Corresponding author: Hiroki Kise (
Academic editor: B. W. Hoeksema
Kise H, Reimer JD (2016) Unexpected diversity and a new species of
The order
The family
Although
There are several described
In the current study the diversity of internal transcribed spacer of ribosomal DNA cytochrome oxidase subunit I
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology
Sampling location in the Pacific Ocean of specimens used in this study. Location of specimens collected in this study represented by closed symbols.
The lengths and diameters of individual polyps, tentacle lengths and numbers, color of polyps, and diameters of oral disks were measured using in situ images or a dissecting microscope. Additionally, polyp densities of colonies attached to identically sized eunicid worm tubes (9 cm in length) were calculated using a counter under a dissecting microscope. For internal morphological analyses, some specimens’ polyps were cut into 7 µm cross-sections using a microtome after paraffin embedding following
Cnidae classification basically followed
DNA was extracted from tissue preserved in 99.5% ethanol by following a guanidine extraction protocol (
Obtained DNA sequences were initially checked using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool
For the phylogenetic analyses of neighbor-joining Maximum-likelihood Markov chain Monte Carlo
Phylum
Class
Subclass
Order
Suborder
Family
Genus
Herein, we choose to use the ordinal name
Holotype.
Colony of approximately 140 polyps connected by thin, under-developed coenenchyme on eunicid worm tubes. The tubes are made of a chitin-like substance. Polyps approximately 0.7 to 1.2 mm high (=length) from coenenchyme, and 1.0 to 1.65 mm in diameter. Polyps were attached from base to proximal extremity of zig-zag shaped tubes of eunicid worms, and attached to not only bent sections but also to other locations. Polyp external coloration black, oral disk light brown to brown, lighter nearer the oral opening and darker around oral disk edges. Polyps encrusted with sand and silica particles in their coenenchyme and ectodermal tissue; with few sand particles in the mesoglea.
Cross-sections of
Cnidae in tentacles, column, pharynx, filaments of
Cnidae types and sizes of
|
||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Length × Width (µm) | Frequency | Length × Width (µm) | Frequency | Length × Width (µm) | Frequency | |
Tentacles | ||||||
Spirocysts | 8–20 × 1–4 | Numerous (3/3) | 8–21 × 2–5 | Numerous (3/3) | 9–20 × 2–4 | Numerous (3/3) |
Bastrichs | 6–19× 1–5 | Common (3/3) | 9–18 × 2–4 | Common (3/3) | 10–23 × 2–5 | Common (3/3) |
Holotrichs small | 4–9 × 2–4 | Occasional (2/3) | 5–7 × 2–4 | Rare (1/3) | 5–9 × 2–5 | Occasional (2/3) |
Column | ||||||
Holotrichs small | 5–8 × 3–4 | Common (3/3) | 5 × 4 | Rare (1/3) | 5–8 × 2–4 | Occasional (1/3) |
Holotrichs medium | 10–17 × 4–9 | Numerous (3/3) | 11–19 × 4–9 | Numerous (3/3) | 10–19 × 3–9 | Numerous (3/3) |
Holotrichs large | - | - | 20–23 × 7–11 | Occasional (3/3) | 24–32 × 10–15 | Occasional (1/3) |
Actinopharnx | ||||||
P-mastigophores | 11–20 × 3–5 | Common (3/3) | 17–25 × 4–6 | Common (3/3) | 12–19 × 3–5 | Occasional (2/2) |
Bastrichs | - | - | 14–19 × 2–4 | Occasional (2/3) | 9–20 × 1–4 | Occasional (2/2) |
Holotrichs small | 4–9× 1–6 | Common (3/3) | - | - | 6–9 × 2–4 | Occasional (1/2) |
Holotrichs medium | 10–19 × 4–6 | Occasional (3/3) | - | - | 11–16 × 5–8 | Common (2/2) |
Holotrichs large | - | - | 20–25 × 8–12 | Occasional (2/3) | 30 × 8 | Rare (1/2) |
Mesenteries filaments | ||||||
Bastrichs | - | - | 16–20 × 3–4 | Occasional (2/3) | 16–26 × 2–4 | Occasional (1/3) |
P-mastigophres | 15–22 × 3–6 | Common (3/3) | 15–21 × 4–7 | Common (3/3) | 7–21 × 3–6 | Common (3/3) |
Holotrichs small | 5–9 × 3–5 | Common (3/3) | 8 × 3 | Rare (1/3) | - | - |
Holotrichs medium | 10–20 × 3–7 | Common (3/3) | 10–17 × 3–6 | Occasional (3/3) | 10–18 × 3–7 | Common (3/3) |
Holotrichs large | - | - | 23–30 × 7–13 | Occasional (2/3) | 25–34 × 5–9 | Occasional (1/3) |
Tissue of actinopharynx could be obtained from only two specimens due to specimen condition.
In situ images of
All Indo-Pacific
Holotype.
Colony of approximately 75 polyps connected by moderately developed coenenchyme on eunicid worm tubes. Polyps were attached to from base to proximal extremity of zig-zag shaped tubes of eunicid worms, and attached to not only bent sections but also to other locations. Polyps approximately 1.4 to 1.9 mm high from coenenchyme, and 0.7-1.0 mm in diameter. Azooxanthellate. Polyp external coloration is white, oral disk solid in color, ranging from light brown to brown (Figure
The holotype of
Sequences from
Maximum likelihood (
Maximum likelihood (
Maximum likelihood (
Although the morphological features of
The resulting trees from mt 16S-rDNA and
Previously reported sequences of
Shallow
However, phylogenetic analyses clearly showed that
Between
The first author would like to thank all members of the Molecular Invertebrate Systematics and Ecology Laboratory (MISE) at the University of the Ryukyus (UR) for their help in fieldwork and data collection. C. Timmons (MISE) proofread an earlier version of this manuscript. Dr. J. Lorion, G. Mereb and A. Merep at Palau International Coral Reef Center (
GenBank accession number, name and details of the sequences used in phylogenetic analyses of
GenBank accession numbers
List of examined specimens, and GenBank accession numbers
GenBank accession numbers