Corresponding author: Valentina G. Kuznetsova (
Academic editor: S. Grozeva
A short review of main cytogenetic features of insects belonging to the sister neuropteran families
Kuznetsova VG, Khabiev GN, Krivokhatsky VA (2015) Chromosome numbers in antlions (Myrmeleontidae) and owlflies (Ascalaphidae) (Insecta, Neuroptera) In: Lukhtanov VA, Kuznetsova VG, Grozeva S, Golub NV (Eds) Genetic and cytogenetic structure of biological diversity in insects. ZooKeys 538: 47–61. doi:
Within the holometabolous (= Endopterygota) insect order
The
Within
The
Thus, cytogenetic studies on the families
Four antlion species (only males), namely
Material used.
Taxon | Sampling locality and date of collection | No. of studied males |
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Russia, Dagestan, near Makhachkala |
2 | |
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Russia, Dagestan, near Makhachkala |
1 | |
Russia, Dagestan, near Makhachkala |
7 | |
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Russia, Dagestan, near Makhachkala |
23 | |
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Dagestan, Gumbetovsky district, near Chirkata village; |
2 |
Air-dried preparations were made by macerating testicular follicles in a drop of 45% acetic acid on a glass microscope slide and squashing under a cover slip. The preparations were frozen using dry ice, the cover slips were removed with a razor blade, and the preparations were dehydrated in fresh fixative (3:1) for 20 min and air dried. Slides were first examined under a phase-contrast microscope to check for the availability of meiotic divisions and quality of chromosome spreads. Counts were based on samples of one to 23 individuals. The preparations and remains of the specimens are stored at the Department of Karyosystematics, Zoological Institute, RAS.
Meiotic chromosomes were stained using the Feulgen-Giemsa method developed by
Chromosome preparations were analyzed under a Leica DM 4000B microscope with a 100x objective. Images were taken with a Leica DFC 345 FX camera using Leica Application Suite 3.7 software with an Image Overlay module.
Only meiotic divisions in adult males were available for analysis during the present study. In five examined species belonging to the families spermatocyte metaphases I
Meiotic (
A peculiar feature of all the species was that at metaphase I, the univalent X and Y chromosomes were disposed on the opposite sides of the division spindle whereas autosomal bivalents showed a typical metaphase location on the equator of the nucleus (Figs
The new findings and references to previous reports of chromosome numbers in
Data on karyotypes in the
No | Taxon | 2n (karyotype formula) ♂ | Sampling locality | Reference |
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1 | 24(22+XY) | East India: Ahmedabad | ||
2 | 26(24+XY) |
Switzerland: Ge♀neve, France: Banyuls-sur-Mer |
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3 | 22(20+XY) | South Africa: Transvaal |
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4 | 18(16+XY) | South Africa: Transvaal |
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5 | 16(14+XX) (♀) | Japan | ||
6 | 16(14+XY) | Japan | ||
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7 | 18(16+XY) | Russia: Dagestan | Present data | |
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8 | 16(14+XY) | Western India: Bombay [Mumbai] |
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9 | 16(14+XY) | France: Banyuls-sur-Mer |
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10 | 16(14+XY) | Russia: Dagestan | Present data | |
11 | 16(14+XY) | Western India: Bombay [Mumbai] | ||
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12 | 18(16+XY) | France: Banyuls-sur-Mer | ||
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13 | 16(14+XY) | USA | ||
14 | 16(14+XY) | Japan | ||
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15 | 14(12+XY) | Japan | ||
16 | 14(12+XY) | Western India: Bombay [Mumbai] | ||
17 | 14(12+XY) |
Switzerland, Geneva | ||
18 | 14(12+XY) | South Africa: Transvaal |
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19 | 14(12+XY) | USA |
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20 | 14(12+XY) | USA |
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21 | 14(12+XY) |
Western India: Bombay [Mumbai] |
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22 | 14(12+XY) | France: Corse | ||
23 | 14(12+XY) | USA |
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24 | 14(12+XY) | USA |
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25 | 14(12+XY) | South Africa: Transvaal |
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26 | 14(12+XY) | USA |
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27 | 14(12+XY) | USA |
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28 | 14(12+XY) | USA | ||
29 | 14(12+XY) | USA | Hughes-Schrader, 1983 (as |
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30 | 16(14+XY) | USA | ||
31 | 16(14+XY) | USA | ||
32 | 16(14+XY) | USA | ||
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33 | 14(12+XY) | Western India: Bombay [Mumbai] | ||
34 | 16(14+XY) | Russia: Dagestan | Present data | |
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35 | 14(12+XY) |
Western India: Bombay [Mumbai] |
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36 | 14(12+XY) | South Africa: Transvaal |
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37 | 14(12+XY) | USA |
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38 | 22(20+XY) |
Japan |
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39 | 22(20+XY) | Western India: Bombay [Mumbai] |
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40 | 20 | France: Corse | ||
41 | 22(20+XY) |
Switzerland: Geneva, Valais | ||
42 | 22(20+XY) | Switzerland: Valais | ||
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43 | 18(16+XY) | Russia: Dagestan | Present data | |
44 | 22(20+XY) | Western India: Bombay [Mumbai] |
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Later described as
Presence of these taxa in Bombay [Mumbai] is doubtful
Wrong identifications: all records of Creoleon plumbeus from West Europe actually belong to
In the
Compared to the
Although
In different eukaryotic organisms, evolutionary changes in the chromosome number happen via polyploidy, aneuploidy or fusion/fission events. In animals polyploidy is known to be rare, whereas chromosomal fusions and fissions are common. As stated above, most
Knowledge of the chromosome morphology in the low-numbered and high-numbered chromosome complements would help in understanding the karyotype evolution in the
All
The order
The variety and distribution of sex chromosome systems in different orders of the class
The complete financial support for this study was provided by the grant from the Russian Science Foundation no. 14-14-00541 to the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. We thank A. Maryańska-Nadachowska (Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Krakow) for help in preparing chromosome slides and the anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments on the MS. We thank A. Popov (National Museum of Natural History, Sofia) for his careful reading of our manuscript and his many insightful comments and suggestions.