Corresponding author: Gustavo E. Flores (
Academic editor: P. Bouchard
A review of the subgenera of the South American genus
Flores GE, Pizarro-Araya J (2014) Towards a revision of the South American genus
The genus
The last revision of
The subgeneric classification of the genus was recently reviewed (
In the current study we report new constant characters to define each
The objectives of this study are to present elements for a revision of the genus
Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, USA
Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas, Mendoza, Argentina
Laboratorio de Entomología Ecológica, Universidad de La Serena, Chile
Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Museo de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
Museum fur Naturkunde der Humboldt Universitat, Berlin, Germany
Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Santiago, Chile
Natural History Museum, Basel, Switzerland
The remaining five names of the subgenera proposed by
Clypeal configuration (characters 1–3). The anterior margin of clypeus, in most subgenera, extends beyond the lateral expansion of frons (
Length and proportion of antennomeres 9, 10 and 11 (characters 4–5) are very variable among subgenera. Antennomere 9 can be longer than antennomere 10 (
Arrangement of apical tomentose sensory patches on antennomeres 10 and 11 (characters 6–7) are also variable among the subgenera. The apical tomentose sensory patches on antennomere 10 are arranged in two areas subequal in size (
The anterior margin of the prosternum (character 8) presents two states: with a narrow sharp edge or lacking that edge. The lateral margin of the elytron (character 9) can be not defined, rounded, continuous between dorsal area of elytron and pseudopleuron, or well defined by a narrow, sharp carina-shaped edge or by a wide longitudinal, prominent edge. The ventral surface of the profemora (character 10) presents a row of setae on the anterior edge or lacks that row of setae. The shape of protibiae (character 11) varies between explanate, distal margin width exceeding 1/3 of protibial length, and not explanate, distal margin width equal to 1/4 of protibial length.
The species of
Clypeus with anterior margin extending beyond to lateral expansion of frons, width of anterior margin not exceeding half the interocular width, clypeal suture as a vertical groove, not covered by frons, clypeus and frons at same level; antennomere 10 wider than long, antennomere 9 longer than antennomere 10, antennomere 11 longer than antennomere 10; apical tomentose sensory patches on antennomere 10 in a dorsally continuous semicircle, on antennomere 11 on distal half; prosternum with a narrow edge on anterior margin; lateral margin of elytron well defined; ventral surface of profemora with a row of setae on anterior edge; protibiae explanate.
Species of
We present new records for some Pacific islands. We recorded
This subgenus contains 18 species of which 2 species were recently described (
The distribution range of the subgenus extends from sea level to an altitude of ~1300 m. Most species are distributed between the Huasco coastal desert and the coastal shrub steppe (
Clypeus with anterior margin extending beyond to lateral expansion of frons, width of anterior margin not exceeding half the interocular width, clypeal suture as a vertical groove, not covered by frons, clypeus and frons at same level; antennomere 10 wider than long, antennomere 9 of equal length to 10, antennomere 11 of equal length to 10; apical tomentose sensory patches on antennomere 10 in two areas subequal in size, on antennomere 11 on distal third; prosternum with a narrow edge on anterior margin; lateral margin of elytron not defined; ventral surface of profemora with a row of setae on anterior edge, protibiae very explanate.
Species of
We present new records for some Pacific islands. We recorded the species
This subgenus contains 4 species (
The distribution range of the subgenus extends from sea level to an altitude of ~1325 m. All
Dorsal view of
Clypeus with anterior margin extending beyond to lateral expansion of frons, width of anterior margin not exceeding half the interocular width, clypeal suture as a vertical groove, not covered by frons, clypeus and frons at same level; antennomere 10 wider than long, antennomere 9 longer than antennomere 10, antennomere 11 longer than antennomere 10; apical tomentose sensory patches on antennomere 10 in two areas subequal in size, on antennomere 11 on distal half; prosternum with a narrow edge on anterior margin; lateral margin of elytron well defined; ventral surface of profemora without a row of setae on anterior edge, protibiae not explanate.
Species of
We present new records of
This subgenus contains 7 species/subspecies (
Species of
Clypeus with anterior margin extending beyond to lateral expansion of frons, width of anterior margin not exceeding half the interocular width, clypeal suture as a horizontal groove covered by frons, clypeus lower than frons; antennomere 10 wider than long, antennomere 9 longer than antennomere 10, antennomere 11 longer than antennomere 10; apical tomentose sensory patches on antennomere 10 in two areas subequal in size, on antennomere 11 on distal half; prosternum with a narrow edge on anterior margin; lateral margin of elytron not defined; ventral surface of profemora without a row of setae on anterior edge, protibiae not explanate.
Species of
This subgenus contains 5 species/subspecies (
Species of
Clypeus with anterior margin extending beyond to lateral expansion of frons or at same level as lateral expansion of frons, width of anterior margin not exceeding half the interocular width or width of anterior margin same as interocular width, clypeal suture as a vertical groove, not covered by frons, clypeus and frons at same level or clypeal suture as a horizontal groove not covered by frons, clypeus lower than frons; antennomere 9 longer than antennomere 10, antennomere 11 longer than antennomere 10; apical tomentose sensory patches on antennomere 10 in a dorsally continuous semicircle, on antennomere 11 on distal half; prosternum with a narrow edge on anterior margin; lateral margin of elytron not defined; ventral surface of profemora without a row of setae on anterior edge, protibiae explanate.
Species of
This subgenus contains 14 species (
Species of
Clypeus with anterior margin extending beyond to lateral expansion of frons, width of anterior margin not exceeding half the interocular width, clypeal suture as a horizontal groove not covered by frons, clypeus lower than frons; antennomere 9 longer than antennomere 10, antennomere 11 longer than antennomere 10; apical tomentose sensory patches on antennomere 10 in two areas subequal in size, on antennomere 11 on distal half; prosternum without a narrow edge on anterior margin; lateral margin of elytron well defined; ventral surface of profemora without a row of setae on anterior edge, protibiae explanate.
The species of
We present a new record for the Peninsula Valdés in Argentina (
This subgenus contains 8 species/subspecies (
Species of
Dorsal view of
Clypeus with anterior margin extending beyond to lateral expansion of frons, width of anterior margin not exceeding half the interocular width, clypeal suture as a horizontal groove not covered by frons, clypeus lower than frons; antennomere 9 longer than antennomere 10, antennomere 11 longer than antennomere 10; apical tomentose sensory patches on antennomere 10 in two areas subequal in size, on antennomere 11 on distal half; prosternum without a narrow edge on anterior margin; lateral margin of elytron well defined; ventral surface of profemora without a row of setae on anterior edge, protibiae explanate.
The species of
This subgenus contains 2 species (
Species of
Clypeus with anterior margin extending beyond to lateral expansion of frons, width of anterior margin not exceeding half the interocular width, clypeal suture as a horizontal groove covered by frons, clypeus lower than frons; antennomere 9 longer than antennomere 10, antennomere 11 shorter than antennomere 10; apical tomentose sensory patches on antennomere 10 in two areas subequal in size, on antennomere 11 on distal third; prosternum without a narrow edge on anterior margin; lateral margin of elytron well defined; ventral surface of profemora without a row of setae on anterior edge, protibiae explanate.
Species of
We present a new record of
This subgenus contains 23 species (
Species of
Clypeus with anterior margin extending beyond to lateral expansion of frons, width of anterior margin not exceeding half the interocular width, clypeal suture as a horizontal groove not covered by frons, clypeus lower than frons; antennomere 9 longer than antennomere 10, antennomere 11 longer than antennomere 10; apical tomentose sensory patches on antennomere 10 in two areas subequal in size, on antennomere 11 on distal third; prosternum without a narrow edge on anterior margin; lateral margin of elytron well defined; ventral surface of profemora without a row of setae on anterior edge, protibiae explanate.
Species of
We present a new record of
This subgenus contains 4 species (
Species of
1 | Anterior margin of prosternum with a narrow, sharp edge | 2 |
– | Anterior margin of prosternum rounded, smooth, lacking edge | 6 |
2 | Lateral margin of elytron well defined by a sharp edge carina-shaped, narrow or broad ( |
3 |
– | Lateral margin of elytron not defined, rounded ( |
4 |
3 | Apical tomentose sensory patches on antennomere 10 arranged in a dorsally continuous semicircle ( |
|
– | Apical tomentose sensory patches on antennomere 10 arranged in two areas subequal in size ( |
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4 | Antennae very short, reaching only 1/4 of lateral margin of pronotum; antennomere 9 equal length as antennomere 10; antennomere 11 equal length as antennomere 10; apical tomentose sensory patches on antennomere 11 on distal third ( |
|
– | Antennae long, reaching or surpassing the midpoint of lateral margin of pronotum; antennomere 9 longer than antennomere 10 ( |
5 |
5 | Apical tomentose sensory patches on antennomere 10 arranged in two areas subequal in size ( |
|
– | Apical tomentose sensory patches on antennomere 10 arranged in a dorsally continuous semicircle ( |
|
6 | Apical tomentose sensory patches on antennomere 11 on distal half ( |
7 |
– | Apical tomentose sensory patches on antennomere 11 on distal third ( |
8 |
7 | Body spherical, wide, rounded seen from above; lateral margin of elytra as a wide, prominent edge; lateral margin of pronotum with a row of long, black or golden setae ( |
|
– | Body elongate, narrow, subparallel seen from above, lateral margin of elytra as sharp edge carina-shaped; lateral margin of pronotum lacking a row of setae ( |
|
8 | Antennomere 11 shorter than antennomere 10; clypeal suture as a horizontal groove covered by frons ( |
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– | Antennomere 11 longer than antennomere 10; clypeal suture as a horizontal groove not covered by frons ( |
Diversity of the subgenera of
A table was made with the character states used in the diagnoses (
Characters studied and distribution of character states among the subgenera of
Characters | Character states | Subgenera | ||||||||
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1) Clypeus, anterior margin | A) extending beyond to lateral expansion of frons | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × |
B) at same level as lateral expansion of frons | × | |||||||||
2) Clypeus, width of anterior margin | A) not exceeding half the interocular width | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × |
B) same width as interocular distance | × | |||||||||
3) Clypeal suture | A) as horizontal groove | × | × | × | × | × | × | |||
B) as vertical groove | × | × | × | × | ||||||
4) Antennomere 9 | A) longer than antennomere 10 | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | |
B) equal in length to antennomere 10 | × | |||||||||
5) Antennomere 11 | A) Longer than antennomere 10 | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | ||
B) shorter than antennomere 10 | × | |||||||||
C) equal in length to antennomere 10 | × | |||||||||
6) Apical tomentose sensory patches on antennomere 10 | A) in two areas subequal in size | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | ||
B) in a dorsally continuous semicircle | × | × | ||||||||
7) Apical tomentose sensory patches on antennomere 11 | A) on distal third | × | × | × | ||||||
B) on distal half | × | × | × | × | × | × | ||||
8) Prosternum | A) with a narrow edge on anterior margin | × | × | × | × | × | ||||
B) without edge on anterior margin | × | × | × | × | ||||||
9) Lateral margin of elytron | A) well defined | × | × | × | × | × | × | |||
B) not defined | × | × | × | |||||||
10) Ventral surface of profemora | A) with a row of setae on anterior edge | × | × | |||||||
B) without a row of setae on anterior edge | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | |||
11) Protibiae | A) explanate | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | ||
B) not explanate | × | × |
Some character states appear as unique for some subgenera such as antennomere 11 of equal length to 10 in
The distribution of the whole genus
We gratefully acknowledge to the organizators of the Third International Symposium on