Corresponding author: Naoto Jimi (
Academic editor: Greg Rouse
Jimi N, Fujiwara Y (2016) New species of
Nine flabelligerid genera have been recorded from Japanese waters to date, i.e.,
Phylogenetic analyses of
During benthos sampling in an aquarium in the Shimoda Marine Research Center cytochrome 16S ribosomal RNA 18S ribosomal RNA 28S ribosomal RNA
Worms were collected by hand from a tank (MF-5000S, aquaculture system, Japan. 2.4 m in diameter and 1.1 m in depth) installed in the
Sampling location of
Genomic DNA was extracted from a small piece of the epidermal tissue of the holotype ( polymerase chain reaction DNA Data Bank of Japan
Additional sequences of maximum likelihood
List of flabelligerid, acrocirrid, and cirratulid species included in the phylogenetic analysis, together with accession numbers in GenBank.
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Collection site | Reference |
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Vattenholmen, Sweden |
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Central California, USA |
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Monterey, California, USA |
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– | – | Gullmarsfjorden, Sweden |
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South Orkney Islands, Antarctica |
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La Jolla, California, USA |
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Iceland | Rousset et al. (2007) |
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Astoria, Oregon, USA |
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Malibu, California, USA |
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– | – | Central California, USA |
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Santa Monica, California, USA |
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– | Monterey, California, USA |
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Spencer Gulf, South Australia |
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– | – | – | Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA |
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Shimoda, Shizuoka, Japan | This study |
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Pacific Antarctic Ridge |
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Monterey, California |
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Iceland |
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– | – | Massachusetts, USA | Rousset et al. (2007) |
New Japanese name: Yoroi-habouki-zoku
Holotype. No.
Paratypes. No.
Body covered by large sediment grains dorsally, ventrally, and laterally, without posterior region. Sediment grains not immersed in the tunic. Papillae arise in four rows ventrally and two rows dorsally from first chaetiger to posterior end, longitudinal rows. Tongue-shaped branchial plate. Paired black eyes on center of prostomium. Anchylosed bidentate neurohooks start from chaetiger 17–20, accessory tooth length same as fang.
Body length 10.2–11.2 cm (complete specimens), width 0.3–0.7 cm, 129–141 chaetiger (complete specimens). Body white in ethanol, cylindrical anteriorly and tapering posteriorly (Fig.
The worm is coated with sediment particles, resembling armor. Hephaistos (Ἥφαιστος) was the name of the ancient Greek god of blacksmiths who forged the armor worn by Achilleus. Hephaistos is also spelled Hephaestus. The Japanese name is derived from the type locality (Shimoda), Japanese armor (Yoroi), and flabelligerids in Japanese (Habouki).
This new species is currently only known from the tank of the type locality. The seawater in the tank was drawn only from Nabeta Bay from a depth of 3 m directly facing the
The final lengths of the aligned sequences were 669 bp (
Maximum-likelihood
The phylogenetic analysis showed
The key by
19 | Anchylosed neurohooks from chaetiger 14; neurohooks with accessory tooth longer than fang, eyes absent |
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– | Anchylosed neurohooks from chaetiger 17, or from posterior chaetigers; neurohooks with accessory tooth about as long as fang, eyes present |
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20 | Anchylosed neurohooks from chaetiger 17–20; Branchial plate tongue -shaped |
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– | Anchylosed neurohooks from chaetiger 40; Branchial plate not tongue-shaped |
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We thank Dr. Hiroaki Nakano and staff of the