Research Article |
Corresponding author: Xin Xu ( xuxin_09@163.com ) Corresponding author: Daiqin Li ( daiqin.li@nus.edu.sg ) Academic editor: Ingi Agnarsson
© 2017 Xin Xu, Chen Xu, Fan Li, Pham Dinh-Sac, Daiqin Li.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Xu X, Xu C, Li F, Pham DS, Li D (2017) Trapdoor spiders of the genus Cyclocosmia Ausserer, 1871 from China and Vietnam (Araneae, Ctenizidae). ZooKeys 643: 75-85. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.643.10797
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A species of the genus Cyclocosmia Ausserer, 1871 collected from Guizhou Province, China is diagnosed and described as new to science: C. liui Xu, Xu & Li, sp. n. (♀). New records of C. latusicosta Zhu, Zhang & Zhang, 2006 (♀) from China (Yunnan Province) and Vietnam (Vinh Phuc Province, Ninh Binh Province), and C. ricketti (Pocock, 1901) collected from Jiangxi Province, China are also reported in this study.
China, Cyclocosmia , taxonomy, trapdoor spider, Vietnam
The mygalomorph family Ctenizidae is ancient, long-lived, regionally endemic and dispersal-limited, and thus is of long-standing and persistent conservation significance in many regions of the world (
Despite being present across much of the world, Ctenizidae is represented by only approximately 130 extant species-level taxa (
Despite being a small genus, Cyclocosmia contains some of the most fascinating spiders in the world (
Cyclocosmia ricketti (Pocock, 1901) A habitat B–D habitus of female (XUC-2013-013) E abdomen, lateral view F posterior portion of opisthosoma, ventral view, showing spinnerets G female genitalia (XUC-2013-013), dorsal view H female genitalia (tianzishan-2016), dorsal view I showing opisthosomal disc in plugging position (XUC-2013-013) J–L abdomen, caudal view (J XUC-2013-013 K Tianzishan-2016 L C-2016-001). Scale bars 0.5 mm.
Cyclocosmia is currently represented by seven nominal species: two in the USA (C. torreya Gertsch & Platnick, 1975 and C. truncata (Hertz, 1841)), one in Mexico and Guatemala (C. loricata (C. K. Koch, 1842)) and four in East and Southeast Asia (C. latusicosta Zhu, Zhang & Zhang, 2006 and C. ricketti (Pocock, 1901) in China, C. lannaensis Schwendinger, 2005 in China and Thailand, C. siamensis Schwendinger, 2005 in Thailand and Laos) (
Specimens were studied using an Olympus SZX16 stereomicroscope. Anatomical details were examined and photographed with on Olympus BX51 compound microscope and a Canon 7D camera. Genitalia were cleared in boiling KOH for a few minutes to dissolve soft tissues. All the specimens were deposited at the Centre for Behavioural Ecology and Evolution (CBEE), College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China. All lengths are given in millimetres. Leg and palp measurements are given in the following order: total length (femur + patella + tibia + metatarsus + tarsus).
Abbreviations used:
ALE anterior lateral eye
AME anterior median eye
PLE posterior lateral eye
PME posterior median eye
MOA median ocular area
PMS posterior median spinneret
PLS posterior lateral spinneret
Cyclocosmia Ausserer, 1871, type species Cyclocosmia truncata (Hentz, 1841): 144.
Chorizops Ausserer, 1871, type species by original designation Actinopus loricatus C. L. Koch, 1842, synonymised by Gertsch & Platnick, 1975: 15.
The genus Cyclocosmia differs from all the other genera of Ctenizidae by the abruptly truncated abdomen forming a heavily sclerotized disc that is enhanced by a series of raised ribs and grooves (
Halonoproctus ricketti Pocock, 1901: 209, pl. 21, f. 1 (described female of Pocock, 1901 was not examined).
Cyclocosmia ricketti Simon, 1903: 887, f. 1044–1047; Gertsch & Platnick, 1975: 18, f. 28–29, 32, 36; Song, Zhu & Chen, 1999: 36, f. 16H, K–L; Schwendinger, 2005: 227, f. 2–8, pl. 1D; Zhu, Zhang & Zhang, 2006: 120, f. 1, 2A–E; Zhang, Gao & Li, 2007: 385, f. 101; Yin et al., 2012: 134, f. 13a–e.
Female (XUC-2013-013), Mt. Nan, Ciping Town, Jinggangshan City, Jiangxi Province, China, 26.56892°N, 114.16350°E, 22 October 2013, collected by F.X. Liu, X. Xu and C. Xu; 1 Juvenile (C-2016-001), Cemetery of Jinggangshan Revolutionary Martyrs, Ciping Town, Jinggangshan City, Jiangxi Province, 26.57873°N, 114.15960°E, 31 August 2016, collected by X. Xu; 1 female (Tianzishan-2016), Mt. Tianzi, Zhangjiajie, Hunan Province, China, 29.40°N, 110.44°E, 10 March 2016, collected by S.F. Peng.
Cyclocosmia ricketti differs from other species of Cyclocosmia by the character of 23-33 radiating ribs on each side of abdominal disc (Fig.
Female (XUC-2013-013). Total length, including chelicerae, 14.00; carapace 6.50 long, 5.40 wide; abdomen 6.50 long, 9.30 wide. Carapace red-brown and smooth, with a few marginal hairs in the front of ocular area, four long bent bristles in longitudinal row running through ocular area, the posterior two bristles have been damaged (Fig.
Legs yellow-brown. Tibiae and tarsi of pedipalps, and distal three segments of legs I and II with numerous horn-like spines, metatarsus III with a few short dorsal and two ventrally spines, tarsus III with a few dark spines prolaterally and ventrally. Legs each with three tarsal claws, paired claws with a single large tooth, unpaired claw lacking tooth. Palp with a single claw bearing one tooth. Measurements: palp 10.06 (4.00 + 2.10 + 2.30 + 2.20), leg I 11.00 (4.20 + 1.60 + 2.50 + 1.50 + 1.20), leg II 8.60 (3.20 + 1.40 + 1.50 + 1.40 + 1.10), leg III 8.50 (3.50 + 1.30 + 1.20 + 1.00 + 1.50), leg IV 12.20 (4.00 + 2.60 + 2.10 + 2.00 + 1.50). Formula: 4123.
Abdomen funnel-shaped and dark yellow-brown (Fig.
China (Fujian, Hunan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Sichuan).
Cyclocosmia ricketti was diagnosed and described based on the holotype female collected from Fujian, and since then, according to the character of the abdominal disc with 23-33 ribs on each side, researchers have identified specimens collected from Hunan, Zhejiang, Sichuan as C. ricketti. Here, a specimen collected from Jiangxi is also identified as C. ricketti on the basis of this character; C. ricketti was not recorded in Jiangxi before. Males remain unknown.
Cyclocosmia latusicosta Zhu, Zhang & Zhang, 2006: 121, f. 4, 5A–D, 6A–J (described female of Zhu, Zhang & Zhang, 2006 was not examined); Zhang, Gao & Li, 2007: 385, f. 1–100.
Female (17-1-2013), Tam Dao Town, Tam Dao National Park, Vinh Phuc Province, Vietnam, 21.45847°N, 105.64834°E, 17 January 2013, collected by D. Li, F.X. Liu and X. Xu; Female (XUC-2016-017), Cuc Phuong National Park, Nho Quan, Ninh Binh Province, Vietnam, 20.34915°N, 105.59927°E, 31 May 2016, D. Li, F. Li and F.X. Liu; 3 females and 1 juveniles (LH-2016-(002-005)), rubber plantation, Hekou City, Yunnan, 22.537°N, 103.942°E, 15 September 2016, F. Li, F.X. Liu and L. Yu.
Females of C. latusicosta are different from other Cyclocosmia species by their abdominal disc with 22–27 wide ribs on each side, each upper muscle impression with an elevated zone connected to the outer rim of each upper muscle impression, and the length of spermathecae being more or less 1.7–2.0 times longer than width.
Female. Total length, including chelicerae, 17.10–30.20; chelicerae 2.60–4.90 long; carapace 7.50–14.50 long, 6.71–12.50 wide; abdomen 9.30–11.60 long, 12.20–18.50 wide. Carapace red-brown and smooth, with a few marginal hairs and a long bristle in front of ocular area, six long bent bristles in longitudinal row and two bristles in latitudinal running through ocular area (Fig.
Cyclocosmia latusicosta Zhu, Zhang & Zhang, 2006 A habitus of female, lateral view (17-I-2013) B posterior portion of opisthosoma, ventral view, showing spinnerets C abdomen, lateral view (XUC-2016-017) D–I abdomen, caudal view (D 17-I-2013 E XUC-2016-017 F LH-2016-002 G LH-2016-003 H LH-2016-004 I LH-2016-005) J–N female genitalia (J 17-I-2013 K XUC-2016-017 L LH-2016-003 M LH-2016-004 N LH-2016-005), dorsal view. Scale bars A, B, D 1mm, J–N 0.5 mm.
Legs yellow-brown. Tibiae and tarsi of pedipalps, and distal three segments of legs I and II with numerous horn-like spines, metatarsus III with a few short dorsal and ventrally spines, tarsus III with a few dark spines prolaterally and ventrally. Legs each with 3 tarsal claws, paired claws with a single large tooth, unpaired claw lacking tooth. Palp with a single claw bearing one tooth. Measurements: palp 12.10 (4.20 + 1.80 + 3.10 + 3.00), leg I 14.00 (5.00 + 2.00 + 3.00 + 2.00 + 2.00), leg II 11.20 (4.10 + 2.00 + 2.00 + 1.50 + 1.60), leg III 11.00 (4.10 + 1.00 + 2.20 + 1.70 + 2.00), leg IV 15.20 (5.00 + 3.00 + 2.50 + 2.50 + 2.20). Formula: 4123.
Abdomen funnel-shaped and dark yellow-brown (Fig.
China (Guangxi, Yunnan), Vietnam (Vinh Phuc, Ninh Binh).
Cyclocosmia latusicosta was diagnosed based on the holotype female collected from Guangxi Province, China, near the border to Vietnam. This study provides a new record from China (Yunnan) and Vietnam. We preliminarily treated the differences in the spermathecae among five specimens (17-1-2013, XUC-2016-017, LH-2016-003/004/005) as the intraspecific variation according to the work of
Female (C-XUX-2015), Mt. Fanjing, Taiping Town, Jiangkou County, Tongren City, Guizhou Province, China, 27.8513°N, 108.7779°E, 25 May 2015, collected by Z.Q. Li, F.X. Liu and M. Yan.
The specific name is taken from the family name of the collector Fengxiang Liu, who joined all collecting trips and has worked on spiders for a few decades.
Female of C. liui sp. n. can be distinguished from C. ricketti by abdominal disc with 33/34 ribs on each side, the rims of the upper pair muscle impressions with distinct granular structures in almost same size, the groove around the six well-marked muscle impressions dark red colour, and the middle pair muscle impressions with an elevated central zone connected to the inner rim of muscle impression (Fig.
Total length, including chelicerae, 22.50; chelicerae 3.40 long; carapace 9.70 long, 8.00 wide; abdomen 11.50 long, 14.20 wide. Carapace dark brown and smooth, with a few marginal hairs and a long bristle in the front of ocular area, three long bent bristles in longitudinal row running through ocular area (Fig.
Legs brown. Tibiae and tarsi of pedipalps, and distal three segments of legs I and II with numerous horn-like spines, metatarsus III with a few short dorsal ventrally spines, tarsus III with a few dark spines prolaterally and ventrally. Legs each with three tarsal claws, paired claws with a single large tooth, unpaired claw lacking tooth. Palp with a single claw bearing one tooth. Measurements: palp 14.50 (5.60 + 2.30 + 3.00 + 3.60), leg I 17.50 (6.00 + 3.00 + 3.70 + 2.80 + 2.00), leg II 14.40 (5.10 + 2.30 + 3.00 + 2.20 + 1.80), leg III 14.80 (5.20 + 3.00 + 2.30 + 2.20 + 2.10), leg IV 17.70 (5.50 + 3.20 + 3.50 + 3.10 + 2.40). Formula: 4132.
Abdomen funnel-shaped and dark brown. Caudal disc slightly convex (Fig.
Male. Unknown.
China (Guizhou).
This study was supported by the grants from the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (NSFC-31601850 and NSFC-31272324) and the Singapore Ministry of Education (MOE) AcRF Tier 1 grant (R-154-000-638-112). We value the positive feedback from Hirotsugu Ono and Vera Opatova and thank them for their insightful and constructive comments on the manuscript. We are grateful to Ziqi Li, Mu Yan, Zengtao Zhang, and Shuaifu Peng for their field work. We also thank the staff of the Centre for Behavioural Ecology and Evolution (CBEE, Hubei University) for all their help and support throughout this study.