One new species and three new records of Chrysis Linnaeus from China (Hymenoptera, Chrysididae)

Paolo Rosa; Na-sen Wei; Zai-fu Xu

doi:10.3897/zookeys.669.12398

Abstract

Four Chinese Chrysis species-groups, the antennata, capitalis, elegans, and maculicornis species-groups, are discussed. Chrysis lapislazulina Rosa & Xu, sp. n. is described in the elegans species-group; and three species, C. brachyceras Bischoff, 1910, C. subdistincta Linsenmaier, 1968 and C. yoshikawai Tsuneki, 1961, are reported for the first time from China in other species-groups. A new synonymy is proposed for C. ignifascia Mocsáry, 1893 = C. taiwana Tsuneki, 1970, syn. n. A short historical review of the elegans species-group is provided. C. goetheana Semenov, 1967 is transferred from the elegans species-group to the maculicornis species-group. C. mesochlora Mocsáry, 1893 is considered a nomen dubium.

Keywords

Chrysis , antennata species-group, capitalis species-group, elegans species-group, maculicornis species-group, new species, new records, China

Introduction

Kimsey and Bohart (1991) provided keys and detailed diagnoses for the identification of Chrysis species-groups from all zoogeographical regions. Their classification and characterization of species-groups is adopted here with few exceptions (Rosa et al. 2014). However, some species-groups are currently under investigation; in particular, the antennata species-group which is more closely related to the genus Praestochrysis Linsenmaier, 1959 than to the genus Chrysis.

At present, there are 79 known species of Chinese Chrysis (Rosa et al. 2014, 2016a); but this genus needs to be more intensively investigated (Rosa et al. 2016a). Many Chinese chrysidid specimens have been collected over the last twenty years and some of the main findings have been published (Rosa et al. 2015a, 2015b, 2016a). In the present paper four Chrysis species-groups are discussed, namely the antennata, capitalis, elegans, and maculicornis species-groups. A new species is also described, C. lapislazulina sp. n. belonging to the elegans species-group, and three new records from China are reported: C. brachyceras Bischoff, 1910 in the antennata species-group, C. yoshikawai Tsuneki, 1961 in the capitalis species-group, and C. subdistincta Linsenmaier, 1968 in the maculicornis species-group.

Materials and methods

All specimens were examined using a Leica MZ125 stereomicroscope. Photographs of specimens from South China Agricultural University (SCAU) were taken by a digital camera (CoolSNAP) mounted to a Zeiss Stemi 2000-CS stereomicroscope. All images were processed using Image-Pro Plus software. Photographs of the holotype of C. taiwana were taken with a Keyence microscope. Photographs of types from other museums were taken by a Nikon D-80 mounted on a Togal SCZ stereomicroscope and stacked through the software Combine ZP.

Terminology mostly follows Kimsey and Bohart (1991). Abbreviations used in the descriptions are as follows:

BOL the shortest distance between mid-ocellus and transverse frontal carina (TFC);

F1 , F2, F3, etc. flagellomeres 1, 2, 3, etc.;

l/w length/width ratio;

MOD mid ocellus diameter;

MS malar space, the shortest distance between base of mandible and lower margin of compound eye;

OOL the shortest distance between posterior ocellus and compound eye;

P pedicel;

PD puncture diameter;

POL the shortest distance between posterior ocelli;

S2 metasomal sternite 2;

T1, T2, T3 metasomal tergites 1, 2, 3;

TFC transverse frontal carina.

Types and other specimens have been examined from the following institutions:

HNHMHungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, Hungary;

MNHUMuseum of Natural History of the Humboldt-Universität, Berlin, Germany;

MSNGMuseum of Natural History “G. Doria”, Genoa, Italy;

NMLSNatur Museum Luzern, Switzerland;

OMNHOsaka Museum of Natural History, Osaka, Japan;

SCAUHymenopteran Collection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China;

SHEMShanghai Entomological Museum, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China;

ZISPZoological Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia;

ZMUCZoological Museum, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.

Taxonomy

Chrysis antennata species-group

Chrysis antennata species-group: Kimsey and Bohart 1991: 328 (key), 323 (fig. 105d), 336 (fig. 109q), 337 (diagnosis), 350 (fig. 112d).

Diagnosis

The antennata species-group is characterised by broadened antennae, short and broad face, toothed metanotum, and similar habitus to Praestochrysis Linsenmaier except for four teeth on T3 (Kimsey and Bohart 1991).

Description

Male F1l/w = 1.2; female F1l/w = 1.5. Flagellomeres broadened, with F4 broader than long. TFC almost straight, slightly downcurved laterally, Mid ocellus lidded. Male MS = 1.5 MOD; female MS = 1.8–2.2 MOD. Metanotum with small, stout, postero-median tooth. T3 short, weakly saddled in female, with weak transversal prepit bulge; pit row deep; lateral margins simple; apex with four short apical teeth. Black spots on S2 round and well separated in C. antennata, triangular and almost fused in C. brachyceras.

Biology

Unknown.

Species included

Two species: Chrysis antennata Mocsáry, 1912 from Afrotropical Region (Mocsáry 1912a), and C. brachyceras Bischoff, 1910 from Oriental Region.

Distribution

Afrotropical and Oriental regions.

Chrysis brachyceras Bischoff, 1910

Fig. 1

Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) brachyceras Bischoff, 1910: 474. Holotype, ♀; Malaysia (MNHU) (examined).

Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) brachyceras : Bischoff 1913: 48 (Malaysia).

Chrysis brachyceras : Kimsey and Bohart 1991: 337 (Malaysia, Laos), 390 (Malaysia).

Type material

Holotype, ♀, MALAYSIA, Malacca (MNHU). Additional material: 5♀♀, CHINA, Guangxi, Maoershan National Nature Reserve, 3.VIII.2005, leg. Liu-sheng Chen, ANT001–ANT005 (SCAU); 2♀♀, CHINA, Guizhou, Tianzhu, VIII.2009, leg. Yang-wen Wang, ANT006, ANT007 (SCAU).

Figure 1.

Chrysis brachyceras Bischoff, 1910, ♀ from Guangxi. A Habitus, lateral view B head, frontal view C mesosoma, dorsal view D head, pronotum and mesopleuron, lateral view E apex of T3, dorsal view F black spots on S2, ventral view.

Diagnosis

Chrysis brachyceras is a large species, with the following distinctive characteristics: flagellomeres broad and flat; metanotum with small and stout postero-median tooth; T3 with four short apical teeth.

Description

Female. Body length 10.0–11.0 mm.

Head. Scapal basin fully punctate. TFC medially straight, slightly downcurved at both ends and with two weak branches extending upwards (Fig. 1B). Relative length of P:F1:F2:F3 = 1.0:2.3:0.9:0.9. OOL = 1.5 MOD; BOL = 1.0 MOD; POL = 1.5 MOD; MS = 1.8 MOD; subantennal space 1.0 MOD. Anterior margin of clypeus emarginate. F3–F11 broadened and flattened. Genal carina sharp all over its length (Fig. 1D).

Mesosoma. Pronotal groove deep and almost reaching posterior margin; sublateral carina distinct and complete (Figs 1A, 1D); pronotal side with depression. Mesoscutum evenly punctate (Fig. 1C). Mesoscutellum simple, without anterior depression or fovea. Metanotum with a small, stout tooth pointing upwards (Figs 1A, 1C). Mesopleuron with broad episternal and scrobal sulci; the latter similar to elongate foveae (Fig. 1D).

Metasoma. Metasoma evenly punctate; the punctures as large as on mesoscutum. T2 and T3 without median ridge; T3 weakly saddled in female, with weak transversal prepit bulge over deep pit row; T3 with four apical teeth and simple lateral margins (Figs 1A, 1E). Black spots on S2 triangular, almost fused along the midline (Fig. 1F).

Colouration. Body blue, with dark blue to green metallic reflections, dark blue on ocellar area, mesoscutum medially, T1 medially, T2 and T3 antero-laterally.

Male. Not available for this study.

Distribution

China (new record). Malaysia and Laos (Bischoff 1913; Kimsey and Bohart 1991, not Indonesia).

Remarks

Kimsey and Bohart (1991) noticed some similarities between the species of the antennata species-group and those of the genus Praestochrysis Linsenmaier, 1959. The former ones are included in the genus Chrysis because of the four apical teeth on T3. Nevertheless, C. brachyceras shares with Praestochrysis the following characteristics: general habitus, shape of head distinctly broader than high, broadened flagellomeres, subantennal space 1.0 MOD and shorter than MS, TFC weakly indicated across strongly developed brow, scapal basin not microridged, pronotum with deep lateral depressions, metanotum with a short, stout tooth, scrobal and episternal sulci well developed and expanded ventrally, black spots on S2 small and almost fused along the midline. Several of above features (excluding broadened flagellomeres, weak TFC, metanotum with a small tooth) and pronotal sublateral carina distinct and complete are shared with the T. lusca species-group, which was considered belonging to the genus Praestochrysis by Kimsey and Bohart (1991) and Trichrysis by Linsenmaier (1994), Madl and Rosa (2012) and Rosa et al. (2014, 2016b). Trichrysis lusca is considered as belonging to Trichrysis not only morphologically but also biologically. Praestochrysis are well known parasitoids of moth prepupae (Limacodidae) (Kimsey and Bohart 1991), whereas species in the T. lusca species-group are parasitoids of Sphecidae (Mocsáry 1889, 1912b; Tsuneki 1955; Linsenmaier 1959) or Eumeninae (Vespidae) (Kimsey and Bohart 1991). Unfortunately, the biology of C. brachyceras is unknown; therefore, we consider C. brachyceras as a member of the genus Chrysis until new biological or molecular evidence is available.

Chrysis capitalis species-group

Chrysis capitalis species-group: Kimsey and Bohart 1991: 325 (key), 329 (fig. 107p), 336 (fig. 110m), 339 (diagnosis), 350 (fig. 112j).

Diagnosis

The capitalis species-group is characterised by apex of T3 simple, TFC prominent and M-shaped, and mid ocellus lidded. Some species in the capitalis species-group are also easily recognised by female metasoma usually blue to green with golden stripes (e.g. C. abuensis Nurse, 1902, C. bayadera du Buysson, 1896, C. ignifascia Mocsáry, 1893, and C. jalala Nurse, 1902).

Description

Scapal basin microridged medially. Male F1l/w = 1.5; female F1l/w = 1.9–3.0. TFC usually well developed and M-shaped. Mid ocellus lidded. MS usually < 1.0 MOD. T2 with median ridge. T3 weakly saddled in female; pit row moderately impressed; apex of T3 convex or slightly concave medially, without apical teeth.

Biology

Unknown.

Species included

Fourteen species: seven Afrotropical, Chrysis capitalis Dahlbom, 1854, C. dalmanni Dahlbom, 1845, C. infuscata Brullé, 1846, C. jugum Dahlbom, 1850, C. levioris Edney, 1952, C. rutilata du Buysson, 1898b, and C. sinuosa Dahlbom, 1845 (Rosa and Vårdal 2015); six Oriental, C. abuensis Nurse, C. bayadera du Buysson, C. ignifascia Mocsáry, 1893 (= C. taiwana Tsuneki, 1970, syn. n.), C. sumptuosa Smith, 1858, C. wroughtoni du Buysson, 1896, and C. yoshikawai Tsuneki, 1961; and one Palaearctic species, C. jalala Nurse.

Distribution

Afrotropical, Oriental and Palaearctic regions.

Remarks

Chrysis arabica Mocsáry, 1911 was moved to the newly created C. arabica species-group by Linsenmaier (1994).

Key to Chinese species of the capitalis species-group

1	T2 with a broad transverse posterior reddish golden stripe, contrasting with the remaining body colouration (Figs 2E, 2F)	C. ignifascia Mocsáry (♀)
–	T2 blue to green without reddish or golden stripe (Figs 3, 6)	2
2	Female and male with sub-reniform and transverse black spots on S2 (Fig. 7B)	C. yoshikawai Tsuneki
–	Male with sub-triangular and longitudinal black spots on S2 (Fig. 7A)	C. ignifascia Mocsáry (♂)

Chrysis ignifascia Mocsáry, 1893

Figs 2, 3, 4, 5, 7A

Chrysis (Holochrysis) ignifascia Mocsáry, 1893: 215. Holotype, ♀, Myanmar (MSNG) (examined). Rosa 2009: 233.

Chrysis (Holochrysis) birmanica Mocsáry, 1893: 214. Holotype, ♂, Myanmar (MSNG) (examined). Rosa 2009: 221. (Synonymised by Kimsey and Bohart 1991: 420).

Chrysis (Chrysura) taiwana Tsuneki, 1970: 7. Holotype, ♂, China (OMNH) (examined). Syn. n.

Type material

Holotype, ♀, MYANMAR [Burma] Palon (Pegù), L. Fea VIII–IX.[18]87, Chrysis ignifascia, ♀, Mocs. n. sp. <handwritten by Mocsáry>, Typus, C. ignifascia, Mocs., ♀, typus! <handwritten by Mantero> (MSNG). Holotype, ♂, MYANMAR [Burma] Bhamò, Birmania, Fea VIII 1885, Chrysis birmanica, ♂, Mocs. n. sp. <handwritten by Mocsáry>, Typus, C. birmanica, Mocs., ♂, typus! <handwritten by Mantero> (MSNG). Holotype, ♂, [CHINA], Formosa [Taiwan], Pintung Hsien, Hengchun, 2.VIII.1966. leg. K. Tsuneki // Chrysis (Chrysura) taiwana Tsuneki Holotypus <handwritten> (OMNH). Additional material: 1♀, CHINA, Guangdong, Fogang, Guanyinshan, 15–16.IX.2007, leg. Zai-fu Xu, CAP001 (SCAU); 1♀, CHINA, Fujian, Jianning, 8.VI.1959, leg. Gen-tao Jin & Ming-yang Lin, 34022848 (SHEM); 1♀, CHINA, Taiwan, Koshun, Apr. 1937, coll. K. Iwata (NMLS); 1♂, MYANMAR, Lower Burma, Shwègyin 6.[18]98 Bingham, Chrysis burmanica [!], ♂, Mocs., burmanica [!] Mocs. det. Bingham, Chrysis burmanica [!] Mocs. det. Mocsáry (HNHM).

Figure 2.

Chrysis ignifascia Mocsáry, 1893, ♀ from Fujian. A Habitus, lateral view B head, frontal view C mesosoma, dorsal view D head, pronotum and mesopleuron, lateral view E metasoma, dorsal view FT3, dorsal view.

Diagnosis

Chrysis ignifascia Mocsáry female is easily recognised by the reddish golden stripe on T2 (Figs 2E, 2F). The male is green to blue, similar to C. yoshikawai Tsuneki, but can be separated by the longitudinal sub-triangular black spots on S2 (Fig. 7A) (transverse and sub-reniform in C. yoshikawai (Fig. 7B)).

Figure 3.

Chrysis taiwana Tsuneki, 1970, holotype, ♂. A Habitus, lateral view B head, frontal view C head and mesosoma, dorsal view D head, pronotum and mesopleuron, lateral view E metasoma, dorsal view FT3, dorsal view (photos by courtesy of Rikio Matsumoto, OMNH).

Distribution

China (Fujian, Taiwan, Guangdong) (Rosa et al 2014), Myanmar (Mocsáry 1893; Kimsey and Bohart 1991).

Remarks

The colour dimorphism between male and female of C. ignifascia misled some authors including Mocsáry (1893), who described the female as C. ignifascia (Fig. 4) and the male as C. birmanica (Fig. 5). Tsuneki (1961, 1970) did not mention either C. ignifascia or C. birmanica in his publications and described the male as C. taiwana (Fig. 3), comparing its body colouration with that of C. yoshikawai Tsuneki, 1961. After types examination we propose the synonymy C. ignifascia Mocsáry, 1893 = C. taiwana Tsuneki, 1970, syn. n.

Figure 4.

Chrysis ignifascia Mocsáry, 1893, holotype, ♀. A Head, mesosoma and T1, dorsal view B head, frontal view C head and mesosoma, lateral view D metasoma, lateral view E metasoma, dorsal view FT2 and T3, dorso-lateral view.

Figure 5.

Chrysis birmanica Mocsáry, 1893, holotype, ♂ (= C. ignifascia Mocsáry). A Head, mesosoma and T1, lateral view B head, frontal view C head, mesosoma and T1, dorsal view D metasoma, dorsal view E metasoma, lateral view FT2 and T3, dorsal view.

Chrysis yoshikawai Tsuneki, 1961

Figs 6A–F, 7B

Chrysis yoshikawai Tsuneki, 1961: 371. Holotype, ♀, Thailand (depository?).

Chrysis yoshikawai : Kimsey and Bohart 1991: 479 (Thailand).

Additional material

1♀, CHINA, Yunnan, Jingdong, Jingping, 28.IV.2005, leg. He-sheng Wang, CAP004 (SCAU); 1♀, CHINA, Yunnan, Dehong, Longchuan, 1–9.VIII.2011, leg. Ju-jian Chen, CAP005 (SCAU).

Figure 6.

Chrysis yoshikawai Tsuneki, 1961, ♀ from Yunnan. A Habitus, lateral view B head, frontal view C mesosoma, dorsal view D head, pronotum and mesopleuron, lateral view E metasoma, dorsal view FT3, dorsal view.

Diagnosis

Chrysis yoshikawai is similar to C. ignifascia, but can be separated by: female body entirely green to blue, without reddish or golden colouration (with reddish golden stripe posteriorly on T2 in C. ignifascia), male S2 with sub-reniform and transverse black spots (Fig. 7B) (sub-triangular and longitudinal in C. ignifascia, Fig. 7A), and T3 with darkened clover-shaped spot (Figs 6E, 6F).

Figure 7.

Black spots on S2 of females, ventral view. A Chrysis ignifascia Mocsáry, 1893 B Chrysis yoshikawai Tsuneki, 1961.

Description

Female (Fig. 6A). Body length 7.5 mm.

Head. Scapal basin fully striate and with micropunctate ground sculpture. TFC double, sharply raised (Fig. 6B). Relative length of P:F1:F2:F3 = 1.0:1.3:1.0:0.7. OOL = 2.0 MOD; BOL = 1.5 MOD; POL = 2.1 MOD; MS = 0.5 MOD; subantennal space 0.5 MOD. Genal carina well developed throughout its length (Fig. 6D).

Mesosoma. Pronotal groove shallow and reaching 2/3 of pronotum length. Mesoscutum and mesoscutellum evenly punctate; metanotum with coarse punctures (Fig. 6C). Mesopleuron with deep episternal and scrobal sulci, both sulci with large foveae (Fig. 6D).

Metasoma. Metasoma with large, even punctures; the punctures as large as on mesoscutum (Fig. 6E). T2 and T3 with median ridge; T3 weakly saddled with deep pit row; apex of T3 slightly concave in the middle (Fig. 6F). Black spots on S2 sub-reniform, transverse, separated by less than 1.0 MOD (Fig. 7B).

Colouration. Body metallic blue to green, with dark blue on vertex, mesoscutum medially, tegula, T1 anteriorly, T2 anteriorly and T3 anteriorly (a typical clover-shaped pattern) and posteriorly (from pit row to posterior margin).

Male. Similar to female.

Distribution

China (new record). Thailand (Tsuneki 1961; Kimsey and Bohart 1991).

Remarks

Tsuneki (1961) did not mention the repository of the holotype. Kimsey and Bohart (1991) reported it at OMNH, wherein it was not found (Dr. Rikio Matsumoto, pers. comm.).

Chrysis elegans species-group

Chrysis (Chrysis) elegans species-group: Linsenmaier 1959: 93 (key), 136 (diagnosis).

Chrysis elegans species-group: Kimsey and Bohart 1991: 325 (key), 345 (diagnosis), 329 (fig. 107d), 335 (fig. 109u), 341 (fig. 111a).

Diagnosis

The elegans species-group is characterised by having habitus cylindrical and elongate; TFC weak or indistinct; face slightly broadened below, with subparallel and short MS; head broadened behind compound eyes in dorsal view; apex of T3 without distinct teeth, at most undulate and laterally with blunt angles; posterior margin of T3 bending downwards in females; body pubescence short and whitish; forewing radial cell closed. Body length usually 7 to 11 mm; only the North-African C. albitarsis is smaller (5–6 mm). Most Palaearctic species have red to golden red metasoma; females and sometimes males have mesosoma partially red. Males of C. elegans from eastern Mediterranean countries and Middle East can be entirely emerald green to golden green.

Description

F1l/w = 1.5–2.5. Scapal basin medially polished, especially in females. TFC weak or faint, weakly M-shaped. MS = 0.5–1.0 MOD. Pronotum longer than or as long as mesoscutellum; mesopleuron with deep scrobal sulcus. T3 pit row with small, separated pits; T3 without apical teeth, at most undulate. Black spots on S2 usually large, sometimes antero-medially fused. Male genitalia with apex of gonocoxae and cuspis considerably hirsute (Arens 2015).

Biology

Members of this species-group are parasitoids of ApidaeMegachilinae (Linsenmaier 1959; Kimsey and Bohart 1991).

Species included

The elegans species-group currently includes eighteen species: Chrysis albitarsis Mocsáry, 1889; C. angustifrons Abeille de Perrin, 1878; C. bovei (du Buysson, 1898a); C. castillana (du Buysson in André, 1896); C. deposita Nurse, 1904; C. dissimilis Dahlbom, 1854; C. eldari (Radoszkowski, 1893); C. elegans Lepeletier, 1806; C. hemera Semenov, 1954; C. io Semenov, 1910; C. joppensis du Buysson, 1887; C. lapislazulina sp. n.; C. lateralis Dahlbom, 1845; C. lepida Mocsáry, 1889; C. pushkiniana Semenov, 1967; C. pyrrha Semenov, 1967; C. rubricollis du Buysson, 1900; C. rueppelli du Buysson, 1904.

Distribution

Palaearctic and Oriental regions.

Discussion

The Chrysis elegans species-group is primarily a West-Palaearctic group (Kimsey and Bohart 1991; Linsenmaier 1999; Rosa et al. 2015c), distributed from the Mediterranean basin to Middle East and central Asia, plus a new species herewith described. Only two species, Chrysis dissimilis Dahlbom, 1854, and C. lapislazulina sp. n. are known in the Oriental Region so far.

This species-group was established by Linsenmaier (1959), who originally included seven species: C. elegans Lepeletier, 1806; C. angustifrons Abeille de Perrin, 1878; C. joppensis du Buysson, 1887; C. castillana du Buysson in André, 1896; C. ignicollis Trautmann, 1926a; C. separata Trautmann, 1926a; and C. meyeri Linsenmaier, 1959. Later, Linsenmaier (1968) included also C. ashabadensis Radoszkowski, 1891 and synonymised C. meyeri with C. albitarsis Mocsáry. Kimsey and Bohart (1991) included twenty-one species, but their species-list has been partially modified in the last years: C. albitarsis Mocsáry which was placed into the cuprata species-group by Kimsey and Bohart (1991), was reintroduced into the elegans species-group by Linsenmaier (1999); C. kohli Mocsáry, 1889 was mistakenly placed into both genera Chrysis (elegans species-group) and Pseudospinolia Linsenmaier, 1951 (Kimsey and Bohart 1991: p. 428, sub C. kohlii, p. 547, as synonym of P. marqueti (du Buysson, 1887)), while it actually belongs to the genus Pseudospinolia; C. emarginatula Spinola, 1808 and C. tingitana Bischoff, 1935, both included by Kimsey and Bohart (1991) into the elegans species-group, are clearly separated by morphological (Linsenmaier 1959, 1999) and biological features, being parasitoids of Masarinae (Vespidae) (Linsenmaier 1968; Mauss 1996; http://www.chrysis.net/forum/) and not of Apoidea, the only known hosts of members in the elegans species-group (Linsenmaier 1959, 1999; Kimsey and Bohart 1991). Therefore, we follow Linsenmaier’s interpretation (1959, 1999), including these two species into the emarginatula species-group.

More recently, after type examination, C. ashabadensis was transferred into the succincta species-group and C. ignicollis was considered as a junior synonym of C. eldari (Radoszkowski, 1893) (Rosa et al. 2015c); C. separata was considered as synonym of C. lateralis Dahlbom (Rosa and Vårdal 2015). Arens (2015) elevated the subspecies C. ignicollis graeca Arens, 2004 to species rank, but in our opinion C. graeca is to be regarded as synonym of C. pushkiniana Semenov (Rosa in Arens 2015). C. goetheana Semenov, 1967 (whose type material has been examined at ZISP) is here transferred into the maculicornis species-group because of the following characteristics: male with shortened F1 and F2, female with distinct straight TFC, scapal basin entirely microridged, and MS very short.

The synonymy proposed by Trautmann (1926b), C. cupricollis Trautmann, 1921 = C. rubricollis du Buysson, 1900 is to be verified. We propose to consider C. mesochlora Mocsáry a nomen dubium, since the holotype of C. mesochlora was destroyed in Hamburg during the World War II (Kimsey and Bohart 1991), and no specimen identified by Mocsáry can be traced in his collection in Budapest or in any other European collections. Moreover, this species has never been mentioned after Mocsáry’s description, except in Kimsey and Bohart (1991).

Chrysis lapislazulina Rosa & Xu, sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/82BF0F09-535A-43C4-9AD8-FEE4F5C94D8E

Figs 8, 9

Material examined

Holotype, ♀, CHINA, Yunnan, Yuxi (20°21'07"N 102°32'47"E), 20.VII.2003, leg. Qiang Li (SCAU).

Diagnosis

Chrysis lapislazulina sp. n. is recognised by the following characteristics: body blue with golden reflection (Figs 8, 9A); pronotum, mesoscutum and mesoscutellum medially with polished intervals among punctures (Fig. 9C); metasoma with fine and even punctures (Fig. 9E); apex of T3 without undulation or teeth (Fig. 9E). It can be distinguished from another Oriental species of the species-group, C. dissimilis by: almost uniform body colouration (mesosoma green with red scutellum and golden-red metanotum, and metasoma green with blue stripes antero-laterally on T2 and T3 in C. dissimilis (Fig. 10A)); apex of T3 without tooth or undulation (medially sinuous and with blunt lateral teeth in C. dissimilis, Figs 10C, 10E); black spots on S2 sub-rectangular (Fig. 9F) (sub-oval in C. dissimilis, Fig. 10F). The female of C. lapislazulina sp. n. can be separated from females of other Palaearctic species by: metasoma entirely blue (red to golden-red in other species); metasoma with even and fine punctures (large punctures, with or without intervals and usually decreasing in diameter posteriorly in other species); black spots on S2 sub-rectangular, basally separated by more than two MOD (vs. large and sub-oval, basally fused or narrowly separated in other species).

Figure 8.

Chrysis lapislazulina Rosa & Xu, sp. n., holotype, ♀, habitus, lateral view. Scale bar=1 mm.

Description

Holotype: Female. Body length 8.0 mm.

Head. Scapal basin medially polished and laterally micropunctate (Fig. 9B). TFC M-shaped, with two weak branches extending to the level of mid ocellus. Anterior margin of clypeus medially not emarginate, laterally with thickened brownish rim. Vertex with coarse punctures. Genal carina weak, present from mid gena to mandible. Relative length of P:F1:F2:F3 = 1.0:1.3:0.8:0.7; OOL = 2.0 MOD; POL = 2.3 MOD; MS = 1.0 MOD; subantennal space 1.0 MOD.

Figure 9.

Chrysis lapislazulina Rosa & Xu, sp. n., holotype, ♀. A Habitus, dorsal view B head, frontal view C mesosoma, dorsal view D pronotum and mesopleuron, lateral view E metasoma, dorsal view F black spots on S2, ventral view. Scale bar 1 mm.

Mesosoma. Pronotum slightly longer than mesoscutellum (Fig. 9C); pronotal groove broad and almost reaching 2/3 of pronotum length; pronotal side with depression in dorsal view; punctuation coarse along anterior and lateral margins, with smaller punctures on pronotal groove and along posterior margin; pronotal dorsum with two darker areas with minute scattered punctures and impunctate intervals. Median lobe of mesoscutum in anterior half with broad, darker median area, with larger punctures and broader polished intervals; posterior half with even larger, contiguous, irregular punctures; lateral lobes of mesoscutum with more or less close, partly confluent punctuation; parapsidal furrow well incised. Mesoscutellum darker medially, with large punctures and broader intervals, smooth towards anterior edge; laterally with smaller, dense punctures and micropunctate intervals, punctuation reaching posterior edge. Metanotum slightly convex, with somewhat uneven punctures becoming denser postero-medially; anterior margin of metanotum with row of narrow, antero-posteriorly elongate foveae. Mesopleuron with small, shallow and round punctures, and shallow scrobal and episternal sulci (Fig. 9D).

Metasoma. Finely and densely punctate; punctation unusually smaller than others species of this species-group; their diameter about 1/3 to 1/4 of largest punctures on mesoscutum. T1 elongate (Fig. 9E), half as long as T2. T2 with weak or faint median ridge. T3 weakly saddled, with row of shallow small pits; apex of T3 without tooth or undulate. Black spots on S2 sub-rectangular and connected to lateral margins, widely separated medially (Fig. 9F).

Colouration. Body blue, darker on vertex, pronotum dorso-laterally, median and lateral lobes of mesoscutum medially (Figs 8, 9A) and mesoscutellum medially, metallic green on face and metasomal sternites (Figs 9B, 9F), with golden reflection on clypeus, scape and pedicel. Flagellomeres black (Fig. 9B). Tegula blackish brown, almost without metallic reflections. Post-tegula bright metallic blue (Fig. 9C). Forewing infuscate, with darkened anterior margin.

Male. Unknown.

Distribution

China (Yunnan).

Etymology

The specific epithet lapislazulina refers to the intense blue colouration with darkened areas and golden reflections; this peculiar colouration resembles the semi-precious stone lapis lazuli.

Figure 10.

Chrysis dissimilis Dahlbom, 1854, holotype, ♀. A Habitus, dorsal view B head, frontal view C habitus, lateral view D pronotum and mesopleuron, lateral view E metasoma, dorso-posterior view F black spots on S2, ventral view. Scale bar 1 mm (photos by courtesy of Lars Vilhelmsen, ZMUC).

Chrysis maculicornis species-group

Chrysis (Cornuchrysis) maculicornis species-group: Linsenmaier 1959: 173 (partim).

Chrysis maculicornis species-group: Kimsey and Bohart 1991: 353 (key), 341 (fig. 111m).

Diagnosis

The maculicornis species-group is characterised by having males with shortened F1 and F2, F1 slightly longer than F2, but shorter than F3; females with F1l/w ≈ 2.0; MS usually 0.2–1.3 MOD; face slightly wedge-shaped in frontal view.

Description

Male F1l/w = 1.0–1.4; F1 slightly longer than F2, but shorter than F3. Female F1l/w ≈ 2.0. Scapal basin micropunctate or microridged medially. TFC well developed, biconvex. Mid ocellus sometimes lidded. MS usually 0.2–1.3 MOD. T3 in female sometimes with prepit bulge; pit row usually well developed. T3 with four sharp apical teeth. Black spots on S2 large and sub-oval, separated medially and sometimes connected to lateral margins.

Species included

Kimsey and Bohart (1991) in the species-group diagnosis included fifteen Palaearctic species, but in their checklist reported twenty-two Palaearctic species, one Oriental (C. perfecta Cameron, 1897) and one Afrotropical (C. rhinata Bohart, 1988). The list of Palaearctic species needs to be further verificated, because some species have been included in the cerastes species-group (e.g. C. subdistincta Linsenmaier).

Distribution

Palaearctic, Oriental and Afrotropical regions.

Remarks

Linsenmaier (1959, 1968) included in the maculicornis species-group only the species with shortened F1 and F2 and flagellomeres yellowish beneath in males (e.g. C. maculicornis Klug, 1845, C. fulvicornis Mocsáry, 1889, and C. stigmaticornis Linsenmaier, 1968). Kimsey and Bohart (1991) added the species close to C. annulata du Buysson, 1887 (e.g. C. blanchardi Lucas, 1849; C. distincta Mocsáry, 1887; C. rectianalis Linsenmaier, 1968, etc.) into the maculicornis species-group, whereas Linsenmaier (1959, 1968) included them in the cerastes species-group. In this paper we follow Kimsey and Bohart’s (1991) interpretation of the maculicornis species-group.

Chrysis subdistincta Linsenmaier, 1968

Fig. 11

Chrysis (Chrysis) subdistincta Linsenmaier, 1968: 110. Holotype ♀; Turkmenistan (Transcaspia) (NMLS) (examined).

Chrysis subdistincta : Kimsey and Bohart 1991: 467 (cerastes species-group).

Type material

Holotype, ♀, [TURKMENISTAN] Transcaspia Imam-baba W.Koshantschikoff // ♀ Type Chrysis L. subdistincta Lins. Linsenmaier det. 66 (NMLS). Additional material: 1♀, CHINA, Gansu, Jiuquan, Huangnibao, 1700 m, 15.VII.2010, leg. Xu-feng Zhang & Feng-li Cui, No. 34020575 (SHEM); 1♀, CHINA, Gansu, Jiuquan, Huangnibao, 1700 m, 16.VII.2010, leg. Xu-feng Zhang & Feng-li Cui, No. 34020062 (SHEM).

Figure 11.

Chrysis subdistincta Linsenmaier, 1968, ♀ from Gansu. A Habitus, lateral view B head, frontal view C mesoscutum, mesoscutellum and metanotum, dorsal view D head, pronotum and mesopleuron, lateral view E metasoma, dorsal view FT3, dorsal view.

Diagnosis

Chrysis subdistincta belongs to the Palaearctic C. annulata sub-group and is the only known Chinese species of the maculicornis species-group. It can be recognised by apex of T3 with median pair of apical teeth longer than lateral pair (all the apical teeth are of similar length in other species), and pit row with large, fused pits (usually small, widely separated in other species).

Description

Female (Fig. 11A). Body length 6.5 mm.

Head. Scapal basin deep and micro-punctate (Fig. 11B), TFC well-developed, inverted U-shaped, with long branches in contact with eyes. Relative length of P:F1:F2:F3 = 1.0:1.2:1.0:1.0. OOL = 1.3 MOD; POL = 1.9 MOD; MS = 0.2 MOD; subantennal space 0.5 MOD. Anterior margin of clypeus broadly emarginate. Genal carina developed throughout its length.

Mesosoma. Pronotum medially narrowed, 0.8 times as long as mesoscutellum; pronotal groove faint. Pronotum, mesoscutum and mesoscutellum with large foveate punctures; interspaces micropunctate. Notauli with large subquadrate foveae. Mesopleuron with deep and scrobiculate episternal and scrobal sulci (Fig. 11D).

Metasoma. Metasoma with deep, large round punctures (Fig. 11E). PD on T2 decreasing towards posterior margin. T2 and T3 with weak median ridge. T3 pit row slightly transversely bulging before pit row; pit row with large, laterally fused pits; apex of T3 with four pointed teeth, apically hyaline, with median pair of teeth longer than lateral pair (Fig. 11F).

Colouration. Head and mesosoma blue, with metallic green on TFC, vertex, pronotum and mesoscutum dorso-laterally, and mesoscutellum medially. Metasoma golden to metallic reddish, with metallic blue on T3 from pit row to apical teeth.

Male. Unknown.

Distribution

China (new record). Turkmenistan (Linsenmaier 1968).

Remarks

Kimsey and Bohart (1991) followed Linsenmaier (1968) and placed Chrysis subdistincta into the cerastes species-group. Nevertheless, this species is closely related to C. annulata du Buysson from which it is recognizable by the elongate teeth on T3. C. annulata and related species have been included in the maculicornis species-group by Kimsey and Bohart (1991). Therefore, we consequently include C. subdistincta in this species-group.

Acknowledgments

We express our gratitude to Hai-sheng Yin and Li Dai (SHEM) for their kind help during the second author’s visit to their museum. A special thanks to Rikio Matsumoto (OMNH) for the pictures of Chrysis taiwana, Lars Vilhelmsen (ZMUC) for the pictures of Chrysis dissimilis and Sergey Belokobylskij (ZISP) for cooperation in the study of the Chrysididae types, Fabrizio Rigato and Maurizio Pavesi (Museo Storia Naturale di Milano, Italy) for critical review and English proofreading, Frank Koch (MNHU), Roberto Poggi (MSNG) and Zoltán Vas (HNHM) for access to type material. We are indebted to subject editor Michael Ohl and the anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions which improved the manuscript. The study was supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (No. 2013 CB127600) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (30770265).

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