Corresponding author: Alice Wells (
Academic editor: R. Holzenthal
New Caledonian representation of the cosmopolitan genus
Wells A, Johanson KA (2015) Review of New Caledonian species of
The cosmopolitan genus
This final paper in a series of genus-level reviews (
Most of the 17 species newly described here from New Caledonian can be referred to the above three subgenera with a degree of confidence. One species, however, cannot be placed at present:
Among females in the samples at least two general morphological forms can be recognised in abdominal terminalia: a short oviscapt of the form illustrated by
Apparent distributions of species are difficult to interpret (see Figs
Most of the material this study is based upon was collected in light traps and Malaise traps situated near or across running water. Specimens were prepared for study as Canada balsam slide mounts following maceration in KOH and clearing in clove oil. Male genitalia are illustrated in line drawings, traced from draft figures using Adobe Illustrator CS5, for species for which suitable slides are available.
An identification key and descriptions of New Caledonian
Development of a useful key for easy identification of species was difficult as observation of most readily diagnostic features requires preparation of slide mounts of specimens and examination under a compound microscope.
Collection sites for species were plotted on a series of maps (Figs
Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden
Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO, Canberra, Australia
Bishop Museum, Hawaii, USA
The chief diagnostic characteristics that
In discussions of subgenus
Three species groups are recognised among these New Caledonian members of subgenus
Males closely resemble those of
Male antennae with 23–25 flagellomeres, flagellomeres rectangular in profile, without
Male, genitalia (Figs
= gonopod = rod of subgenital process = setose lobe of subgenital process
12 males, 6 females, Province Sud, Sarraméa, 2907 m, stony forest stream, loc 13,
Name
This species appears to be quite widespread from the far south towards the north of the island (Fig.
Readily recognised by the short, blunt, darkly sclerotised peg-like gonopods but in other respects showing very close resemblance to
Male antennae with 18–19 flagellomeres, flagellomeres all dark, without
Male, genitalia (Figs
Named for the river beside which one of the specimens was collected.
Male is distinguished from
Male antennae with 17–18 flagellomeres, flagellomeres without
Male, genitalia (Figs
Named for the bridge on the river near where the holotype was collected.
Taken only at several sites in the south of the island (Fig.
Most closely similar to
Male antennae with 18–19 flagellomeres, flagellomeres rectangular in profile,
Male, genitalia (Figs
This species was collected from several quite central sites (Fig.
Males resemble superficially those of
Male antennae with 20–25 flagellomeres, flagellomeres with few
Male, genitalia (Figs
= gonopod = rod of subgenital process = setose lobe of subgenital process
The name
From the collecting records the distribution of this species appears to be highly disjunct (Fig.
A typical member of subgenus
Antennae: male with 19–24 flagellomeres, all dark; flagellomeres rectangular in profile, without
Delineation of this species among the large collection before us proved difficult, with only a very few specimens conforming closely to the holotype. In describing the species,
In general appearance of male genitalia
Antennae: male with 20–21 flagellomeres; flagellomeres quadrate to slightly rectangular in profile; female with 17 flagellomeres, terminal 2 pale, rest dark. Anterior wing length: male 1.2–1.8 mm (n=10); female 1.4–1.6 mm (n =10). Tibial spurs 0,3,4. Abdominal sternite VII with small median spur offset from distal margin. Female with length of abdominal segment IX almost twice width, distal margin, with a sclerotised margin, mesally produced distally. Segment X stouter at base than apex, gradually tapered distally, truncate apically.
Specimens here identified as
Males are similar to
Male antennae with 22 flagellomeres; flagellomeres rectangular in profile, without
Male, genitalia (Figs
= gonopod = rod of subgenital process = setose lobe of subgenital process
Named for the Col d’Amieu.
Known only from the type locality, a waterfall towards the top of the massif (Fig.
Males of
Male antennae with 21–27 flagellomeres; flagellomeres subquadrate in profile, without
Male, genitalia (Figs
Female unknown.
Named for the settlement of Houaïlou, near the type locality.
This species was collected from widespread localities along the length of the island (Fig.
This species shares with
Male antennae with 18 flagellomeres; flagellomeres rectangular in profile, without
Among the extensive collection of New Caledonian
Males are distinguished from those of the closely similar
Male antennae with 18–19 flagellomeres, flagellomeres rectangular in profile, without
Male, genitalia (Figs
The close similarity between this species and
Subgenus
Seven species were referred by
The following New Caledonian species are referred to this subgenus:
Males are readily recognised by the short, setose mid-apicoventral lobes situated between the gonopods [present in the holotype, although not illustrated clearly by
Antennae: male 22–23 flagellomeres, banded with terminal 3 flagellomeres pale, then 5 dark, 1 light, 2 dark 4 light, then dark to base, flagellomeres bearing
= gonopod = subgenital process = setose lobe of subgenital process
This species is distinguished in the male from the similar species
Male antennae with 32 flagellomeres, flagellomeres rectangular in profile, without
Male, genitalia (Fig.
The name
Only one specimen of this species was identified, from the far south of the island (Fig.
Males are distinguished from the closely similar
Male, antennae with 24 flagellomeres, flagellomeres rectangular in profile, without
Only three further specimens of this species have been identified, all from the south of the island (Fig.
In ventral view males of
Male, antennae with 23–24 flagellomeres, flagellomeres rectangular in profile, without
1 Male, Province Sud., Rivière Bleue, 282 m, stony river, loc 4,
This species shows a general resemblance to
Male antennae: with 23–24 flagellomeres, flagellomeres rectangular in profile; anterior wing length 1.1–1.8 mm (n=3); tibial spurs 0,3,4; abdominal sternite VII with short sharp median spine on distal margin.
Male, genitalia. Abdominal segment VIII conical, distally about half width of proximal quarter. Segment IX in ventral view almond shaped, in lateral view triangular proximally, mid-dorsally less than half length of venter. Gonopods fused basally, discrete and rounded distally, with slender mid-ventral apodeme reaching to proximal margin of segment IX; subgenital processes fused, forming a stout plate, rounded distally in ventral view, angular in lateral view, with subapical sculpturing towards apex on each side, and small notch mid apically; setose lobes about 2/3 length of plate. Phallic apparatus slender, straight, with short apical spine.
= gonopod = subgenital process = setose lobe of subgenital process
A member of
Male, genitalia. In ventral view with abdominal segment VIII ovoid, apical margin with wide V-shaped excavation medially; without midventral apodeme; in lateral view, with apical margins broadly rounded; abdominal segment IX almond shaped. Gonopods sharply triangular; subgenital processes fused, forming subtriangular plate that is sharply triangular in lateral view; setose lobes less than half length of plate. Phallic apparatus extremely long, apically bifid, split into two equal-length sections.
Named for Mt Mouirange near which the type was collected.
Taken only at two well-separated sites in the south of the island (Fig.
Males resemble
Male, genitalia (Figs
Named for the Ouenghi River beside which the first specimen was collected.
The apparent distribution of this very distinctive species is very odd, with one sample being taken in the extreme north of the island, the rest at sites in the south-west (Fig.
In having an elongate apical spine on the phallic apparatus, males of this species resemble those of
Male antennae with 23–24 flagellomeres, flagellomeres without
Male, genitalia (Figs
= gonopod = subgenital process = setose lobe of subgenital process
This species is known only from the large sample taken at the type locality in the extreme south of the island (Fig.
A mismatch between the published description and
Males resemble
Male, genitalia (Figs
The species was taken at a number of sites in the southern province of the island (Fig.
This species resembles
Male antennae with 25–27 flagellomeres; anterior wing length 1.3–1.7 mm (n=7); tibial spurs 0,3,4; abdominal sternite VII with sharp apical spine.
Genitalia (Figs
Female unknown.
Named for the Rivière Néhoué where it was collected.
The distribution of this species is similar to that of
Males superficially resemble those of
Antennae: male with 21–24 flagellomeres, flagellomeres subquadrate in profile, without sensilla placodea; female with 18 flagellomeres. Fore wing length: male 1.1–1.5 mm (n=8), female 1.4 mm (n=2). Spurs 0,2,4. Abdominal sternite VII with sharp median spur.
= gonopod = subgenital process = setose lobe of subgenital process
This appears to be another southern species (Fig.
Males are most similar to
Male antennae damaged, at least with 19 flagellomeres, flagellomeres rectangular in profile, without
Male, genitalia (Figs
Female unknown, although a single unknown female of an
Name being descriptive of the spicule-like spine on the phallic apparatus.
This species is known only from the type specimen, collected in the far south (Fig.
One of the New Caledonian species of
Male antennae with 25–29 flagellomeres; flagellomeres slender rectangular in profile, without
Male, genitalia (Figs
= gonopod = subgenital process = setose lobe of subgenital process
Named for the finger-like lobes of the gonopods in male.
Type localities of
Type localities of
Maps of New Caledonia, with collecting sites plotted for
Maps of New Caledonia, with collecting sites plotted for
Maps of New Caledonia, with collecting sites plotted for
Erected at genus level by
Males of this species are distinguished from others in the New Caledonian fauna by abdominal segment VIII with disto-lateral angles spiny, and venter produced and rounded distally not excised apico-ventrally, forming a shield over other genital structures which are strongly fused; and by phallic apparatus curiously stout and medially curved, lacking a titillator. Female terminalia longer and terminally more slender than those of
Antennae: males 25–28 flagellomeres, flagellomeres about twice as long as wide; female 20–21 flagellomeres, flagellomeres subquadrate in profile. Anterior wing length: males 1.8–2.2 mm (n=10); females 1.8–2.4 mm (n=10). Spurs 0,3,4. Abdominal sternite VII without median spine.
Numerous males, females, Province Nord, Amoa River, 23 m, loc 20, 12 km W Poindimié,
In New Caledonia this species was taken only in the northern province (Fig.
One highly aberrant species,
Immediately recognised by the remarkable form of the phallic apparatus, which has a contorted twist towards the stout seta-bearing apex, and the brush of shorter stout setae medially on abdominal sternite IX. By these features it is distinguished clearly from all other New Caledonian species.
Male antennae with 22–24 flagellomeres; flagellomeres urn-shaped, few
Male, genitalia (Figs
Name descriptive of the relatively large phallic apparatus.
The only
Numerous males, females, Province Nord, Amoa River, 23 m, loc 20, 12 km W Poindimié,
In New Caledonia
Maps of New Caledonia, with collecting sites plotted for
Males of this species are distinguished by their complex asymmetrical genital structures, including multilobed gonopods, and females by the sclerotised annulus formed by abdominal segment VIII (see
2 males, females, Province Sud, Sarraméa, 220 m, forest stream, loc 10,
1 | Tibial spur formula 0,2,4 |
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– | Tibial spur formula 0,3,4 |
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2(1) | Phallic apparatus tipped by fine whip-like flagellum (Fig. |
|
– | Phallic apparatus with strap-like distal process (Figs |
|
3(2) | Phallic apparatus with strap-like apical or subapical process (Figs |
|
– | Phallic apparatus without apical process (Figs |
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4(3) | Phallic apparatus with elongate strap-like apical process (Fig. |
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– | Phallic apparatus with short strap-like subapical process (Fig. |
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5(3) | Gonopods fused at base, separate distally, apices truncate in ventral view (Fig. |
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– | Gonopods fused throughout, narrowly truncate apically, a pair of small setose lobes at mid length (Fig. |
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6(1) | Phallic apparatus twisted and irregular in shape distally, bearing a single stout seta (Fig. |
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– | Phallic apparatus without seta, with strap-like flange or process (e.g. Figs |
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7(6) | Gonopods inserted midway or proximally on venter of abdominal segment IX, in ventral view in form of Y-shaped structure or pair of widely separated ‘horns’ (Figs |
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– | Gonopods situated distally on venter of abdominal segment IX (e.g. Figs |
|
8(7) | Gonopods in ventral view distinctly Y-shaped (Fig. |
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– | Gonopods in ventral view in form of pair of widely separated spines joined basally by short sclerotised strip (Fig. |
|
9(7) | Abdominal segment VIII extended disto-laterally as pair of sclerotised spines (Fig. |
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– | Abdominal segment VIII without apico-lateral sclerotised spines (Figs |
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10(9) | Ventral processes in form of pair of laterally situated rods or spines (Figs |
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– | Ventral processes fused, in ventral view forming median plate (Figs |
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11(10) | Abdominal segment IX in ventral view subquadrate (Figs |
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– | Abdominal segment IX in ventral view rounded, conical or triangular proximally (Figs |
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12(11) | Gonopods forming sclerotised cones at apico-lateral angles of abdominal segment IX (Fig. |
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– | Gonopods reduced completely or in form of short blunt tabs, widely separated on apical margin of abdominal segment IX (Figs |
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13(12) | Gonopods reduced completely (Fig. |
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– | Gonopods in ventral view in form of blunt sclerotised tabs scarcely longer than wide, well separated on apical margin of abdominal segment IX (Fig. |
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14(10) | Gonopods apparently reduced completely or possibly present as marginal sclerotisations on distal margin of abdominal segment IX (Figs |
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– | Gonopods recognisable as sclerotised prominences or processes on distal margin of abdominal segment IX (Figs |
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15(14) | Abdominal segment IX in ventral view tapered distally (Fig. |
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– | Abdominal segment IX in ventral view parallel-sided in distal half (Figs |
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16.(14) | Gonopods in form of short domes situated slightly laterally on distal margin of abdominal segment IX (Figs |
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– | Gonopods in ventral view broad, stoutly quadrate and separated by narrow v-shaped cleft (Fig. |
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17(16) | Gonopods in ventral view stoutly quadrate (Fig. |
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– | Gonopods in ventral view in form of laterally situated finger-like mesally curved processes (Fig. |
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18(10) | Phallic apparatus dilated distally, with a sharp, sclerotised straight apical spine (Fig. |
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– | Phallic apparatus not as above; abdominal segment VIII not completely obscuring gonopods and other genital processes (e.g. Figs |
|
19(18) | Gonopods completely fused, in ventral view in form of triangular plate; ventral process in lateral view a stoutly sclerotised arch (Fig. |
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– | Gonopods either not fused or only fused basally (e.g. Figs |
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20(19) | Gonopods in ventral view branched, digitiform (Fig. |
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– | Gonopods unbranched (e.g. Figs |
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21(20) | Gonopods elongate triangular, acute apically (Figs |
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– | Gonopods in ventral view rounded apically (Figs |
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22(21) | Plate formed by fusion of subgenital processes subtriangular, slender in distal half, with paired short setae subapically (Fig. |
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– | Plate formed by fusion of subgenital processes broadly triangular, rounded apically and without setae (Fig. |
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23(22) | Abdominal segment VIII, in ventral view, with medial cleft on distal margin narrow, deeper than wide (Fig. |
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– | Abdominal segment VIII, in ventral view, with wide U- or V-shaped excavation on distal margin, width greatly exceeding depth (Figs |
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24(23) | Fused subgenital processes in ventral view in form of subquadrate plate (Fig. |
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– | Fused subgenital processes in ventral view tapered or rounded distally (Figs |
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25(24) | Gonopods in ventral view fused basally, widely separated distally pair of small membranous lobes in mid ventral position, each bearing a pale stout seta (Fig. |
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– | Gonopods in ventral view fused basally, free but closely abutting, with only sharp median cleft separation; without pair of median setal lobes (Fig. |
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As part of the broader study on the