Corresponding author: Runzhi Zhang (
Academic editor: M. Alonso-Zarazaga
There are four species of
Jiang C, Zhang R (2015) The genus
The aim of the present study is to describe for the first time all developmental stages of three species of
Six last instar larvae and ten pupae of
Nomenclature of the larval chaetotaxy mainly follows van
After description, all larvae and pupae were mounted using nail polish, a mixture of butyl acetate, ethyl acetate, multipolymer of adipic acid, neopentyl glycol, trimellitic acid and acetyl tributyl citrate. All slides remain together with the adult specimens in the museum of the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Adults of
Larva of
Larva of
Larva of
Larva of
Pupa of
Larva of
Mesonotum with three pairs of
After collecting specimens of
This species has been recorded from Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. This species is a new record for China.
It differs from
Two larvae.
Larva of
Pupa of
It differs from
After collecting the host plants
This species has been recorded from Armenia, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Iran, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Lebanon, Palestine, Slovakia, Syria, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. This species is a new record for China.
Key to adults of
1 | Metathoracic episterna covered with broad scales |
|
– | Metathoracic episterna covered with narrow scales |
|
2 | Metasternum and urosternite one covered with narrow scales |
|
– | Metasternum and urosternite one covered with broad scales |
|
3 | Elytra completely black |
|
– | Elytra reddish with only interstria one and ten black |
|
Key to larvae of
1 | Labrum without middle seta and sensilla, nearly all sclerotic |
|
– | Labrum with middle seta and sensilla, partly sclerotic |
|
2 | Epipharyngeal setae stout, sensilla absent |
|
– | Epipharyngeal setae slender, two pairs of sensilla |
|
Diagnostic features of the mature larvae of
Trait | Character |
|
|
|
---|---|---|---|---|
|
3.25–3.90 | 2.4–2.5 | 5.00–5.20 | |
|
Dorsal | - | - | |
Antenna | 1 |
- | 2 |
|
|
Mandible | 2 teeth 1 flange, 2 |
- | - |
Labrum | 2 pairs of |
- | 2 pairs of |
|
Epipharynx | 2 pairs of |
2 pairs of |
2 pairs of |
|
Maxilla | - | 3 |
||
Labium | - | - | ||
|
Th I | 2 |
4 |
6 |
Th II | 2 |
- | 1 |
|
Th III | same as Th II | - | same as Th II | |
|
Abd I-VII | 2 |
- | 1 |
Abd VIII | 1 |
- | 2 |
|
Abd IX | 1 |
- | - | |
Abd X (anus) | 1 seta, transverse | - | - |
Key to pupae of
1 | Pronotum with one pair of apical setae, one pair of sublateral setae, two pairs of posterolateral setae and discal setae absent |
|
– | Pronotum with three pairs of apical setae, two pairs of sublateral setae, two pairs of posterolateral setae, one pair of discal setae |
|
2 | Pro-, meso- and metafemora apically bearing two setae |
|
– | Pro-, meso- and metafemora apically bearing one seta |
|
Diagnostic features of pupae of
Traits |
|
|
|
---|---|---|---|
|
1 pair of |
- | 2 pairs of |
|
Prothoracic tubercle shallowly split, 1 |
3 |
Prothoracic tubercle deeply split, 3 |
|
Abd I-VII, tergum 1 seta, 1 |
- | Abd I-VII, tergum 2 setae, 2 |
|
2 |
1 |
1 |
Host plants of
Ecological habitats of three weevils.
The adults of
Lee et al. (1998) described the larva of
Different descriptions of larva of
Trait | Character | Description (Lee et al. 1998) | Review |
---|---|---|---|
|
Ocellus | 2 pairs | 1 pair |
Setae | |||
|
Labrum | posterior margin extended medially into clypeal zone; rods as brownish patches | posterior margin indistinct; rods absent |
Labium | 3 |
2 |
|
|
6 |
2 |
|
|
8 spiracles; airtube longer than diameter of peritreme; 3 folds; 1 |
7 spiracles; airtube subequal as diameter of peritreme; 2 folds; 2 |
In addition, setae on the alar area are found to be variable. There are usually four setae of different lengths on the alar area on each side of each larva. Five setae can be found on the alar area of the metathorax of
Parasites of
While collecting these species from the field, three kinds of host plants only were found, living only in flowing water with little pollution or human disturbance. In spring, there are many host plants in the habitats, but only those with
We are very thankful to Dr. Ning Liu, Dr. Zhiliang Wang, Dr. Li Ren and Dr. Jing Xu from the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences for their providing partial support for this research; our thanks also to the following: Dr. Charles O’Brien from the U.S.A., Dr. Roberto Caldara from Italy and Dr. Muhammad Haseeb of the Center for Biological Control, Florida A&M University for review of earlier version of this paper; Dr. Jens Prena from Germany and Dr. Roberto Caldara for identifying some specimens; Dr. Zhenyu Li from the Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences for identifying host plants; Mr. Jian Wang from Altay Forestry Research Institute for his help in specimen collections; Dr. Marek Wanat from Wroclaw University in Poland for sending specimens of