Corresponding author: Natalia Kirichenko (
Academic editor: E. van Nieukerken
During a DNA barcoding campaign of leaf-mining insects from Siberia, a genetically divergent lineage of a gracillariid belonging to the genus
In addition, based on both morphological and molecular evidence as well as examination of type specimens, the North American
Kirichenko N, Triberti P, Mutanen M, Magnoux E, Landry J-F, Lopez-Vaamonde C (2016) Systematics and biology of some species of
With more than 2000 described species, the family
The genus
During a DNA barcoding campaign of leaf-mining insects from Siberia carried out in 2011, we discovered a genetically divergent lineage of
In their taxonomic review of the Palearctic
Contrary to these authors, our findings indicated unequivocally that at least two species were present. This raised the question of whether the
Based on differences in morphology and DNA sequence data (mitochondrial and nuclear), we assess that there are two species of
The availability of the binomen
Leaf mines of
Mined leaflets as well as larvae feeding in mines and pupating on leaves were photographed in nature and in the laboratory with a digital camera Sony Nex3 (in laboratory, the photographs were taken through a Zeiss STEMI DV4 binocular microscope).
Adults of
Samples of
Specimens used for molecular analyses. Both the Process ID and Sample ID codes are unique identifiers linking the record in the
№ | Sample ID and genitalia preparation in [] | Process ID | Host plant | Country | GenBank accession COI | GenBank accession H3 | GenBank accession 28S |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|||||||
1 | NK58 |
|
|
Russia |
|
|
|
2 | NK189, [TRB3986♀] |
|
|
Russia |
|
|
|
3 | NK414 |
|
|
Russia |
|
|
|
4 | NK415, [TRB4061♀] |
|
|
Russia |
|
|
|
5 | NK416 |
|
|
Russia |
|
|
|
6 | NK417 |
|
|
Russia |
|
|
|
7 | NK418 |
|
|
Russia |
|
|
|
8 | NK429 |
|
|
Russia |
|
|
|
9 | NK430 |
|
|
Russia |
|
|
|
10 | NK431 |
|
|
Russia |
|
|
|
11 | NK432 |
|
|
Russia |
|
|
|
12 | NK433, [TRB3994♂] |
|
|
Russia |
|
|
|
13 | NK434, [TRB4052♀] |
|
|
Russia |
|
|
|
14 | NK439 |
|
|
Russia | – |
|
|
15 | NK470 |
|
Russia |
|
|
|
|
16 | NK472 |
|
|
Russia |
|
|
|
17 | NK473 |
|
|
Russia |
|
|
|
18 | NK474 |
|
|
Russia |
|
– | – |
19 | NK475 |
|
|
Russia |
|
– | – |
20 | NK476 |
|
|
Russia |
|
– | – |
21 | NK477 |
|
|
Russia |
|
– | – |
22 | NK478 |
|
|
Russia |
|
– | – |
|
|||||||
23 | MM08526 |
|
|
Finland |
|
– | – |
24 | MM15541 |
|
– | Finland |
|
– | – |
25 | MM18085 |
|
– | Finland |
|
– | – |
26 | NK435 |
|
|
Finland |
|
|
|
27 | NK436 |
|
|
Finland |
|
|
|
28 | NK437 |
|
|
Finland |
|
|
|
29 | NK438 |
|
|
Finland |
|
|
|
30 | NK440 |
|
|
Finland | – |
|
|
31 | NK459 |
|
|
Russia |
|
|
|
32 | NK462 | MICRU017-5 |
|
Russia |
|
||
33 | NK471 |
|
|
Russia |
|
||
|
|||||||
34 | CLV1781 |
|
– | Austria |
|
– | – |
35 | CLV1832 |
|
– | Italy |
|
– | – |
36 | CLV2281 |
|
– | France |
|
– | – |
37 | CLV5200 |
|
– | Romania |
|
– | – |
38 |
|
– | France |
|
– | – | |
39 |
|
– | Italy |
|
– | – | |
|
|||||||
40 | CNCLEP00008459, [MIC6944♂] |
|
– | USA |
|
– | – |
41 | CNCLEP00035771, [MIC6945♂] |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
42 | CNCLEP00035785, [MIC6938♂] |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
43 | CNCLEP00038523, [MIC6839♂] |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
44 | CNCLEP00082614, [MIC6943♂] |
|
– | USA |
|
– | – |
45 | CNCLEP00082615, [MIC6953♂] |
|
– | USA |
|
– | – |
46 | CNCLEP00082616, [MIC6954♂] |
|
– | USA |
|
– | – |
47 | CNCLEP00082676, [MIC6937♂] |
|
– | USA |
|
– | – |
48 | EDL YAKIMALUPINEA 1Jun2011 |
|
– | USA |
|
– | – |
49 |
|
USA |
|
– | – | ||
50 |
|
USA |
|
– | – | ||
51 |
|
USA |
|
– | – | ||
52 | jflandry1800 =CNCLEP00016559, [MIC6901♀] |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
53 | jflandry1801 =CNCLEP00016560, [MIC6955♀] |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
54 | jflandry1804 =CNCLEP00016563, [MIC6956♀] |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
55 | CNCLEP00121158, [ |
|
Canada |
|
– | – | |
56 | CNCLEP00121159, [MIC6905♂] |
|
Canada |
|
– | – | |
57 | AC006119, [MIC6948♂] |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
58 | AC006629, [ |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
59 | CNCLEP00108894, [MIC6949 ♂] |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
60 | CNCLEP00076976, [ |
|
– | USA |
|
– | – |
61 | AC006130, [MIC6939♂] |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
62 | BIOUG16843-E11 |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
63 | BIOUG16843-E08, [MIC7558♂] |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
64 | BIOUG16843-E05, [MIC7459♀] |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
65 | BIOUG16843-E04 [MIC7562♀] |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
66 | BIOUG16843-E02, [MIC7456♂] |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
67 | BIOUG16790-A06 |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
68 | BIOUG16148-A09 |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
69 | BIOUG16138-A01, [MIC7457♂] |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
70 | BIOUG16087-B07 |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
71 | BIOUG16013-G08 |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
72 | BIOUG10643-A09 |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
73 | BIOUG09474-A06, [MIC7554♂)] |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
74 | BIOUG09363-F01 |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
75 | BIOUG08486-H06, [MIC7561♂] |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
76 | BIOUG08285-E05, [MIC7460♀] |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
77 | BIOUG08285-A11, [MIC7555♀] |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
78 | BIOUG07668-H10 |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
79 | BIOUG07512-G07 |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
80 | BIOUG07391-H10 |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
81 | BIOUG07213-F11 |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
82 | BIOUG07213-E07 |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
83 | BIOUG07133-F02 |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
84 | BIOUG21939-G09 |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
85 | BIOUG07133-D05 |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
86 | BIOUG07047-G04 |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
87 | BIOUG06814-D03, [MIC7559♀] |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
88 | BIOUG06714-A06, [MIC7455♂] |
|
– | United States |
|
– | – |
89 | BIOUG05675-G12 |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
90 | BIOUG05658-H08 |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
91 | BIOUG05658-H07 |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
92 | BIOUG05658-H06 |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
93 | BIOUG05528-B12 |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
94 | BIOUG03957-A01, [MIC7557♀] |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
95 | BIOUG03754-B12, [MIC7556♀] |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
96 | BIOUG03484-B11, MIC7458♂] |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
97 | BIOUG03017-H02, [MIC7553♂] |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
98 | BIOUG02884-D02, [MIC7560♂] |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
99 | BIOUG07133-D08 |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
100 | BIOUG21903-F08 |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
101 | BIOUG20492-G06 |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
102 | BIOUG20492-F11 |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
103 | BIOUG18949-E06 |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
104 | BIOUG18164-F07 |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
105 | BIOUG17972-E10 |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
106 | BIOUG17786-F09 |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
107 | BIOUG17786-F07 |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
108 | BIOUG17786-F06 |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
109 | BIOUG17786-F05 |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
110 | BIOUG17245-D09 |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
111 | BIOUG16989-D12 |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
112 | BIOUG16944-A01 |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
|
|||||||
113 | 10BBCLP-2121 |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
114 | 10BBCLP-2122 |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
115 | 10BBCLP-2123 |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
116 | 10BBCLP-2125 |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
117 | 10BBCLP-2126 |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
118 | 10BBCLP-2129 |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
119 | 10BBCLP-2130 |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
120 | 10BBCLP-2131 [MIC7454♂] |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
121 | 10BBCLP-2132 |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
122 | 10BBCLP-2133 |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
123 | 10PROBE-18724 |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
124 | 10PROBE-18785 |
|
Canada |
|
– | – | |
125 | 10PROBE-19679 |
|
Canada |
|
– | – | |
126 | 10PROBE-19681 |
|
Canada |
|
– | – | |
127 | 10PROBE-21923 |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
128 | 10PROBE-25766 |
|
|
Canada |
|
– | – |
129 | AC005056, [MIC6840♂] |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
130 | BIOUG03504-A05 |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
131 | BIOUG04663-C02 |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
132 | BIOUG04663-C03 |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
133 | BIOUG04663-D07 |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
134 | BIOUG04722-F07 |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
135 | BIOUG05528-B11 |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
136 | BIOUG06046-B12 |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
137 | HLC-10432 |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
138 | KENWR 7198 |
|
– | USA |
|
– | – |
139 | CNCLEP00026530, [MIC6902♀] |
|
– | Canada |
|
– | – |
|
|||||||
140 | CLV1785 |
|
– | Austria |
|
– | – |
141 | CLV1797 |
|
– | Austria |
|
– | – |
142 | CLV2269 |
|
– | France |
|
– | – |
143 | CLV2272 |
|
– | France |
|
– | – |
144 | CLV2283 |
|
– | France |
|
– | – |
145 | CLV2284 |
|
– | France |
|
– | – |
146 | F11onon |
|
Hungary |
|
– | – | |
147 | F12onon |
|
Spain |
|
– | – | |
148 | NK461 |
|
|
Russia |
|
– | – |
|
|||||||
149 | CLV1860 |
|
– | Italy |
|
– | – |
150 | CLV2282 |
|
Slovakia |
|
– | – | |
151 | CLV2542 |
|
– | France |
|
– | – |
152 | CNCLEP00083021, [MIC6906♂] |
|
|
USA |
|
– | – |
153 | CNCLEP00083022, [MIC6973♂] |
|
|
USA |
|
– | – |
154 | CNCLEP00083023 |
|
|
USA |
|
– | – |
155 | CNCLEP00083024 |
|
|
USA |
|
– | – |
156 | CNCLEP00083025 |
|
|
USA |
|
– | |
157 | FG58 |
|
|
France |
|
– |
no data.
Sequence data for the barcode fragment (
The primers used in both amplification and sequencing were LCO (5’ GGT CAA CAA ATC ATA AAG ATA TTG G 3’) and HCO (5’ TAA ACT TCA GGG TGA CCA AAA AAT CA 3’) for the COI gene (Folmer et al. 1994); H3 F (5’ ATG GCT CGT ACC AAG CAG ACG GC) and H3 R (5’ ATA TCC TTG GGC ATG ATG GTG AC) for the H3 gene (
DNA from
DNA for the remaining samples was extracted and barcoded at the Canadian Centre for DNA Barcoding
The resultant sequences, along with the voucher data, images, and trace files, are deposited in the Barcode of Life Data Systems
Intra- and interspecific genetic distances were estimated using the Kimura 2-parameter model implemented within the analytical tools available in Barcode Index Numbers neighbor-joining
The external morphology of
Genitalia imaged by PT were photographed with a Leica DFC 450 digital camera through Leitz Diaplan GMBH microscope. Those imaged by JFL were photographed with a Nikon DS-Fi1 digital camera mounted on a Nikon Eclipse 800 microscope at magnifications of 40× or 100× and Nikon’s NIS 2.3 Elements was used to assemble multiple images from successive focal planes into single deep-focus images. All photos and illustrations were processed, adjusted, and assembled into plates with Adobe Photoshop. Terminology of the genitalia follows Scanning electron microscope
Pinned specimens were photographed with a Canon EOS 60D with a MP-E 65 mm macro lens. They were placed on the tip of a thin plastazote wedge mounted on an insect pin, with the head facing toward the pin and the fringed parts of the wings facing outward. This ensured that there was nothing between the fringes and the background. Lighting was provided by a ring of 144 LEDs covered with a white diffuser dome (
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids, and Nematodes, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Sukachev Institute of Forest, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy
National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
Washington State Department of Agriculture, Olympia, Washington, U.S.A.
In total, 157 DNA barcodes of specimens of the genera nearest-neighbour
A Neighbor-Joining tree, based on COI barcode fragment, generated under the
Intra- and interspecific genetic divergences in DNA barcode sequences among studied species.
Species |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
[ |
||||||
|
9.2 | [ |
|||||
|
11.0 | 11.8 | [ |
||||
|
9.1 | 10.7 | 11.3 | [ |
|||
|
1.9 | 7.7 | 10.3 | 8.0 | [ |
||
|
15.4 | 15.6 | 16.5 | 14.0 | 14.4 | [ |
|
|
16.2 | 16.2 | 16.2 | 14.6 | 14.3 | 14.1 | [ |
Kimura 2-parameter
Within studied species,
Intraspecific variability of
North American specimens of
We obtained sequences of the nuclear gene histone H3 and 28S rRNA D1-D3 for
The Neighbor-joining trees, based on fragment of nuclear genes histone H3 and 28S, generated under the
Here the detailed morphological descriptions for three species are provided:
[No genus
[
[
[
[
[English translation] “Somewhat smaller than previous, with narrower forewings, and front-marginal-dashes therefore more angled but finer and longer, the first sinuate [translates as ‘tortuous’], adjacent to the second, in which three inward teeth are formed by the white inner border, with deep black filling between the white colouration. I found
Pupa (7): Finland V: Turku, 6611:3230 mine,
Superficially, this species can be confused with
(Fig.
Adults of
Maximum length 5.5 mm; width 1.3 mm; vertex just shorter than frons. Frontal process (cocoon cutter) a transverse ridge strongly and irregularly dentate; frontal setae not visible, clypeal setae paired, very reduced and nearly contiguous. Antenna extended to abdominal segments A9; forewing to A5 or A6; hind leg to A10 or slightly longer than abdomen. Setae D1, L1 and SD1 present on abdominal segment A1-A7.
Very similar to
[
[
[
[
[
The binomen
Hering’s distinction in a key constitutes, however unintentionally, a valid description and thus makes the name
It is worth noting that the description of the mine in association with the host plant provides a more useful diagnosis in the present case. Because the mine constitutes the work of an animal it could be construed as a condition for availability (Code article 12.2.8). However, such evidence is not admissible to assess the availability of names published after 1930.
Given its year of publication, a type specimen is not even required. Did Hering have voucher material of that species from Siberia when he wrote his 1957 work? He only mentioned the name “Buhr” at the end of the key couplet, who is presumably the person who communicated the information to him. He did not indicate how he obtained the name he attributed to Danilevsky. Even if so, the existence of voucher specimens would not affect the attribution of the name to Hering.
In a catalogue of leaf-mining insects,
The forewing pattern of
(Figs
(Figs
(Figs
(Figs
In Siberia,
Leaf mines of the new species were most commonly found in Siberia on Siberian peashrub,
NK looked for mines of
These findings suggest that
Siberian regions previously considered part of the range of
[
[
See Tables
Superficially,
(Figs
Adults of
Adults of
Morphological variation in
№ | Specimen ID and genitalia preparation in [] | BIN | Province / State | Head color | Thorax color | Forewing costa | Color of forewing apical area | Phallus | Anal tube setae | Signa | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
median tooth | apical tooth | ||||||||||
1 | AC006119, [ |
|
Québec | white | white | white | rufous | single | sharp | 0 | – |
2 | AC006130, [ |
|
Québec | white | white | white | rufous | single | sharp | 2 | – |
3 | AC006629, [ |
|
Québec | white | white | white | rufous | single | sharp | 1 | – |
4 | BIOUG02884-D02*, [ |
|
Alberta | – | – | – | – | single | blunt | 0 | – |
5 | BIOUG03017-H02*, [ |
|
Manitoba | – | – | – | – | single | sharp | 0 | – |
6 | BIOUG03484-B11*, [ |
|
Alberta | – | – | – | – | double sharp | sharp | 0 | – |
7 | BIOUG03754-B12*, [ |
|
Manitoba | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 7 |
8 | BIOUG03957-A01*, [ |
|
Manitoba | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 4 |
9 | BIOUG06714-A06*, [ |
|
California | – | – | – | – | double sharp | sharp | 0 | – |
10 | BIOUG06814-D03*, [ |
|
Alberta | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 4 |
11 | BIOUG08285-A11*, [ |
|
Saskatchewan | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 8 |
12 | BIOUG08285-E05*, [ |
|
Saskatchewan | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 5 |
13 | BIOUG08486-H06*, [ |
|
Alberta | – | – | – | – | single | blunt | 0 | – |
14 | BIOUG09474-A06*, [ |
|
Newfoundland | – | – | – | – | single | sharp | 0 | – |
15 | BIOUG16138-A01*, [ |
|
New Brunswick | – | – | – | – | triple sharp | sharp double | 0 | – |
16 | BIOUG16843-E02*, [ |
|
Yukon | – | – | – | – | single | sharp | 0 | – |
17 | BIOUG16843-E05*, [ |
|
Yukon | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 4 |
18 | BIOUG16843-E08*, [ |
|
Yukon | – | – | – | – | single | sharp | 0 | – |
19 | CNCLEP00007544, [ |
barcode failed | Quebec | white | white | white | rufous | – | – | – | 7 |
20 | CNCLEP00008459, [ |
|
Nevada | white | white | white | pale brown | single | sharp | 0 | – |
21 | CNCLEP00016559, [ |
|
Quebec | white | white | white | rufous | – | – | – | 2 |
22 | CNCLEP00016560, [ |
|
Quebec | white | white | white | rufous | – | – | – | 6 |
23 | CNCLEP00016563, [ |
|
Quebec | white | white | white | rufous | – | – | – | 4 |
24 | CNCLEP00035771, [ |
|
Ontario | white | white | white | rufous | single | sharp | 0 | – |
25 | CNCLEP00035785, [ |
|
Ontario | white | white | white | rufous | single | sharp | 0 | – |
26 | CNCLEP00038523, [ |
|
Quebec | white | white | white | rufous | single | sharp | 2 | – |
27 | CNCLEP00076976, [ |
|
Washington | white | white | white | dark peppered | double sharp | sharp | 0 | – |
28 | CNCLEP00082614, [ |
|
Washington | white | white | white | brown | single | sharp | 0 | – |
29 | CNCLEP00082615, [ |
|
Washington | white | white | white | brown | single | sharp | 0 | – |
30 | CNCLEP00082616, [ |
|
Washington | white | white | white | brown | single | sharp | 0 | – |
31 | CNCLEP00082676, [ |
|
Washington | white | white | dark peppered | dark brown | single | sharp small | 0 | – |
32 | CNCLEP00108894, [ |
|
British Columbia | white | white | white | dark peppered | single | sharp | 0 | – |
33 | CNCLEP00117698, [ |
not barcoded | British Columbia | dark | white | white | brown peppered | – | – | – | 5 |
34 | CNCLEP00117700, [ |
not barcoded | British Columbia | dark | dark | dark | dark peppered | – | – | – | 6 |
35 | CNCLEP00121158, [ |
|
British Columbia | white | white | white | dark peppered | – | – | – | 6 |
36 | CNCLEP00121159, [ |
|
British Columbia | dark peppered | dark peppered | dark peppered | dark peppered | double blunt | blunt | 0 | – |
37 | CNCLEP00123635, [DRD 3764♂] HOLOTYPE |
not barcoded | Utah | dark | dark | white | brown peppered | double sharp | sharp small | 0 | – |
38 | CNCLEP00123636, [JFL 1748♀] HOLOTYPE |
not barcoded | Kentucky | white | white | white | rufous | – | – | – | 5 |
39 | CNCLEP00123677, [ |
not barcoded | Quebec | white | white | white | rufous | single | sharp | 0 | – |
40 | CNCLEP00123684, [ |
not barcoded | Quebec | white | white | white | rufous | single | sharp | 0 | – |
41 | CNCLEP00123694, [ |
not barcoded | British Columbia | dark | dark | dark | dark peppered | – | – | – | 3 |
42 | CNCLEP00123994, [ |
not barcoded | Manitoba | dark peppered | dark peppered | white | brown | – | – | – | 4 |
43 | CNCLEP00123996, [ |
not barcoded | Manitoba | dark | white | white | brown peppered | single | sharp | 0 | – |
44 | CNCLEP00123997, [ |
not barcoded | Manitoba | white | white | white | rufous | single | sharp | 0 | – |
45 | CNCLEP00124000, [ |
not barcoded | British Columbia | dark | dark | dark peppered | brown | Single | Sharp | 0 | – |
46 | barcode failed | California | white | white | white | pale brown | – | – | – | 4 | |
47 |
|
California | dark | dark | dark peppered | rufous | double sharp | sharp | 0 | – | |
48 |
|
California | white | white | dark peppered | brown | double small | sharp | 0 | – | |
49 |
|
California | dark peppered | dark peppered | dark peppered | pale brown | single | sharp | 0 | – |
malaise-trapped, ethanol-preserved.
no data.
The synonymy of
The genitalia of both Braun holotypes are not distinguishable from those of other barcoded specimens in BIN
In male genitalia (32 preparations examined, Figs
In female genitalia (17 preparations examined), the number of signa varies from 2 to 8 (average 5), and the relative length and thickness of the antrum, sclerotized portion of the ductus bursae, and ostium notch vary slightly in proportions with no significant gap (Figs
Despite the long-standing combination of
Recorded host plants include several
In a review of Palearctic
In North America DNA barcodes revealed that a single species with a wide continental distribution is present, but that a significant amount of morphological variation was found among numerous specimens, supporting the synonymy of two long-standing nominal species,
The average interspecific divergence for the DNA barcode fragment found within
In describing
In addition to DNA barcodes that cluster species into different sets of
Character states shared by the examined species of
Contrastingly, character states shared by the examined species of
Adults of
Male and female abdomens of
In conclusion, our study documents another example of how DNA barcoding can help to reveal overlooked species and clarify taxonomic issues (
Male genitalia and phallus of
Male genitalia and phallus of
Female genitalia of
Female genitalia of
Pupa of
Chaetotaxy of last instars larva of
Life history of
Life history of
Comparison of male abdominal segments 1–2 of
Comparison of male abdominal segments 6–8 of
Comparison of male genitalia and phallus of
Comparison of female genitalia and phallus of
We thank Eugeniy Akulov (Krasnoyarsk, Russia) for collecting and rearing some
For advice on nomenclatural issues, we are grateful to Yves Bousquet and Jim O’Hara (Ottawa, Canada), Svetlana Baryshnikova and Sergei Sinev (Saint Petersburg, Russia), and the following members of the ICZN: Alberto Ballerio (Brescia, Italy), Patrice Bouchard (Ottawa, Canada), Frank T. Krell (Denver, Colorado, USA), and Jan van Tol (Leiden, Netherlands).
We are grateful to the team at the Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada for their great assistance in the production of DNA barcodes. Funding for DNA barcoding and sequence analysis was partly provided by the Government of Canada through Genome Canada and the Ontario Genomics Institute in support of the International Barcode of Life project, and by NSERC. Genetic analyses were also partly funded by INRA, UR0633 Zoologie Forestière’s core funding. Our work was also aided by the
Finally we thank David Wagner, Camiel Doorenweerd and the editor Erik van Nieukerken for their careful and detailed reviews which greatly improved our manuscript.
Tables S1–S5
Tables
The table provides data on host plants of all
The table provides the list of specimens which were examined morphologically but not DNA barcoded. Where pertinent, genitalia slide numbers and sex are given in the table.
The table provides diagnostic substitutions in COI barcode fragment allowing to distinguish
The table provides diagnostic substitutions in histone H3 and 28S sequences allowing to distinguish
The table compares male and female genital characters of
Figs S01–S12
JPG image file
Figs S13–S24
JPG image file
Figs S25–S36
JPG image file
Figs S37–S44
JPG image file
Figs S45–S52
JPG image file