Corresponding author: Elisabeth Stur (
Academic editor: Fabio L. Da Silva
Examination of the syntypes of
Stur E, Ekrem T (2015) A review of Norwegian
The orthoclad genus
Subgenus
DNA barcoding using partial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 sequences (COI) (
The motivation for this study was to clarify the identity of
We examined eight syntypes of
Syntype specimens of
We also examined the male holotype and a male paratype of
Additional material of
DNA extracts and partial COI gene sequences were generated using standard primers and bi-directional Sanger sequencing with BigDye 3.1 termination at the Canadian Centre for DNA Barcoding in Guelph. Protocols and original trace-files are available through the dataset DS-GYMNO in BOLD. Alignments were done on amino acid sequences and was trivial as indels were absent; only sequences > 300bp were used in the final alignment. The taxon ID-tree was generated using neighbour joining analysis and 1000 bootstrap replicates on Kimura 2-parameter (K2P) genetic distances in MEGA 6 (
Morphological terminology and abbreviations follow Sæther (1980). Antennal and fore leg ratios of Norwegian
Antennal ratios (AR) and fore leg ratios (LR1) of male
Species | AR | LR1 |
---|---|---|
|
0.88–1.14, 1.04 [n=5] | 0.51–0.52, 0.51 [n=3] |
|
1.03–1.31, 1.19 [n=5] | 0.50–0.53, 0.51 [n=5] |
|
0.87–1.00, 0.94 [n=4] | 0.56–0.58, 0.57 [n=4] |
|
1.00–1.08, 1.06 [n=3] | 0.58–0.63, 0.61 [n=3] |
|
1.05–1.10, 1.07 [n=5] | 0.62–0.69, 0.65 [n=5] |
|
1.00–1.08, 1.05 [n=4] | 0.60–0.68, 0.65 [n=4] |
Several of the type specimens are quite damaged and many characters are difficult or impossible to observe (Figs
Syntype of
We have only seen two females from eastern and central Norway. The two specimens fit Edwards’ description for
Female
Only one specimen of this species from Norway has been available to us. It fits Sæther’s description of
Hypopygia of Norwegian
Distal part of wing for Norwegian
Holotype: Male adult (NTNU-VM slide 143840), Norway, Hordaland, Kvam, Berge, oak canopy fogging, tree #3,
The species is named “pallidus”, Latin adjective meaning pale, referring to the conspicuous pale body colour compared to other Holarctic
Male adult (n = 5 unless otherwise stated). Wing length 1.21–1.30, 1.28 mm. Colouration pale yellow-green body, legs and antennae; slightly darker bands on scutum; postnotum, dorsal side of head, ventral part of preepisternum pale brown; eyes dark brown.
Head. Antennal ratio in Table
Thorax. Antepronotum with 2-6, 3 setae. Dorsocentrals 10-17, 13; acrostichals 7-12, 10, minute and difficult to discern; prealars 3-4; scutellars 6-7.
Wing (Fig.
Legs. Fore tibia with one spur, 35 µm long; mid tibia with two spurs ca. 20-25 µm long; hind tibia with well-developed comb and 2 spurs, ca. 20 and 35 µm long. Fore leg ratios in Table
Hypopygium (Fig.
Female adult (n = 1). Wing length 1.23 mm. Colouration as male.
Head. Antenna (Fig.
Thorax. Antepronotum with 6 setae. Dorsocentrals 18; acrostichals 11; prealars 3; scutellars 6.
Wing (Fig.
Legs. Fore tibia with one spur, 20 µm long; mid tibia lost; hind tibia with well-developed comb and 2 spines, ca. 35–40 µm long. Tarsus of fore leg lost (LR1 not measurable).
Genitalia (Fig.
Immature stages unknown
The species is morphologically similar to
We have seen specimens from eastern and central Norway that fit well with the original and later descriptions of the species, except for having a lower AR (1.0-1.1) compared to what
Taxon ID-tree from Neighbour Joining analysis on K2P-distances using 1000 bootstrap replicates. Bootstrap values >70 are given on branches.
Holotype: Male adult (NTNU-VM slide no. 136299), Norway, Finnmark, Porsanger, small pond near Gaggavann,
The species is named “autumnalis”, Latin adjective meaning belonging to autumn, referring to the time of the year when the type material was collected.
Male adult (n = 4 unless otherwise stated). Wing length 1.30–1.52, 1.43 mm. Colouration completely brown, dark brown except for pale transverse bands posteriorly on abdominal tergites V–VIII, narrower on tergite V.
Head. Antennal ratio in Table
Thorax. Antepronotum with 2 setae. Dorsocentrals 10-11; acrostichals 8-9, minute and difficult to discern; prealars 4-6; scutellars 2-5.
Wing (Fig.
Legs. Fore tibia with one spur, 40 µm long; mid tibia with two spurs ca. 20 µm long; hind tibia with well-developed comb and 2 spines, ca. 50 µm long. Fore leg ratios in Table
Hypopygium (Fig.
Female and immature stages unknown.
The species is morphologically similar to
We have barcoded specimens from eastern, central and northern Norway that fall within the same genetic cluster although with quite large intraspecific divergence (0–6.8%, mean 3.42% K2P-distance) (Fig.
Our examined material is from eastern, central and northern Norway, frequently collected near streams, rivers and moors. Male adults fit well with Brundin’s description of
The species
1 | Large, needle-like virga well-developed, sometimes with strong lateral sclerotization (Fig. |
|
– | Virga small and inconspicuous, without lateral sclerotization (Fig. |
|
2 | Anal tergite without ridge or anal point (Fig. |
|
– | Anal tergite with at least a median triangular ridge (Fig. |
|
3 | Inferior volsella with obvious dorsal and ventral lobe (Japan) |
|
– | Inferior volsella with single lobe (Norway) (Fig. |
|
4 | Wing membrane with setae on wing tip only; often strong sclerotization laterally of virga (Fig. |
|
– | Wing membrane with setae on at least half of wing; no strong sclerotization laterally of virga (Fig. |
|
6 | Body pale yellow-green with pale brown scutal markings |
|
– | Body completely brown, or when yellowish ground colour with dark brown scutal markings |
|
7 | Edge of anal tergite broadly rounded (possibly an anal point, but difficult to discern in syntypes); gonostylus strongly curved inwards |
|
– | Anal point present, triangular; gonostylus at most with a weakly convex outer margin (Fig. |
|
8 | Ground colour of thorax yellowish (Japan) |
|
– | Ground colour of thorax brown |
|
9 | Anal point moderately well developed, c. 38 µm long (Fig. |
|
- | Anal point weakly developed, c. 17 µm long (Fig. |
|
As a result of this study, there are now 17 species of
Thanks to the team at the Canadian Centre for DNA Barcoding for help with DNA barcode analysis and to the Norwegian Biodiversity Information Centre for funding biosurveillance projects through the Norwegian Taxonomy Initiative from which most of the material used in this study originates. DNA barcode data in this publication was generated in collaboration with the Norwegian Barcode of Life Network (NorBOL) funded by the Research Council of Norway and the Norwegian Biodiversity Information Centre. Thanks also to Pol Limbourg and Wouter Dekoninck at RBINS for the loan of the Goetghebuer types and to Trond Andersen and Steffen Roth at the University Museum Bergen for loan of specimens of
Examined and DNA barcoded
Excel spreadsheet with specimen data and GenBank accessions
The spreadsheet contains the following information for all examined species: sample id, catalogue number, voucher status, locality, date of collection, collector and GenBank accession.