Corresponding author: Zai-fu Xu (
Academic editor: M. Engel
The genus
The small subfamily
The genus
Relatively thorough studies on
List of the Chinese species of
Species | Distribution |
---|---|
Taiwan (Oriental) | |
Northeast China (=Mandchuria) (Palaearctic) | |
Shanxi (Palaearctic) | |
Northeast China (=Mandchuria) (Palaearctic) [misidentification] | |
Jilin (Palaearctic) [misidentification] | |
Jiangsu (=Kiangsu) (Palaearctic), Taiwan (Oriental) | |
Taiwan (Oriental) | |
Taiwan (Oriental) |
All the specimens were examined and described under a stereomicroscope (Olympus SZ61). All the photos were taken with a digital camera (CoolSNAP) attached to a Zeiss Stemi 2000-CS stereomicroscope. Images were processed using Image-Pro Plus software.
Morphological terminology of this study mainly follows that of
The abbreviations used in the descriptions are as follows: ASD= antennal socket diameter; F-I, F-II, F-III, etc. = flagellum I, flagellum II, flagellum III and so on; HH= head height, the maximum distance from the lowest margin of clypeus to the uppermost margin of frons in frontal view; HL= head length, the maximum distance across the head in lateral view; HW= head width, the maximum distance between compound eyes in frontal view; L/W = relative length to width; MOD= midocellar diameter; MS= malar space, the shortest distance between the base of mandibles and margin of the compound eyes; OCL= ocellar-occiputal line, the shortest distance between posterior ocellus and occipital carina; OOL= oculo-ocellar line, the shortest distance between posterior ocellus and compound eye; PD= puncture diameter; Ped= pedicel; POL= posterior ocellar line, the shortest distance between posterior ocelli; T-I, T-II, T-III, etc. = metasomal tergum I, tergum II, tergum III and so on.
Types and other specimens from the following institutions and private collections have been examined:
Gian Luca Agnoli private collection, Bologna, Italy.
Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Milan, Italy.
Maurizio Pavesi private collection, Milan, Italy.
Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden.
Naturhistorisches Museum, Zoologische Abteilung, Vienna, Austria.
Paolo Rosa private collection, Bernareggio, Italy.
Hymenopteran Collection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
Shanghai Entomological Museum, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China.
Parasitic
Other distinctive characteristics are: face convex; eyes not bulging and following the head profile in frontal view; malar space usually longer than 1 MOD; mandible robust, with two or more subapical teeth; clypeus usually emarginated beneath the antennal socket; pronotum narrowed anteriorly, and divided by a transverse crenate sulcus which delineates a bulbous collar; mesopleuron with subalar fossa and scrobal pit, scrobal sulcus and omaulus occasionally present; propodeum with long dorsal surface and vertical posterior declivity, posterolaterally angulate to dentate; claws with one small perpendicular submedial tooth; T-I and T-II dorsally subequal to or shorter than T-III and T-IV; forewing with weakly defined discoidal cell and an incomplete, or lacking, radial sector vein; ovipositor long and robust.
There are 90 valid
Females. Unknown for
1 | Female: metasoma with four segments | 2 |
– | Male: metasoma with five segments | 12 |
2 | Mesopleuron with V-shape loop ( |
3 |
– | Mesopleuron without V-shape loop ( |
7 |
3 | Pronotum with longitudinal median sulcus complete ( |
4 |
– | Pronotum without longitudinal median sulcus ( |
5 |
4 | Posterior pit row of pronotum without considerably larger median pits; longitudinal median sulcus complete | |
– | Posterior pit row of pronotum with two median pits considerably larger than the others ( |
|
5 | Posterior pit row of pronotum with round pits and two median pits considerably larger than the others | |
– | Posterior pit row of pronotum with elongated pits and two median pits not considerably larger than the others ( |
6 |
6 | Mandibles with distinct striatopunctures; metanotum with two foveae along the posterior margin ( |
|
– | Mandibles without striatopunctures; metanotum with a broad fovea along the posterior margin | |
7 | Body without metallic colouration ( |
8 |
– | Body with metallic colouration ( |
10 |
8 | Antennae with pedicels and F-I–F-III testaceous ( |
|
– | Antennae with pedicels, F-I–F-III black ( |
9 |
9 | Metapleuron polished and weakly striate ( |
|
– | Metapleuron transversely striate ( |
|
10 | Pronotum with distinct posterior pit row ( |
|
– | Pronotum without posterior pit row ( |
11 |
11 | Pronotum golden, with green tints on lateral sides ( |
|
– | Pronotum and mesopleuron metallic blue, metanotum dark metallic blue ( |
|
12 | Body entirely metallic green to blue; mesopleuron with V-shape loop complete ( |
13 |
– | Body not entirely metallic, only head and part of mesosoma with metallic colouration; mesopleuron without V-shape loop ( |
16 |
13 | Pronotum with complete or incomplete longitudinal median sulcus ( |
14 |
– | Pronotum without longitudinal median sulcus ( |
15 |
14 | Pronotum with longitudinal median sulcus complete ( |
|
– | Pronotum with longitudinal median sulcus incomplete ( |
|
15 | Face with sparse punctures (1.0–5.0 PD) ( |
|
– | Face with dense punctures (0.5–1.0 PD) ( |
|
16 | Pronotum with complete and narrow longitudinal median sulcus | |
– | Pronotum without longitudinal median sulcus ( |
17 |
17 | Body mostly blackish, with metallic colour restricted to face ( |
18 |
– | Body with metallic blue colour on head and mesosoma ( |
19 |
18 | Face with metallic colour ( |
|
– | Head entirely with metallic colour ( |
|
19 | Metanotum with a broad fovea along the posterior margin ( |
|
– | Metanotum without fovea along the posterior margin ( |
None.
Body entirely purple, including femora and tibiae. Flagellum dark brown to black. Tegulae and tarsi brown. Lower margin of clypeus truncate. Dorsal surface of propodeum coarsely punctuate, with propodeal angles obtuse (
Oriental part of China (Taiwan).
Collected in May.
Holotype ♀ (SCAU), Guangdong, Nanling National Nature Reserve (
Oriental part of China (Guangdong).
Collected in May.
The specific name is referring to the pale torus on lateral T-II.
According to
Holotype ♂ (SCAU), Zhejiang, Mt. Tianmu, Xianrending (
Oriental part of China (Zhejiang, Guangxi).
Collected from June to August.
The specific name refers to the whitish coxae.
According to
Holotype ♀ (ZJUH), Zhejiang, Hangzhou Botanical Garden (
Oriental part of China (Zhejiang).
Collected in June.
The specific name refers to the yellow stripes on head and pronotum.
According to
Holotype ♀ (SCAU), Inner Mongolia, Mt. Helan (
This species resembles
Palaearctic part of China (Inner Mongolia).
Collected in July.
The species is named after the type locality.
According to
None.
Head and mesosoma metallic bluish-green, with violet reflection. Tibiae metallic bluish, with violet reflection, tarsi brown. Pronotum with both anterior and posterior pit rows. Metanotum with an anteromedian pit and a broad fovea along the posterior margin (
Palaearctic part of China (Northeast China).
Collected in June.
Holotype ♂ (MCNM), “China c., 27.V., Zhongtiao Shan mt. c., 45 km W of Sanmenxia, Leg. J. Halada 1996”, “Holotypus,
Addition to the original description.
Palaearctic part of China (Shanxi, Gansu).
Collected in May and July at 1700 m.
1 ♀ (SCAU), Guangdong, Nanling National Nature Reserve (
Frontal sulcus complete. Pronotum with distinct anterior and posterior pit rows, with elongated pits of posterior pit row. Mandibles with distinct striatopunctures. Mesopleuron with distinct V-shape loop. Metapleuron mostly smooth and polished.
Redescribed after a female from Guangdong. Body length 9.4 mm (
China (Shaanxi, Zhejiang, Guangdong); Korea.
Collected from May to July.
According to
Holotype ♀ (SCAU), Shaanxi, Mt. Taibai (
China (Shaanxi).
Collected in July at 1100 m.
The specific name refers to the black colouration.
According to
1 ♂ (SCAU), Anhui, Jinzhai, Tiantangzhai (
Body mostly metallic greenish-blue, with some purple tints. Ocellar area yellowish-green. Pronotum with longitudinal median sulcus complete and foveate. Female with complete V-shape loop on mesopleuron. Male with incomplete V-shape loop, missing the upper branch, not reaching anterior corner. Metanotum with a big and oval anteromedian pit, with a fovea along the posterior margin. Metapleuron mostly smooth and polished.
Redescribed after a male from Anhui. Body length 10.0 mm (
China (Anhui); Korea.
Collected in June at 1000 m.
Holotype ♀ (SCAU), Jilin, Maoershan National Forest Park (
Palaearctic part of China (Jilin).
Parasitoids of
The species is named after the collector.
According to
Holotype ♂ (SCAU), Shaanxi, Liping National Forest Park (
China (Shaanxi, Zhejiang, Hubei, Hainan, Sichuan).
Collected from May, July and August at 1344 m to 1632 m.
According to
Holotype ♀ (NMW), “Provins Kiangsu [= Jiangsu]”, “China
Posterior pit row of pronotum with two median pits considerably larger than the others. Pronotum with longitudinal median sulcus incomplete, and somewhat foveate. Mesopleuron with strong foveate V-shape loop. Metanotum with a big, deep and triangular anteromedian pit, with two foveae along the posterior margin.
Redescribed after a female from Hunan (Liuyang City). Body length 8.2 mm (
China (Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Taiwan, Hunan, Guangdong, Yunnan); Korea.
Parasitoid of
None.
Body mostly metallic greenish-blue, with propodeum, part of mesonotum and partly T-I–IV purple. Tegulae metallic greenish-blue basally, brown apically with purple tint. Lower margin of clypeus with acute teeth at corners. Ocellar triangle isosceles. Parapsidal lines complete. Metanotum with an anteromedian pit and a broad fovea along the posterior margin (
Oriental part of China (Taiwan).
Collected in August.
Holotype ♂ (SCAU), Tibet, Pailongxiang, Daxiagu (
China (Tibet).
Collected in June at 2054 m.
The species is named after the type locality.
According to
2 ♂ (SCAU), Zhejiang, Hangzhou (
Metallic blue reflection restricted to face. Pronotum with anterior pit row distinct and posterior pit row absent. Mesopleuron polished, with sparse, shallow and aligned punctures on anterior half, with short scrobal sulcus. Metanotum without anteromedian pit, with a broad fovea along the posterior margin. T-V with posterior margin emarginate medially.
Redescribed after a male from Zhejiang. Body length 5.6 mm (
Oriental part of China (Zhejiang, Fujian, Taiwan).
Collected in April and May.
Holotype ♂ (SCAU), Guizhou, Suiyang, Kuankuoshui National Nature Reserve (
Oriental part of China (Guizhou).
Collected in June and August.
The specific name refers to the whitish, dense relatively long hairs on the head and mesosoma.
According to
We consider the occurrence of
Similarly,
Interestingly, the
We are grateful to Prof. László Móczár (Budapest, Hungary) for kindly sending relevant literature; to Prof. Lynn Kimsey of the University of California (Davis, USA) for helpful discussion; to Profs. Jun-hua He, Xue-xin Chen Yun Ma and Dr. Pu Tang of the Zhejiang University (Hangzhou, China), Prof. Mao-ling Sheng of the General Station of Forest Pest Management (Shenyang, China), Dr. Hai-sheng Yin and Ms Li Dai of the Shanghai Entomological Museum (Shanghai, China) for kindly providing some of the specimens and help in imaging; to Hege Vårdal of theSwedish Museum of Natural History (Stockholm, Sweden), Dr. Fabrizio Rigato and Mr. Michele Zilioli of the Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano (Milano, Italy) for providing photos of the types of
This study is supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (No. 2013CB127600) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (30770265).