2urn:lsid:arphahub.com:pub:45048D35-BB1D-5CE8-9668-537E44BD4C7Eurn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:91BD42D4-90F1-4B45-9350-EEF175B1727AZooKeysZK1313-29891313-2970Pensoft Publishers10.3897/zookeys.585.80198019Data PaperHesperiidaeLepidopteraLycaenidaeNymphalidaePapilionidaePieridaeBiogeographyClimate changeCoastalConservation BiologyEcological informaticsEcological ModellingForests - General and TemperateGrasslandsParks and Protected AreasPopulation Management Harvesting and MonitoringScaling of Population Dynamics and Biodiversity PatternsUrban and Built EnvironmentWetlandsBelgiumA database on the distribution of butterflies (Lepidoptera) in northern Belgium (Flanders and the Brussels Capital Region)MaesDirkdirk.maes@inbo.be1VanreuselWouter2HerremansMarc2VantieghemPieter3BrosensDimitrihttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0846-91161GielenKarin2BeckOlivier4Van DyckHans5DesmetPeterhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8442-80251NatuurpuntVlinderwerkgroep3Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Kliniekstraat 25, B-1070 Brussels, BelgiumResearch Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO)BrusselsBelgiumNatuurpunt Studie, Coxiestraat 11, B-2800 Mechelen, BelgiumNatuurpunt StudieMechelenBelgiumVlinderwerkgroep Natuurpunt, Coxiestraat 11, B-2800 Mechelen, BelgiumVlinderwerkgroep NatuurpuntMechelenBelgiumLeefmilieu Brussel – BIM / Bruxelles Environnement – IBGE, Afd. Groene ruimten, Dpt. Biodiversiteit, Thurn & Taxis-site, Havenlaan 86C/3000 B-1000 Brussels, BelgiumLeefmilieu Brussel/BIMBrusselsBelgiumBiodiversity Research Centre, Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 4-5, bte L7.07.04, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, BelgiumUniversité catholique de LouvainLouvain-la-NeuveBelgium
201627042016585143156FFF4FD52-7538-FFF4-FFFD-3456AC7BFFE59BFEAD52-017C-4B36-AD2A-9F40751895FF1182440302201626032016Dirk Maes, Wouter Vanreusel, Marc Herremans, Pieter Vantieghem, Dimitri Brosens, Karin Gielen, Olivier Beck, Hans Van Dyck, Peter Desmet, Vlinderwerkgroep NatuurpuntThis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.http://zoobank.org/9BFEAD52-017C-4B36-AD2A-9F40751895FF
In this data paper, we describe two datasets derived from two sources, which collectively represent the most complete overview of butterflies in Flanders and the Brussels Capital Region (northern Belgium). The first dataset (further referred to as the INBO dataset – http://doi.org/10.15468/njgbmh) contains 761,660 records of 70 species and is compiled by the
Research Institute for Nature and Forest
(INBO) in cooperation with the Butterfly working group of Natuurpunt (Vlinderwerkgroep). It is derived from the database Vlinderdatabank at the INBO, which consists of (historical) collection and literature data (1830-2001), for which all butterfly specimens in institutional and available personal collections were digitized and all entomological and other relevant publications were checked for butterfly distribution data. It also contains observations and monitoring data for the period 1991-2014. The latter type were collected by a (small) butterfly monitoring network where butterflies were recorded using a standardized protocol. The second dataset (further referred to as the Natuurpunt dataset – http://doi.org/10.15468/ezfbee) contains 612,934 records of 63 species and is derived from the database http://waarnemingen.be, hosted at the nature conservation NGO Natuurpunt in collaboration with Stichting Natuurinformatie. This dataset contains butterfly observations by volunteers (citizen scientists), mainly since 2008. Together, these datasets currently contain a total of 1,374,594 records, which are georeferenced using the centroid of their respective 5 × 5 km²
Universal Transverse Mercator
(UTM) grid cell. Both datasets are published as open data and are available through the
Maes D, Vanreusel W, Herremans M, Vantieghem P, Brosens D, Gielen K, Beck O, Van Dyck H, Desmet P, Vlinderwerkgroep Natuurpunt (2016) A database on the distribution of butterflies (Lepidoptera) in northern Belgium (Flanders and the Brussels Capital Region). ZooKeys 585: 143–156. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.585.8019
Resource citation
Maes D, Brosens D, Beck O, Van Dyck H, Desmet P, Vlinderwerkgroep Natuurpunt, all butterfly recorders (2016): Vlinderdatabank – Butterflies in Flanders and the Brussels Capital Region, Belgium. Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO) Dataset/Occurrence. http://doi.org/10.15468/njgbmh Data paper: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.585.8019
This paper describes version 1.3 of this resource: http://dataset.inbo.be/dagvlinders-inbo-occurrences&v=1.3
Vanreusel W, Herremans M, Vantieghem P, Gielen K, Vlinderwerkgroep Natuurpunt, all butterfly recorders (2016): Waarnemingen.be - Butterfly occurrences in Flanders and the Brussels Capital Region, Belgium. Natuurpunt. Dataset/Occurrence. http://doi.org/10.15468/ezfbee Data paper: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.585.8019
This paper describes version 1.2 of this resource: http://dataset.inbo.be/dagvlinders-natuurpunt-occurrences&v=1.2
Butterflies are among the best studied insects in the world and have always attracted the attention of both professional researchers, amateur naturalists, butterfly collectors, and the wider public (Kühn et al. 2008). Butterflies are widely considered as interesting study systems for ecology, evolution, behaviour, and conservation biology (e.g., Watt and Boggs 2003). Many butterflies have been collected and subsequently stored in museum or private collections. Furthermore, entomologists have often published lists of observed species during excursions to special habitats or have made overviews of regional or national butterfly faunas. In Belgium, entomology in general and lepidopterology in particular, have a long tradition with the first faunas already published only seven years after its independence in 1830 (De Selys-Longchamps 1837). Since then, several authors have updated the Belgian butterfly fauna based on collections or observations (e.g., Hackray et al. 1969; De Prins 1998). In 1991, the youth and nature organization
Jeugdbond voor Natuur en Milieu
(JNM) launched a butterfly project with the aim to publish a distribution atlas of the butterflies of Flanders, northern Belgium (Daniëls 1991). To do so, a first step consisted of collecting all historical collection and literature data. Secondly, a working group was organised in cooperation between JNM, De Wielewaal (which later became Natuurpunt) and the INBO that set up a citizen science project to obtain as many butterfly observations with a good spatial coverage over Flanders. The data gathered during this project (period 1991-1998) were used to compile a first Red List (Maes and Van Dyck 2001) and a distribution atlas of butterflies in Flanders, including the Brussels Capital Region (Maes and Van Dyck 1999). Recently, both the Red List (Maes et al. 2012) and the distribution atlas (Maes et al. 2013) were updated using recent distribution data recorded through www.waarnemingen.be, a data portal launched by Natuurpunt, the largest nature conservation NGO in Belgium, where citizen-scientists can store and keep track of their recordings. Here, we publish both the historical and the more recent data used for the Red List and the distribution atlases as a data paper on a UTM grid cell resolution of 5 × 5 km².
Taxonomic coverage
The datasets cover all 67 indigenous and 3 regular migrant butterfly species (Coliascroceus, Coliashyale, Vanessacardui). In the INBO dataset vagrant or doubtful species (Apaturailia, Arethusanaarethusa, Boloriadia, Brenthisino, Coenonymphaarcania, Coliasalfacariensis, Coliaspalaeno, Cupidoargiades, Danausplexippus, Erebiaaethiops, Erebialigea, Erebiamedusa, Hamearislucina, Iphiclidespodalirius, Lampidesboeticus, Lasiommatamaera, Limenitispopuli, L.reducta, Lycaenadispar, Lycaenahelle, Lycaenahippothoe, Lycaenavirgaureae, Melitaeaaurelia, Pontiadaplidice) and introduced species (Cacyreusmarshalli and Polyommatusdamon) were excluded because no evidence of the observation was available. In the Natuurpunt dataset, however, eight vagrant species with photographic evidence, that most likely spontaneously reached Flanders were included (Apaturailia, Brenthisino, Cupidoargiades, Iphiclidespodalirius, Lampidesboeticus, Nymphalisxanthomelas, Polyommatuscoridon and Pontiadaplidice). Three additional species (Aporiacrataegi, Argynnisadippe and A.aglaja) are considered as indigenous species, but recent observations are all vagrant individuals. Nomenclature is according to Fauna Europaea (http://www.faunaeur.org/full_results.php?id=7).
Species: Table 1 gives an overview of the species, together with the number of records present in the respective datasets.
The number of records per species in the two datasets and the sum of the records in both datasets. v = observations with photographic evidence, but the species most probably do not have populations in Flanders. † indicates that a species is considered as extinct in Flanders; the year of extinction is also given. Observations after the year of extinction are considered as vagrant individuals. M: regular migrant species, (M): the species is indigenous, but the regional population is supplemented by migrant individuals.
Species name
INBO
Natuurpunt
Total
Aglaisio
54,329
52,471
106,800
Aglaisurticae
35,237
25,047
60,284
Anthochariscardamines
15,689
17,393
33,082
Apaturailia
-
4v
4
Apaturairis
141
304
445
Aphantopushyperantus
8,156
7,636
15,792
Aporiacrataegi†1960
120
2v
122
Araschnialevana
24,772
18,531
43,303
Argynnisadippe†1947
22
3v
25
Argynnisaglaja†1971
54
1v
55
Argynnisniobe†1977
21
-
21
Argynnispaphia
272
697
969
Ariciaagestis
6,867
5,251
12,118
Boloriaeuphrosyne†1949
37
-
37
Boloriaselene†1994
181
-
181
Brenthisino
-
7v
7
Callophrysrubi
2,008
1,552
3,560
Carcharodusalceae
16
402
418
Carterocephaluspalaemon
1,159
2,478
3,637
Celastrinaargiolus
21,857
20,579
42,436
Coenonymphahero†1912
16
-
16
Coenonymphapamphilus
9,886
10,429
20,315
Coenonymphatullia†1994
70
-
70
ColiascroceusM
3,380
12,762
16,142
ColiashyaleM
617
277
894
Cupidoargiades
-
1v
1
Cupidominimus
82
43
125
Cyanirissemiargus
222
76
298
Erynnistages
102
130
232
Euphydryasaurinia†1959
65
-
65
Favoniusquercus
2,217
3,051
5,268
Gonepteryxrhamni
20,011
22,357
42,368
Hesperiacomma
145
471
616
Heteropterusmorpheus†1995
29
-
29
Hipparchiasemele
4,157
5,160
9,317
Hipparchiastatilinus†1930
11
-
11
Iphiclidespodalirius
-
5v
5
Issorialathonia
2,794
3,216
6,010
Lampidesboeticus
-
44v
44
Lasiommatamegera
4,089
1,882
5,971
Leptideasinapis
144
585
729
Limenitiscamilla
1,154
2,323
3,477
Limenitispopuli†1957
14
-
14
Lycaenaphlaeas
16,393
15,246
31,639
Lycaenatityrus
303
263
566
Maniolajurtina
35,117
31,782
66,899
Melanargiagalathea
53
23
76
Melitaeaathalia†1968
80
-
80
Melitaeacinxia
300
466
766
Melitaeadiamina†1954
28
-
28
Nymphalisantiopa
240
63
303
Nymphalispolychloros
323
362
685
Nymphalisxanthomelas
-
5v
5
Ochlodessylvanus
11,484
15,660
27,144
Papiliomachaon
10,322
8,927
19,249
Parargeaegeria
65,290
56,129
121,419
Phengarisalcon
441
342
783
Phengaristeleius†1980
136
-
136
Pierisbrassicae
45,713
22,030
67,743
Pierisnapi
54,313
28,294
82,607
Pierisrapae
94,957
52,188
147,145
Plebejusargus
1,436
1,711
3,147
Plebejusidas†1984
15
-
15
Polygoniac-album
33,660
36,058
69,718
Polyommatuscoridon
-
12v
12
Polyommatusicarus
20,269
21,186
41,455
Pontiadaplidice
-
3v
3
Pyrgusarmoricanus†1952
18
-
18
Pyrgusmalvae
589
527
1116
Pyroniatithonus
31,771
21,184
52,955
Satyriumilicis
397
617
1,014
Satyriumw-album
97
504
601
Spialiasertorius†1937
8
-
8
Theclabetulae
835
2,191
3,026
Thymelicuslineola
17,087
5,029
22,116
Thymelicussylvestris
1,012
387
1,399
Vanessaatalanta(M)
69,965
55,306
125,271
VanessacarduiM
28,865
21,269
50,134
Total
761,660
612,934
1,374,594
N species
70
63
78
Number of grid cells surveyed
631
634
637
Number of different observers
1,697
3,856
Common names: Butterflies
Geographic coverageFlanders and the Brussels Capital Region
Flanders and the Brussels Capital Region cover an area of 13,522 km² and 162 km² respectively (13,684 km² in total – Figure 1). This area is situated in the northern of Belgium and represents 45% of the Belgian territory. Flanders is largely covered by agricultural land and urban areas while the Brussels Capital Region is mainly urban (Table 2). Both regions have a very high population density (Table 2).
The location of Belgium in Europe (left) and the three administrative regions of Belgium (right): Flanders (yellow), the Brussels Capital Region (black) and Wallonia (red).
https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/86871
Area of the main land use types in Flanders and the Brussels Capital Region in ha (ranked in descending order of percentage in both regions). Source: Biological Valuation Map Flanders and the Brussels Capital Region (Vriens et al. 2011).
Land use type
Flanders
Land use type
Brussels Capital Region
Agricultural land
702 276 (51%)
Urban areas
11 917 (73%)
Urban areas
411 144 (30%)
Woodlands
1988 (12%)
Woodlands
138 595 (10%)
Other green areas
1568 (10%)
Other green areas
39 516 (3%)
Agricultural land
544 (3%)
Water
32 008 (2%)
Water
185 (1%)
Semi-natural grasslands
15 315 (1%)
Semi-natural grasslands
27 (<1%)
Heathlands
8140 (<1%)
Marshes
17 (<1%)
Coastal dunes
1818 (<1%)
Heathlands
3 (<1%)
Marshes
1742 (<1%)
Mud flats and salt marshes
1497 (<1%)
Population density
474/km²
7210/km²
Bounding box
50°40'48"N to 51°30'36"N latitude, 2°32'24"E to 5°55'12"E longitude
Georeferencing method
All distribution data of butterflies in Flanders and the Brussels Capital Region were attributed to grid cells of 5 × 5 km² of the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) projection (Figure 2). The centroids of the 5 × 5 km² grid cells were calculated using the WGS84 projection with a coordinateUncertaintyInMeters of 3,769 meters (Wieczorek et al. 2004).
10 × 10 km² UTM grid cells in Flanders and in the Brussels Capital Region. The partitioning of 10 × 10 km² UTM grid cells (left) into 5 × 5 km² UTM grid cells is shown on the right. The 5 × 5 km² UTM grid cells were used to georeference the distribution data in Flanders and the Brussels Capital Region.
https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/86872
In total, Flanders and the Brussels Capital Region cover 638 (622 with records) and 9 (all nine with records) grid cells, respectively. The grid cells without records only cover a very small area within Flanders.
Temporal coverage
The INBO dataset mainly covers the historical museum and literature records (since 1830), butterfly monitoring records (since 1991) and observations (until 2008) while the Natuurpunt dataset covers the recent observations (mostly since 2008). Between 2000 and 2006, a butterfly survey project was organised in the province of West-Flanders (Cuvelier et al. 2007) and in the period 2006-2008, a similar project was undertaken in the Brussels Capital Region by the INBO on demand of Leefmilieu Brussel – BIM (Beckers et al. 2009). Both datasources were integrated in the INBO dataset. Since the introduction of the data portal www.waarnemingen.be for storing observations by the NGO Natuurpunt in 2008, the number of records has strongly increased and now reaches almost 150,000 records per year (Figure 3). The datasets will be updated on a yearly basis.
Number of collected records between 1830 and 1985 (left) and between 1986 and 2014 (right) in the two datasets (INBO and Natuurpunt). Each number on the x-axis stands for a period of 5 years (e.g., 1905 = 1901–1905, 1910 = 1906–1910, etc.). Note the different scales on the y-axis for both figures.
Butterfly distribution data were collected in four different ways: i) collection data, ii) literature data, iii) monitoring transect data and iv) observations.
Collection data were digitized from the following museum collections: Bosmuseum Groenendaal, Royal Institute for Natural Sciences (Brussels), Agricultural Faculty of Gembloux, Ghent university and the Antwerp Zoo. Furthermore, the private butterfly collections of the following people were also incorporated into the INBO dataset: A. Artoisenet, R. Bracke, A. Caljon, S. Cuvelier, A. De Boer, K. Desender, P. Halflants, D. Hilven, J. & T. Jaeken, M. Keirens, H. Kinders, P. & W. Pardon, W. Tips, W. Troukens, F. Turelinckx, O. Van De Kerckhove, R. Van Heuverswijn, B. Vandepitte, J. Vervaeke & R. Winnen. The source collection is indicated in the field associatedReferences.
Published observations were searched for in different literature sources (see section “References to literature checked for occurrence data” in the Suppl. material 1) and indicated in the field associatedReferences. Since most of the records in collections and in the literature were only reported at the municipality level, the UTM 5 × 5 km² grid cell of the centre of the municipality was attributed to the record.
Butterfly monitoring counts were conducted along fixed transects of maximum 1 km, consisting of smaller sections, each with a homogeneous habitat (e.g., woodland, hay meadow, dry heathland – see van Swaay et al. 2008; van Swaay et al. 2011 for a detailed description of the monitoring method).
Observations (species, date, location, observer) were recorded by volunteers/citizen scientists and stored in the INBO dataset (mainly for the period 1991-2007, usually with a resolution of 1 × 1 km² or 5 × 5 km²) or in the Natuurpunt dataset. Since 2011, 69% of the records had a precision of 25m or less. Because of the increasing popularity of mobile apps using GPS readings in the field, this proportion increased with 5% per year to reach 77% in 2015. The number of observers in the INBO and the Natuurpunt datasets is given in Table 1. The frequency distribution of the recorders per number of records is given in Figure 4.
Frequency distribution of the observers per number of records in the datasets of INBO and Natuurpunt.
https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/86874
A list of references that used data described in this paper can be found in the section “Publications based on this dataset” in the Suppl. material 1.
Quality control
The data in both datasets were carefully verified by butterfly experts (including professional entomologists) taking collection specimens, the observer’s species knowledge, added photographs and known species list of locations into account. The validation procedure from www.waarnemingen.be consists of an interactive procedure in which observers can be asked for additional information by a team of validators, after which the validator manually adds a validation status. Records that are not manually validated are additionally checked by an automated validation procedure that takes into account the number of manually validated observations within a specified date and distance range. 11% of the butterfly records submitted to the data portal www.waarnemingen.be are supported by photographs. The validation status is indicated in the field identificationVerificationStatus.
Information withheld
In the original databases, the observer’s name, the exact XY-coordinates and the toponym are known.
DatasetsDataset description
The butterfly occurrence data are published as two separate Darwin Core Archives: 1) collection and literature data, observations and butterfly monitoring in Flanders and in the Brussels Capital Region (1830-2014) hosted at the
Research Institute for Nature and Forest
(INBO) and 2) recent observations (1974-2014) from the Natuurpunt data portal (www.waarnemingen.be). The data models used for both datasets are identical and can be merged easily. The INBO dataset contains 761,660 records and the Natuurpunt dataset 612,934 records totalling to almost 1.4 million records. The data compiled for the butterfly atlas of the Brussels Capital Region are marked as INBO/LB-BIM in the ownerInstitutionCode field in the INBO dataset.
The distribution of the number of records and species per grid cell for both datasets is given in Figure 5.
Number of records (left, increasing dot sizes represent 100, 1000, 2500, 5000 and >5000 records per grid cell) and species (right, increasing dot sizes represent 10, 20, 30, 40 and >40 species per grid cell) in the INBO dataset (1830–2014, top row) and in the NP dataset (1981–2014, bottom row). Squares indicate grid cells without records.
https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/86875
The data are standardized to Darwin Core (Wieczorek et al. 2012) with a custom SQL view on the original INBO and Natuurpunt butterfly database respectively. They were published using the GBIF Integrated Publishing Toolkit (Robertson et al. 2014) instance at the INBO (http://data.inbo.be/ipt). The Darwin Core terms (http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/) in the dataset at the time of publication are:
To allow anyone to use the datasets described here, we released the data to the public domain under a Creative Commons Zero waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/). Users of published datasets are encouraged to follow the respective norms for data use (http://www.inbo.be/en/norms-for-data-use and http://www.natuurpunt.be/normen-voor-datagebruik [in Dutch]) and to provide a link to the original dataset (http://doi.org/10.15468/njgbmh and http://doi.org/10.15468/ezfbee), whenever appropriate. If used for a scientific paper, it is recommended to cite the dataset following the applicable citation norms (e.g. GBIF 2012) and/or to contact the authors for additional information (dirk.maes@inbo.be, marc.herremans@natuurpunt.be or dimitri.brosens@inbo.be). Dataset issues can also be reported via opendata@inbo.be.
Acknowledgements
First of all, we would like to thank the many volunteers for their observations, the subsequent board members of the Vlinderwerkgroep for their contributions to different data collection projects. A list of contributors to this datapaper can be send on request for the INBO dataset and can be found on http://waarnemingen.be/ranks_abs.php?jaar=0&diergroep=4 for the Natuurpunt dataset. Gert Van Spaendonk, Pieter Vandenbroeck, Jo Loos, Tom De Boeck, Wouter Van Schandevijl, Frederic Piesschaert, Sven Schelfaut, Stijn Van Hoey and Filiep T’jollyn helped to build, maintain and use the INBO web application. Stichting Natuurinformatie build the data portal www.waarnemingen.be. We also thank Marc Pollet and Anne Eskildsen for useful comments on the manuscript.
ReferencesBeckersKOttartNFichefetVGodeauJFWeyemberghGBeckOGryseelsMMaesD (2009) , Leefmilieu Brussel & Instituut voor Natuur- en Bosonderzoek, Brussel, 158 pp.CuvelierSDegrandeJMerveillieLSpruytteSVervaekeJ (2007) , Z.W.V.V.K., Ieper, 144 pp.DaniëlsL (1991) JNM-Dagvlinderprojekt.10: 26–27.De PrinsW (1998) , Koninklijk Belgisch Instituut voor Natuurwetenschappen, Brussel, 235 pp.De Selys-LongchampsE (1837) . Luik, 14–21.GBIF (2012) , Global Biodiversity Information Facility, Copenhagen, 12 pp.HackrayJSarletLBergerL (1969) Catalogue des macrolépidoptères de Belgique. (suppl.) 67: 1–256.KühnEFeldmannRHarpkeAHirneisenNMuscheMLeopoldPSetteleJ (2008) Getting the public involved in butterfly conservation: Lessons learned from a new monitoring scheme in Germany.54: 89–103. doi: 10.1560/IJEE.54.1.89MaesDVan DyckH (1999) Instituut voor Natuurbehoud en Vlaamse Vlinderwerkgroep, Antwerpen/Brussel, 480 pp.MaesDVan DyckH (2001) Butterfly diversity loss in Flanders (north Belgium): Europe’s worst case scenario?99: 263–276. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00182-8MaesDVanreuselWJacobsIBerwaertsKVan DyckH (2012) Applying IUCN Red List criteria at a small regional level: A test case with butterflies in Flanders (north Belgium).145: 258–266. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2011.11.021MaesDVanreuselWVan DyckH (2013) , Uitgeverij Lannoo nv, Tielt, 542 pp.RobertsonTDoringMGuralnickRBloomDWieczorekJBraakKOteguiJRussellLDesmetP (2014) The GBIF Integrated Publishing Toolkit: Facilitating the Efficient Publishing of Biodiversity Data on the Internet.9: e102623. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102623van SwaayCAMNowickiPSetteleJvan StrienAJ (2008) Butterfly monitoring in Europe: methods, applications and perspectives.17: 3455–3469. doi: 10.1007/s10531-008-9491-4van SwaayCAMTermaatTPlateCL (2011) De Vlinderstichting & Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek, Wageningen/Den Haag, 27 pp.VriensLBoschHDe KnijfGDe SaegerSOosterlynckPGuelinckxRT’jollynFVan HoveMPaelinckxD (2011) Instituut voor Natuur- en Bosonderzoek, Brussel, 416 pp.WattWBBoggsCL (2003) Butterflies as model systems in ecology and evolution - Present and future. In: BoggsCLWattWBEhrlichPR (Eds) . The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 603–613WieczorekJBloomDGuralnickRBlumSDoringMGiovanniRRobertsonTVieglaisD (2012) Darwin Core: An Evolving Community-Developed Biodiversity Data Standard.7: e29715. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029715WieczorekJGuoQGHijmansRJ (2004) The point-radius method for georeferencing locality descriptions and calculating associated uncertainty.18: 745–767. doi: 10.1080/13658810412331280211Supplementary materials10.3897/zookeys.585.8019.suppl19033422450F7FA-0574-5ACC-A47C-7F8A26784F17
A database on the distribution of butterflies (Lepidoptera) in northern Belgium (Flanders and the Brussels Capital Region)
Additional references
The supplementery material provides 1) a list of published entomological references that were checked for occurrence data and 2) a list of references that used data described in this paper.
https://binary.pensoft.net/file/86876This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited.Dirk Maes, Wouter Vanreusel, Marc Herremans, Pieter Vantieghem, Dimitri Brosens, Karin Gielen, Olivier Beck, Hans Van Dyck, Peter Desmet, Vlinderwerkgroep Natuurpunt