius stated that the type locality of the nominotypical panthera is Tranquebar (Tharangambadi, Tamil Nadu) in southern India, but the current distribution of this species in India seems to be restricted to the north. It is necessary to confirm the actual distribution of the species in India to verify whether the type locality falls in the actual distribution range or is simply a port from which the specimen was exported during the colonial period.

3333

The subspecies dusara and dulcibella were both described from Java, suggesting the names might be synonymous. However, many lepidopteran species have distinctive populations western and eastern parts of the island (Aoki et al. 1982; Tsukada and Nishiyama 1982; Yata and Morishita 1985), and we therefore retain these two subspecies as valid.

3434

Butler’s lutescens was proposed as a full species based on specimens from Borneo (collected by Lowe), Malacca, Singapore, and Penang (from Roberts’ collection), and according to Butler (1867: 404), lutescens was similar to dusara. This taxon, however, has been synonymized with the Indian nominotypical subspecies for long with no clear reason. In the present study, we revalidate the name and use it to represent the population in Borneo, as Borneo is the first locality mentioned in Butler’s original description. The other conspecific taxa described from Borneo, such as labuana, lacrima, defasciata, alfredi, and pantherina are therefore newly synonymized with lutescens in the present study. It is not clear whether panthera from peninsular Malaysia is genetically distinct from Bornean populations, so we do not further revise the plethora of subspecific names associated with panthera.

3535

Having examined the type material described by Fruhstorder and Semper, we are convinced that only one subspecies of congruens is distributed on the island Mindanao, and therefore synonymize photinus, phaios, and rafaela with the nominotypical congruens.

3636

Linnaeus did not indicate from which part of Java his specimen of nesaea was collected, and we found no consistent differences among Javan nesaea populations based on examination of specimens at several different museums, so we combine Fruhstorfer’s hermia with the nominotypical nesaea.

3737

Wallace’s timandra from Sylhet, Bangladesh, is not different from Fruhstorfer’s cortona from Myanmar, so we synonymize them.

3838

We examined many nesaea from different regions of Borneo and found no consistent difference among them. Frustorfer’s coelifrons is therefore treated as a junior synonym of hypereides. The relationship between the Malayan lioneli with hypereides can be addressed in future phylogenetic studies.

3939

Lamas (pers. comm.) regards casiphone and kamara as different species, so erinyes, exclusa, and lombokiana are therefore regarded as subspecies of kamara. Our phylogenetic study based on morphology and DNA sequence data, however, show that kamara is conspecific with casiphone; kamara seems to represent a sexually dimorphic, mimetic form in which both males and females differ from the sexually dimorphic mimetic forms of casiphone. We therefore associate all subspecies previously included under kamara with casiphone.

4040

Geyer, when describing casiphone, did not specify the geographical provenance of his specimen. Westwood (1851) and Fruhstorfer (1907) suspected that Java was possibly the origin of Geyer’s casiphone. Having compared the original drawing of casiphone and the specimens from Java, Sumatra, Bali and Lombok, we conclude that the color pattern of the Javanese population matches well with Geyer’s figure.

4141

de Nicéville’s erinyes was originally described as a full species, and then downgraded to be a subspecies of casiphone by Fruhstorfer (1907) or kamara (Corbet et al. 1992). Since we now consider this subspecies should be associated with casiphone, Fruhstorfer’s combination should be revived.

4242

Since we regard kamara as a junior synonym of casiphone, the name lombokiana, originally described as a subspecies of kamara, is treated as a new junior synonym of praetextata in the present study.

4343

Martin’s djilantik and de Nicéville’s exclusa were previously placed under casiphone and kamara, respectively. We regard them as different color forms.

4444

We examined many specimens from northeast India to Vietnam and found no consistent morphological differences to labelport the current subspecies classification. We therefore synonymize ivena and nilamba with malelas.

4545

Distant’s saueri was originally described as a full species and then placed under casiphone as a subspecies by Fruhstorfer (1907) due to the similarity in wing pattern. Recently, Araya and Saito (2014) separated them into two morphologically defined species. Our phylogenetic analysis reveals that these taxa are not even sister to each other. The sister species of saueri is saola, and we therefore affirm the species status of saueri.

4646

Semper (1887) described kochi as a full species, while Fruhstorfer downgraded it to be a subspecies of beza due to the similarity of their wing patterns. Treadaway and Schroeder (2012) considered kochi a full species, and our phylogenetic study places kochi as the sister group of kanekoi from Negros, so its status as a full species is upheld.

4747

The physiognomy of casiphonides is remarkably similar to female casiphone and female malelas, however, our molecular phylogenetic study places it as the sister group of nesaea. The similarity is almost certainly the result of these different lineages mimicking the same widespread model: female Euploea mulciber.

4848

According to the current taxonomy, two subspecies of melias are recognized and distributed in Luzon, and it seems unusual for a single island to harbor more than one subspecies. The biotic regions of Luzon, however, are complex. The northern Sierra Madre mountains may serve as a geographical barrier within the island as suggested by Vallejo (2014).

4949

Fruhstorfer (1907) placed plateni as a subspecies of kochi, but our molecular phylogenetic analysis reveals that kochi is the sister species of kanekoi. Therefore, plateni should be synonymized with the nominotypical beza, which is a member of the melias group.

5050

The species agondas has long been considered a highly variable species, the females of which mimic various Taenaris spp. throughout its range in New Guinea and the surrounding islands. Our phylogenetic analysis, however, reveals that thryallis, which was currently placed as a subspecies of cybele, is nested within agondas, and the branch support for this relationship is strong. We therefore conclude that both agondas and cybele are not monophyletic species as currently circumscribed. We sink thryallis into agondas, thus forming a monophyletic species, but further clarification of the subspecific nomenclature is difficult because of the myriad described taxa, vague descriptions of many type localities (frequently “New Guinea”), and our lack of access to material of several rare “subspecies” of agondas, cybele, and other members of the species group.

5151

The true identity of agondas is mysterious. Boisduval stated that the source of the type specimen was the Solomon Islands (Boisduval 1832: 138, pl. 3, fig. 5). However, no Elymnias are known from the Solomon Islands at present (Tennent 2002), and the easternmost point in the range of this species is Woodlark Island in Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea—approximately 350 km from the Solomon Islands across the Solomon Sea. Although the circumscription of “Solomon Islands” has changed throughout history, an area with that name has never included Woodlark Island. Bougainville Island can be included in the Solomon Islands, but Elymnias agondas has never been found there. The original drawing of agondas is a male, and since the highly variable wing pattern of male agondas is not a reliable diagnostic character, we tentatively retain the nominotypical agondas as a taxon with questionable geographical provenance, but the nominal subspecies should not be applied to any population until the true collection locality of the type can be discerned.

5252

Our phylogenetic analysis shows that cybele cybele from Bacan is nested within cybele opaca from Halmahera. Morphological examination failed to distinguish these two subspecies; we therefore synonymize them.

5353

The subspecies adumbrata was described from Buru, but it was synonymized with the nominotypical cybele by previous authors. Since the wing pattern of adumbrata is different from that of cybele, and Buru island is presently ~280 km from Halmahera, we revive this subspecies from synonymy with cybele cybele.

5454

According to our phylogenetic analysis, cumaea is not a monophyletic group and is part of a radiation on Sulawesi that includes hicetas and hewitsoni. The subspecies phrikonis is not allied with other cumaea subspecies, but comprises the sister group to a clade including cybele, vitellia, holofernes and agondas. We therefore elevate phrikonis to the species level. Fruhstorfer (1907) described relicina from Sanana (Sula Besi), and we consider this name should be synonymized with phrikonis as they are not different from each other morphologically.

5555

Nominotypical cumaea is only reported from Halmahera. We have not been able to obtain specimens for inclusion in the molecular phylogeny so we have no indication of how many subspecies previously associated with cumaea should be retained.

5656

Having examined specimens of thyone, we conclude that this taxon should not be regarded as a junior synonym of cumaea cumaea, but we tentatively place thyone as a subspecies of cumaea pending molecular data for inclusion in a phylogenetic study.

5757

In our phylogenetic study, a specimen from North Sulawesi identified as toliana is sister to hicetas, and this pair is sister to bornemanni, which we regard as a full species. Since we have no genetic data from nominotypical cumaea, we are unsure were to place this taxon and tentatively retain toliana as a subspecies of cumaea, even though this arrangement makes cumaea polyphyletic.

5858

Having examined the type specimens of bonthainensis and hicetas, we failed to find any distinguishing morphological characters. These two names are therefore synonymized.

5959

Martin described rarior as a subspecies of hicetas without a clear indication of its type locality in Sulawesi. In our phylogenetic study, two specimens identified as rarior are paraphyletic with regard to hicetas and butona. Since the type locality of rarior is unclear, we retain rarior as a subspecies of hicetas.

6060

The situation of bornemanni is similar to that of phrikonis. It is not closely related to other cumaea subspecies, so we treat it as a full species.

6161

phrikonis has been regarded as a subspecies of cumaea. Our phylogenetic analysis, however, places it as the sister to a clade consisting of cybele, holofernes, umbratilis, vitellia, and agondas. We therefore elevate phrikonis to full species status. Since relicina was described from the same locality as phrikonis we synonymize these two names in the present study.

6262

Elymnias cybele umbratilis was originally described based on five syntypes from Biak and synonymized with thryallis by subsequent authors. Our phylogenetic analysis, however, reveals that umbratilis is a distinct taxon, not closely related to any subspecies of cybele, and sister to holofernes. We therefore revive this taxon and give it full species status.

6363

Martin (1929) placed resplendens with cumaea, but our analysis suggests that resplendens is closely related to hewitsoni and deserves full species status.

6464

We have been unable to obtain DNA sequence data from our tissue samples of singhala from old museum specimens. This species is probably not closely related to either the hypermnestra or harterti species group, but its true species group affinity cannot be deduced at this time.