Corresponding author: James B. Whitfield (
Academic editor: K. van Achterberg
Authors (2014) First record of the genus
Checklist of the
Descriptor | Distribution | Reference | |
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Arias-Penna & Whitfield, 2013 | Costa Rica |
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Austin & Dangerfield, 1992 | Australia |
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(Nixon, 1965) | Papua New Guinea |
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Long & van Achterberg, 2011 | Taiwan |
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Ahmad, Pandey, Haider & Shuja-Uddin 2005 | India |
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(de Saeger, 1944) | Kenya and Rwanda |
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(Nixon, 1965) | Philippines, Taiwan | |
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Arias-Penna & Whitfield, 2013 | Colombia |
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Long & van Achterberg, 2003 | Vietnam | |
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Long & van Achterberg, 2011 | Vietnam |
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Rousse & Gupta, 2013 | Reunion Island |
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Long & van Achterberg, 2011 | Vietnam |
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Long & van Achterberg, 2011 | Vietnam |
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Arias-Penna & Whitfield, 2013 | Panama |
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Long & van Achterberg, 2003 | Vietnam and China | |
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Austin & Dangerfield, 1992 | Australia and Papua New Guinea |
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(Nixon, 1965) | Philippines |
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Long, 2007 | Vietnam | |
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Austin & Dangerfield, 1992 | Australia and Papua New Guinea |
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There are no available records of
This paper provides descriptions of the three new
The Fijian Archipelago is one of the most unique island groups within the Indo-West Pacific region, characterized by an exceptionally high species richness documented mainly in marine ecosystems (
The material reviewed for this revision comprises specimens collected under the three-years project “The Fiji Terrestrial Arthropod Survey” (
Two to five Malaise traps were set up at each site; all traps were monitored regularly and samples were collected each 12 days. Specimens were preserved in 95% ethanol. A team of parataxonomist sorted and processed all the material at the Ministry of Forestry laboratory facility, Colo-i-Suva, Fiji. Afterwards, all samples were first sent to Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Hawaii, and after sorting were subsequently shipped to different specialists around the world. Part of the
At UIUC,
For easy manipulation and to avoid specimen fragmentation during handling, samples were soaked with Hexamethyldisilazane HMDS, [(CH3)3Si]2NH for 1 hour at room temperature and afterwards pinned (point mounted). Specimens treated with this chemical can be subsequently processed for DNA extraction and amplification (
The cuticular sculpturing terminology follows
Holotypes are deposited in the Fiji National insect Collection in Suva, Fiji and paratypes in Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA and California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California, USA.
The following are the abbreviations used in the text:
= axillary trough of metanotum = axillary trough of scutellum = medioposterior band of metanotum = medioanterior band of scutellum = lunule of scutellum = medioposterior pit of metanotum = ocular ocellar line: the shortest distance between posterior ocellus and adjacent compound eye margin = posterior ocellar line: the shortest distance between the posterior ocelli = posterior rim of metanotum
Habitus
Body structures
Female,
Female,
Female,
Modified from
1 | Mesosoma flattened, scutellum at same level as propodeum; scutellum almost smooth and without a transverse posterior carina; hind coxa more or less shortened, not surpassing apex of tergite I | 2 |
– | Mesosoma normal ( |
3 |
2 | Propodeum with a very coarse median carina combined with various strong secondary rugae; body large (about 5.5 mm), completely brownish yellow. [Distribution. Papua New Guinea: East New Britain (Kerevat)] | |
– | Propodeum with a coarse median carina dividing propodeum into two smooth lateral parts, without rugae; body rather small (2.4 mm), black, metasoma yellowish brown, tergite I ivory colored laterally. [Distribution. North of Vietnam (Ha Tay)] | |
3 | Ocelli small or medium-sized ( |
4 |
– | Ocelli large to very large ( |
16 |
4 | Mesopleuron obliquely striate above precoxal sulcus; OOL 1.0–1.5 times diameter of posterior ocellus. [Distribution. Australia: Queensland (Atherton, Little Mulgrave Natl Pk, Mt Webb Natl Pk). Papua New Guinea: Western Highlands (Baiyer river Sanctuary), Morobe (Mt Keinde [Kaindi], Sattelberg)] | |
– | Mesopleuron smooth or sparsely punctate above precoxal sulcus; OOL 1.6–2.0 times diameter of posterior ocellus | 5 |
5 | Body completely brownish yellow ( |
6 |
– | Body partly dark brown or blackish, at least propodeum and mesopleuron ( |
10 |
6 | Face coarsely reticulate-rugose | 7 |
– | Face finely and densely punctate | 8 |
7 | Body entire fulvous, except hind femur and hind tibia slightly darkened at extreme apex; OOL less than twice diameter of posterior ocellus. [Distribution. Philippines: Mindanao (Davao). Taiwan: Pingtung (Kenting Ntl. Pak., Shantimen [Sandimen?])] | |
– | Body yellowish orange except tergites III –IV (medially) and following tergites dark brown, and hind tarsi infuscate; OOL 1.27 times diameter of posterior ocellus. [Distribution. Reunion Island: Bras-Panon (La Caroline), Saint Pierre (Bassin Martin)] | |
8 | Hind wing with vannal lobe of typical microgastrine dimensions ( |
|
– | Hind wing with vannal lobe reduced ( |
9 |
9 | Outer dorsal surface of hind coxa with distinct longitudinal carina, inner dorsal surface coarsely reticulate; hypopygium smooth and hairless. [Distribution. Papua New Guinea: Jiwaka (Jimmi Valley), Madang, Morobe (Bulolo, Busu River in Lae, Lae-Zenag Road, Saruwaged Range), East New Britain (Kerevat). Australia: Queensland (MtTozer)] | |
– | Outer dorsal surface of hind coxa with coarse and heterogeneous aerolate-rugose sculpture throughout without carina, ventral surface with dense and fine punctate those two areas separated by a flat, smooth and shiny stripe ( |
W. |
10 | Scutellum with a small spine apically ( |
11 |
– | Scutellum without spine apically | 15 |
11 | Head yellow-orange or reddish-brown ( |
12 |
– | Head black or blackish brown | 14 |
12 | Frons with two distinct parallel carinae between antennal sockets. [Distribution: Central highlands of Vietnam (Kon Tum)] | |
– | Frons with rippled sculptures between antennal sockets ( |
13 |
13 | Hind coxa reddish-brown; surface of hind coxa reticulate with fine granulate background sculpture. Head and mesosoma reddish-brown. [Distribution. India: Maharashtra (Solapur)] | |
– | Hind coxa completely black, but yellow-brown ventrally; outer dorsal surface of hind coxa with coarse aerolate-rugose sculpture, but finely sculptured in the remaining area ( |
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14 | Vein 1CUa of fore wing 0.50 times as long as vein 1CUb; pterostigma distinctly shorter vein R1 (23: 60); frons smooth; propodeum largely rugose; vein cu-a of hind wing more or less sinuate. [Distribution. Vietnam: NE (Ha Giang), Central highlands (Lam Dong)] | |
– | Vein 1CUa of fore wing 0.85 times as long as vein 1CUb; pterostigma as long as vein R1; frons rugose/punctate; propodeum sparsely rugose apically, smooth basally; vein cu-a of hind wing curved. [Distribution. Northeast of Vietnam (Thai Nguyen)] | |
15 | Head entirely, mesoscutum and scutellum black; frons, vertex and temple dull, coarsely rugose-punctate; scutellum medially dull and densely rugose; second metasomal tergite with an elongate parallel-sided area. Distribution. Belgian Congo (Nyasheke [Now Rwanda: Nyamasheke?]. Kenya (Embu)] | |
– | Head brownish yellow, mesoscutum and scutellum reddish brown; frons, vertex and temple shiny and almost smooth; scutellum medially shiny and superficially rugose-punctate; second tergite without such area. [Distribution. Philippines: Luzon (Mt Makiling)] | |
16 | Lateral lobes of mesoscutum and mesopleuron ventrally yellow or brownish yellow; ocelli strongly protuberant, in frontal view completely above dorsal level of eyes | 17 |
– | Lateral lobes of mesoscutum and mesosternum dark brown or blackish; ocelli less protuberant, in frontal view partly below dorsal level of eyes | 21 |
17 | Hind coxa yellow/orange without dark brown patch. [Distribution. Australia: Queensland (Herbert River in Ingham, Hope Vale Mission, Mt Spec, Mt Baird), Northern Territory (Mudginbarry H.S.)] | |
– | Hind coxa yellow with apex light brown or with a dark brown ventral patch ( |
18 |
18 | Notauli absent. [Distribution. Vietnam: North Central Coast (Ha Tinh, Nghe An), Northeast (Thai Nguyen), Central highlands (Dak Lak), Southeast (Dông Nai)] | |
– | Notauli present but incomplete | 19 |
19 | Scutellar sulcus with seven carinate foveae. Axillary trough of metanotum with complete parallel carinae. Eyes and ocelli appearing reddish in preserved specimens ( |
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– | Scutellar sulcus with five carinate foveae. Axillary trough of metanotum with some incomplete parallel carinae. Eyes and ocelli silver in preserved specimens | 20 |
20 | Fore and hind wings infuscate [habitus |
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– | Fore wing and hind wing not infuscate [habitus |
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21 | Temple narrow, in lateral view its width near middle of eye 0.3–0.35 times transverse diameter of eye; OOL of female 0.2–0.3 times diameter of posterior ocellus; vertex without transverse rugosities. [Distribution. Vietnam: Northwest (Hoa Binh), Southeast (Dông Nai), Central highlands (Dak Lak), South central coast (Ninh Thuân)] | |
– | Temple wider, in lateral view its width near middle of eye 0.4–0.5 times transverse diameter of eye; OOL of female 0.5 times diameter of posterior ocellus; vertex with distinct transverse rugosities. [Distribution. Vietnam: Northeast (Thai Nguyen), North Central Coast (Thua Thien-Hue)] |
Body length 2.2 mm, antennae length 2.73 mm.
Paratypes, 1 female, FIJI: VITI LEVU ISLAND, Nabukavesi village, Ocean Pacific Resort, lat -18.171, long 178.258, 40 m, Malaise, coastal lowland moist forest, 26.iv–05.v.2004, W. Naisilisili, [FJVL18a_01_25] in CAS. 1 male, 2 km E Navai village, old trail to mount Tomaniivi (Victoria), lat -17.621, long 178, 700 m, Malaise, gymnosperm dominated rainforest, 13–18.ii.2004, E. Namatalau, [FJVL11b_03_35] in California Academy of Sciences. 1 male & 1 female, FIJI: VITI LEVU ISLAND, 0.75 km E. Navai Village, old trail to mount Tomaniivi (Victoria), lat -17.621, long 177.989, 700 m, Malaise, gymnosperm dominated rainforest, 03.ii–16.iii.2005, E. Namatalau, [FJVL11d_05_26] in Bishop Museum.
TAVEUNI ISLAND: 1 male, 3.2 km NW Lavena village, Mt. Koronibuabua, lat -19.851, long -179.891, 235 m, Malaise, lowland rainforest, 07.iii-11.iv.2004, B. Soroalau, [FJTA52d].
VANUA LEVU ISLAND: 1 male, Lomaloma village, lat -16.63, long -179.208, 587 m, Malaise, 26.i–07.ii.2006, N. Qarau, [FJVN97_03_01]; 1 male, same data except for: 630 m, 07–18.ii.2006, [FJVN95_01_02].
VITI LEVU ISLAND: 1 male, 2 km E Navai village, old trail to mount Tomaniivi (Victoria), lat -17.621, long 178, 700 m, Malaise, gymnosperm dominated rainforest, 13–18.ii.2004, E. Namatalau, [FJVL11b_03_35]; and 2 males, same data except for: Navai Village, 07–26.i.2004, [FJVL11e_01_02]. 1 male, 1.1 km SSW Volivoli village, Sigatoka sand dunes, lat -17.621, long 177.989, 55 m, Malaise, mixed littoral forest on sand, 06–17.iv.2004, S. Niusoria, [FJVL6b_02_19]; 1 female same data except for: 24.xi–15.xii.2003, T. Ratawa, [FJVL6b_02_16] and 1 female same data except 0.8 km SSW Volivoli village, 25 m, 24.xi–15.xii.2003, T. Ratawa, [FJVL6a_01_11].
Head yellow-orange, metasoma light yellow, mesosoma brown-black (
Coloration (
Head (
Mesosoma (
Wings (
Legs. Hind coxa extended beyond apex of tergite III (
Metasoma (
Comments. In some females from Viti Levu and Kavadu, at least the first five antennal flagellomeres are lighter than the remaining ones. Some females have the ocellar triangle black, hiding the semicircular ring in each ocellus. Tergite III and beyond with some brown tinge. Body length range from 2.22 to 2.93 mm.
Males. Males from all localities exhibit tergites II and beyond brown in comparison with females. In some specimens, basal antennal flagellomeres look similar in coloration to apical flagellomeres, and ocellar triangle with extended black area, so black ring around each ocelli is not outlined. Body length range from 2.2 to 2.52 mm.
From
Fiji: Kadavu, Taveuni, Vanua Levu and Viti Levu.
unknown
Body length 2.63 mm, antennae length 3.33 mm
GAU ISLAND: 1 female, 4 km SE Navukailagi village, mount Delaco, lat -17.98, long 179.275, 496 m, Malaise, 28.xii.2005–10.i.2006, U. Racule, [FJGA65_02_22]; 1 female, same data except for: 10.i–11.ii.2006, [FJGA65_02_23]; 1 female, same data except for: 3.3 km SE Navukailagi village, mount Delaco, 564 m, 20.x–02.xi.2005, [FJGA66_03_19].
KADAVU ISLAND: 1 male, Takuvi, 0.25 km SW Solodamu village, Moanakaka bird sanctuary, lat -19.078, long 178.121, 60 m, Malaise, coastal limestone forest, 23.x–19.xii.2003, S. Lau, [FJKV41a_02_06]; 3 males, same data except for: 128 m, 11.vi–06.vii.2003, [FJKV41b_01_02]; 1 male, same data except for: 128 m, 23.x–19.xii.2003, [FJKV41c_01_01].
TAUVENI ISLAND: 3 females, 5.6 km SE Tavuki village, Devo peak, lat -16.8432, long -179.965, 1187 m, Malaise, cloud forest, 03-10.i.2003, E. Ratu, [FJTA8a_01_12]; 1 female, Tavuki village, mount Devo, lat -16.837, long -179.973, 892 m, Malaise, montane wet forest, 31.vii-14.viii.2004, P. Vodo, [FJTA9b_04_02] in FNCI. 2 males & 4 females, Tavuki village, Devo peak, Malaise, M. Irwin, E. Schlinger & M. Tokotaa, 10-16.i.2003 [FJTA7-9]. 1 male, 3.2 km NW Lavena village, mount Koronibuabua, lat -16.855, long -179.889, 219 m, Malaise, lowland rainforest, 04–19.xi.2003, [FJTA52b_04_26].
VANUA LEVU ISLAND: 1 female, 6 km NW Kilaka, village Batiqere range, lat -16.8103, long 178.988, 61 m, Malaise, lowland wet forest, 03-10.vi.2004, P. Manueli, [FJVN58a_03_06]; 1 female, same data except for: lat -16.806, long 178.991, 98 m, 15-24.vi.2004, [FJVN58b_05_07]; 1 female, same data except for: alt -16.806, long 178.988, 154 m, [FJVN58e_04_06]; 3 males, same data except for: -16.806, long 178.988, 154 m, 28.vi-02.vii.2004, [FJVN58e_04_08]. 1 female, Lomaloma village, 630 m, Malaise, 07–18.ii.2006, N. Qarau, [FJVN95_01_02]; 1 female, same data except for: 219 m, 26.i–07.ii.2006, [FJVN96_02_01]; 1 male & 2 females, same data except for: 587 m, 26.i–07.ii.2006, [FJVN97_03_01]; 2 females, same data except for: 587 m, 07-18.ii.2006, [FJVN97_03_02].
VITI LEVU ISLAND: 1 male, 1 km E Abaca village, mount Evan’s range, Koroyanitu Eco park, Kokabula trail, lat -17.667, long 177.55, 800 m, Malaise, disturbed mid-elevation moist forest, 26.xi–03.xii.2002, L. Tuimereke, [FJVL02_01_09]; 3 males, same data except: 0.5 km E Abaca village, [FJVL03_01_09]; 2 males, same information except: 0.5 km E Abaca village, 12–19.xi.2002 [FJVL03_01_54]. 1 male, 4 km WSW Colo-i-Suva village, mount Nakobalevu, lat -18.055, long 178.423, 372 m, Malaise, lowland wet forest, 12–24.vi.2004, Timoci, [FJVL4b_03_33]. 1 female, 0.8 km SSW Volivoli village, Sigatoka sand dunes, lat -18.166, long 177.485, 4 m, Malaise, mixed littoral forest on sand, 24.xi–15.xii.2003, T. Ratawa, [FJVL6a_01_11]; 1 male & 4 females, same data except for: 1.1 km SSW Volivoli village, lat -18.171, long 177.484, 700 m, 09–20.xii.2003 [FJVL6c_04_11]. 1 female, 1.8 km E Navai village, old trail to mount Tomaniivi (Victoria), lat -17.621, long 177.998, 700 m, Malaise, gymnosperm dominated rainforest, 24.x-08.xi.2003, E. Namatalau, [FJVL11c_04_08]; 2 males, same data except for: Navai village, old trail to mount Tomaniivi (Victoria), lat -17.616, long 177.983, 07–26.i.2004, [FJVL11e_01_02]. 1 female, 3.3 km N Veisari settlement, logging road to Waivudawa, lat -18.069, long 178.3666, 300 m, Malaise, lowland wet forest, 08–31.iii.2003, M. Tokotaa [FJVL10d_04_02]. 2 males & 1 female, 3.2 km E Navai village, Veilaselase Track, lat -17.624, long 178.009, 700 m, Malaise, gymnosperm dominated rainforest, 06.vi–15.vii.2003, E. Namatalau, [FJVL11a_02_02]. 1 male, Nabukavesi Village, Ocean Pacific Resort, lat -18.171, long 178.258, 40 m, Malaise, coastal lowland moist forest, 26.iv–05.v.2004, W. Naisilisili, [FJVL18a_01_25].
Propodeal spiracles touching the pleural carina and enclosed by an incomplete carinate area (
Coloration (
Head (
Mesosoma (
Wings (
Legs. Hind coxa extending beyond apex of tergite III (
Metasoma (
Comments. In lateral view the mesosoma in some females (e.g. Viti Levu) exhibit two different shades of yellow, dorsally darker than ventrally. In specimens from Gau the coloration on tergite II and so forth is dark brown, in comparison with specimens from other sites that is light brown. Some females exhibit a black ocellar triangle area without/faint delimitation of semicircular black ring in each ocelli (e.g. Vanua Levu). Body length in females ranges from 2.02 mm to 2.83 mm.
Males. Similar to females. Some males exhibit a black ocellar triangle area without semicircular rings patterns in each ocellus (e.g. Kadavu). In specimens from Tauveni, Vanua Levu last laterotergites and sternites are brownish. Body length ranges from 2.22 mm to 2.93 mm.
The name is based on the country Fiji, where the holotype was collected; the species is recorded in several localities in the archipelago.
Gau, Kadavu, Taveuni, Vanua Levu and Viti Levu islands.
unknown
Body length 2.63 mm, antennae length 2.93 mm
KADAVU ISLAND: 5 males & 1 female, same data as holotype except for: 23.x–19.xii.2003, [FJKV41a_02_06]; 2 males & 2 females, same data as holotype except for: 09–15.ii.2004, [FJKV41a_04_08].
TAUVENI ISLAND: 1 male & 1 female, 3.2 km NW Lavena village, mount Koronibuabua, lat -16.855, long -179.888, 219 m, Malaise, lowland rainforest 04–19.xi.2003, [FJTA52b_04_26]; 1 female, same data except for: lat -16.854, long -179.891, 235 m, 24.x–19.xi.2004, [FJTA52d]; 1 female, same data except for: lat -16.854, long -179.891, 235 m, 24.x-04.xi.2003, [FJTA52d_01_03]; 1 male, same data except for: lat -16.855, long -179.888, 229 m, 19.xi-19.xii.2003, [FJTA52f_05_28].
VITI LEVU ISLAND: 1 male, 1 km E Abaca village, mount Evan’s range, Koroyanitu Eco Park, Kokabula trail, lat -17.66, long 177.55, 800 m, Malaise, disturbed mid-elevation moist forest, 02–10.vi.2002, L. Tuimereke, [FJVL02_01_26]. 1 female, 2 Km SE Nabukavesi village, ocean Pacific resort, lat -18.170, long 178.258, 40 m, Malaise, coastal lowland moist forest, 26.iv–05.v.2004, W. Naisilisili, [FJVL18a_01_25].
First five antennal flagellomeres lighter in color than following flagellomeres. ATS and ATM smooth (
Coloration (
Head (
Mesosoma (
Wings (
Legs. Hind coxa extended beyond apex of tergite III (
Metasoma (
Comments. In some females from Kavadu, the coloration on tergites III and beyond is completely yellow; other specimens exhibit on those tergites a striping pattern that can alternate light yellow followed by dark brown and vice versa. In contrast, specimens from Taveuni, the brown coloration includes tergite II and following. Body length ranges from 2.12 mm to 2.83 mm.
Males. Similar to females. Some dry specimens (e.g. from Kavadu) with striping pattern on tergites III and beyond, those specimens exposing the arthrodial membrane which is light yellow in contrast with dark brown coloration on the tergites. In other males, the first third anterior of propodeum lacks the transverse carinae. Body length ranges from 2.32 to 2.52 mm.
From
Kavadu, Taveuni and Viti Levu.
unknown
We would like to thank the members of the Fiji Inventory, especially Chris Grinter, for supplying sorted specimens. DCAP and JBW would like to acknowledge NSF grants DEB 1020510 and DEB 1146119 to JBW for support. Grateful thanks are also extended to Ankita Gupta from National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Insects (ICAR) in India for her prompt assistance in taking measurements of W.