Corresponding author: Xinhua Wang (
Academic editor: V. Blagoderov
The genus
Ren J, Lin X, Wang X (2014) Review of genus
The genus
The subgenus
The immatures of
According to
In this paper, the
The morphological nomenclature follows
The male imago can be distinguished from the known species of the genus by the following combination of characters: low AR (0.29); squama with few setae; anal lobe reduced; inferior volsella has two sub–lobes; virga absent.
Adult male (n = 4). Total length 1.50–1.80, 1.63 mm. Wing length 0.81–0.97, 0.89 mm. Total length/wing length 1.83–1.86, 1.84. Wing length/length of profemur 2.26–2.43 (3).
Coloration. Head, abdomen, legs brown; thorax with yellow ground with brown postnotum and preepisternum.
Head. Antenna with 13 flagellomeres. Terminal flagellomere length 95–108, 105 μm. AR 0.28–0.33, 0.29. Temporal setae 8 (2), including 2 (2) inner verticals, 3–4 (3) outer verticals, and 2 (2) postorbitals. Clypeus with 6–10, 8 setae. Tentorium 86–96, 92 μm long, 14–19, 15 μm wide. Palpomere lengths (in μm): 19–24, 22; 26–29, 28; 55–62, 59; 84–91, 86; 98–120, 110. L: 5th/3rd 1.77–2.10, 1.86.
Wing (
Thorax (
Legs. Pulvilli present. Spur of fore tibia 29 (3) μm long, spurs of mid tibia 22–24, 23 μm and 16–19, 18 μm long; hind tibia with a long spur 40–43, 42 μm long, a short spur 14–17, 16 μm long and comb composed of 10–12, 11 spines. Width at apex of fore tibia 24–28, 26 μm, of mid tibia 20–26, 24 μm, of hind tibia 31–36, 33 μm. Lengths (in μm) and proportions of legs as in
Lengths (in μm) and proportions of legs of
p1 | p2 | p3 | |
---|---|---|---|
fe | 350–400 (3) | 350–400, 375 | 360–400, 380 |
ti | 340–420 (3) | 350–430, 373 | 410–500, 435 |
ta1 | 250–300 (2) | 125–150, 131 | 220–260, 240 |
ta2 | 170–210 (2) | 72–96, 78 | 115–130, 124 |
ta3 | 120–140 (2) | 60–72, 63 | 105–126, 115 |
ta4 | 72–84 (2) | 36–48, 42 | 48–60, 53 |
ta5 | 51–67 (2) | 48–50, 49 | 48–60, 54 |
LR | 0.71 (2) | 0.33–0.37, 0.35 | 0.52–0.56, 0.55 |
BV | 2.22–2.30, 2.29 | 3.63–3.98, 3.71 | 2.98–3.13, 3.02 |
SV | 2.73–2.80, 2.76 | 5.53–5.72, 5.62 | 3.32–3.50, 3.41 |
BR | 2.50–2.60, 2.56 | 3.14–3.67, 3.45 | 3.75–4.38, 4.03 |
Hypopygium (
Female, pupa and larva unknown.
Holotype: ♂ (BDN No.20200), China, Fujian, Quanzhou City, Dehua County, Daiyun Mountain,
The specific name is from Latin,
The new species resembles
The new species is collected in a subtropical mountain area in Fujian Province (Oriental China).
The male imago is separable from the other species of the genus
China, Zhejiang: 1 ♂ (BDN No.K5B50), Taizhou City, Tiantai County, Huading Mountain,
Differences between the specimens from China and Luxemburg.
Chinese specimen | Luxemburg specimens | |
---|---|---|
TL | 2.48 mm | 3.35–3.41 mm |
WL | 1.63 mm | 1.89–2.02 mm |
AR | 1.05 | 1.08–1.14 |
LR1 | 0.62 | 0.75–0.76 |
Zhejiang Province (Oriental China); Luxemburg.
AR 0.45–0.70; dorsocentrals 15–18; R with 9–13 setae, R1 with 2–3 setae, R4+5 with 0–14 setae; squama with 3–4 setae; virga present. Type I with low and extending crista dorsalis, type II with crista dorsalis absent, type III with round and protruding crista dorsalis.
China, Zhejiang: 3 ♂♂, Wenzhou City, Taishun County,
The Chinese specimens agree with the description of
The species is widely distributed in Holarctic region.
The male imago can be distinguished from the known species of the genus by the following combination of characters: cylindrical anal point; well–developed triangular inferior volsella; low AR (0.66) and high VR (1.37).
Adult male (n = 6). Total length 1.68–1.97, 1.87 mm. Wing length 1.04–1.19, 1.15 mm. Total length/wing length 1.53–1.75, 1.63. Wing length/length of profemur 2.64–2.88, 2.71.
Coloration. Head, abdomen, legs light brown; thorax with light brown ground with brownish black postnotum and preepisternum.
Head. Antenna with 13 flagellomeres. Terminal flagellomere length 235–264, 254 μm. AR 0.65–0.67, 0.66. Temporal setae 8–10, 9, including 3–6, 4 inner verticals, 4–5, 5 outer verticals, and 0–2, 1 postorbital. Clypeus with 8–11, 10 setae. Tentorium 96–113, 103 μm long, 18–21, 19 μm wide. Palpomere lengths (in μm): 22–26, 24; 24–28, 26; 60–72, 65; 84–91, 86; 113–137, 130. L: 5th/3rd 1.87–2.28, 2.00.
Thorax (
Legs. Pulvilli present. Spur of fore tibia 29–41, 34 μm long, spurs of mid tibia 19–29, 22 μm and 19 μm long; hind tibia with a long spur 36–41, 38 μm long, a short spur 24–31, 27 μm long and comb composed of 10–12, 11 spines. Width at apex of fore tibia 34–46, 37 μm, of mid tibia 29–31, 30 μm, of hind tibia 31–36, 33 μm. Lengths (in μm) and proportions of legs as in
Lengths (in μm) and proportions of legs of
p1 | p2 | p3 | |
---|---|---|---|
fe | 400–450, 423 | 440–500, 466 | 430–490, 456 |
ti | 340–380, 360 | 440–510, 477 | 520–570, 530 |
ta1 | 420–460, 437 | 200–220, 210 | 310–340, 323 |
ta2 | 264–280, 271 | 150–175, 163 | 156–180, 171 |
ta3 | 180–190, 183 | 142–178, 152 | 140–144, 142 |
ta4 | 98–101, 100 | 52–72, 68 | 67–74, 72 |
ta5 | 67–72, 69 | 48–55, 51 | 45–55, 52 |
LR | 1.11–1.23, 1.19 | 0.46–0.59, 0.50 | 0.60–0.62, 0.61 |
BV | 1.64–1.90, 1.86 | 2.86–3.80, 2.89 | 2.92–3.04, 2.95 |
SV | 1.74–1.80, 1.76 | 4.03–4.45, 4.28 | 3.00–3.05, 3.02 |
BR | 1.83–2.00, 1.92 | 2.86–2.92, 2.88 | 3.00–3.57, 3.26 |
Hypopygium (
Female, pupa and larva unknown.
Holotype: ♂ (BDN No.26348), China: Hunan Province, Chenzhou City, Yizhang County, Mang Mountain,
The specific name is from Latin,
The new species resembles
Main differences between
Characters | ||
---|---|---|
Anal point | 45–49 μm long and cylindrical | 41 μm long and widen at base |
AR | 0.65–0.67 | 1.26 |
VR | 1.33–1.43 | 1.14 |
LR1 | 1.11–1.23 | 0.66 |
The new species is known from Hunan, Hainan Province in Oriental China.
The male imago can be distinguished from the known species of the genus by the following combination of characters: anal point rounded and reaching beyond the caudal margin of Tergite IX; inferior volsella finger–shaped; squama bare; anal lobe reduced.
Adult male (n = 1). Total length 2.43 mm. Wing length 1.55 mm. Total length/wing length 1.57. Wing length/length of profemur 2.54.
Coloration. Head, abdomen, legs brown; thorax with yellow ground with brown postnotum and preepisternum.
Head. Antenna with 13 flagellomeres. Terminal flagellomere length 300 μm. AR 0.74. Temporal setae 7, including 4 inner verticals, 3 outer verticals. Clypeus with 2 setae. Tentorium 110 μm long, 24 μm wide. Palpomere lengths (in μm): 29, 31, 60, 108, –.
Wing (
Thorax (
Legs. Pulvilli present. Spur of fore tibia 50 μm long, spurs of mid tibia both 29 μm long; hind tibia with a long spur 60 μm long, a short spur 29 μm long and comb composed of 12 spines. Width at apex of fore tibia 43 μm, of mid tibia 36 μm, of hind tibia 45 μm. Lengths (in μm) and proportions of legs as in
Lengths (in μm) and proportions of legs of
p1 | p2 | p3 | |
---|---|---|---|
fe | 610 | 660 | 700 |
ti | 650 | 660 | 800 |
ta1 | 410 | 264 | 450 |
ta2 | 250 | 146 | 240 |
ta3 | 156 | 101 | 180 |
ta4 | 96 | 67 | 74 |
ta5 | 72 | 60 | 72 |
LR | 0.63 | 0.25 | 0.56 |
BV | 2.91 | 4.23 | 3.44 |
SV | 3.07 | 5.00 | 3.33 |
BR | 2.63 | 1.36 | 2.78 |
Hypopygium (
Female, pupa and larva unknown.
Holotype: ♂ (BDN No.05327), China: Fujian Province, Wuyi City, Wuyi Mountain,
The specific name is from Latin,
The new species is known from Fujian Province in Oriental China.
AR 0.25–0.96; wing anal lobe near rectangular; tergite IX without anal point, just with a strongly chitinized broad and rounded ridge, bearing 13 strong setae; inferior volsella low and round, posterior corner.
China, Sichuan: 1 ♂, Baoxing County,
Shaanxi, Fujian, Guangdong, Sichuan, Yunnan Province (Oriental China); Japan.
AR 1.04–1.18; R4+5 with 0–8 setae, squama with 6–15 setae; virga consisting of 2 broad lateral spines and 4 partially fused median spines, about 0.5×as long as gonostylus; gonostylus well–developed with rounded inferior volsella.
China, Zhejiang: 1 ♂, Taizhou City, Tiantai County, Baxian Lake,
The Chinese specimen mainly agrees with the original description by
Differences between the specimens of China and description of
Chinese specimen | Description of Sæther & Sublette | |
---|---|---|
TL | 2.58 mm | 2.46–2.47 mm |
WL | 1.50 mm | 1.07–1.37 mm |
VR | 1.08 | 1.15–1.21 |
LR1 | 0.62 | 0.57–0.62 |
HV | 2.68 | 3.57–3.61 |
Zhejiang Province (Oriental China); Europe (Norway; Great Britain; Ireland; France and Netherlands, and North America (U.S.A. and Canada).
AR 0.78–0.97; virga consisting of tight cluster of about 10 spines and 2 broader lateral blades; inferior volsella with concave inner margin and 1 anterior and 1posterior corner; gonostylus with basal inner lobe, a sharp bend distad of the middle, and a narrow apical posterior.
China, Sichuan: 1 ♂, Kangding County,
Differences between the specimen of China and description of
Chinese specimen | Description of Sæther & Sublette | |
---|---|---|
TL | 2.53 mm | 1.97 mm |
WL | 1.80 mm | 1.19 mm |
AR | 0.97 | 0.78 |
VR | 1.12 | 1.09 |
LR1 | 0.62 | 0.59 |
Virga | consisting of tight cluster of about 8 spines and 2 thin lateral spines | consisting of tight cluster of about 10 spines and 2 broader lateral blades |
inferior vollsella | rectangular without visible corner | with obvious anterior and posterior corner |
Sichuan Province (Oriental China); U.S.A.; Canada.
The male imago can be distinguished from the known species of the genus by the following combination of characters: anal point round baring 9 long and strong setae; inferior volsella oval with round margin and bearing 8 long and stout marginal setae; high AR(1.40).
Adult male (n = 5). Total length 2.90–3.20, 2.98 mm. Wing length 1.43–1.55, 1.47 mm. Total length/wing length 1.88–2.08, 2.00. Wing length/length of profemur 2.26–2.41, 2.35.
Coloration. Head, abdomen, legs brown; thorax with yellow ground with brown preepisternum and brownish black postnotum.
Head. Antenna with 13 flagellomeres. Terminal flagellomere length 410–460, 440 μm. AR 1.31–1.55, 1.40. Temporal setae 8–11, 10, including 3–7, 4 inner verticals, 5–6, 5 outer verticals, and 0–1, 1 postorbital. Clypeus with 8–12, 10 setae. Tentorium 120–132, 126 μm long, 31–33, 32 μm wide. Palpomere lengths (in μm): 31–36, 32; 43–45, 44; 105–108, 107; 155–158, 156; 201–207, 204. L: 5th/3rd 1.81–1.96, 1.91.
Wing (
Thorax (
Legs. Pulvilli present. Spur of fore tibia 45–48, 46 μm long, spurs of mid tibia both 19–24, 22 μm long; hind tibia with a long spur 48–52, 50 μm long, a short spur 17–24, 22 μm long and comb composed of 12–14, 13 spines. Width at apex of fore tibia 38–43, 41 μm, of mid tibia 31–40, 36 μm, of hind tibia 43–48, 45 μm. Lengths (in μm) and proportions of legs as in
Lengths (in μm) and proportions of legs of
p1 | p2 | p3 | |
---|---|---|---|
fe | 600–650, 630 | 640–700, 670 | 650–700, 678 |
ti | 720–800, 750 | 620–670, 648 | 760–850, 825 |
ta1 | 480–550 (4), 498 | 250–330, 280 | 400–500, 562 |
ta2 | 310–340 (4), 320 | 122–156, 148 | 240–260, 250 |
ta3 | 210–250 (4), 230 | 100–115, 110 | 161–210, 192 |
ta4 | 140–150 (4), 143 | 60–72, 66 | 96–110, 102 |
ta5 | 90–100 (4), 96 | 60–72, 66 | 79–90, 87 |
LR | 0.67–0.69 (4), 0.68 | 0.41–0.46, 0.43 | 0.53–0.59, 0.56 |
BV | 2.37–2.76 (4), 2.41 | 4.04–4.25, 4.17 | 2.70–3.22, 3.11 |
SV | 2.52–2.69 (4), 2.59 | 4.24–4.37, 4.32 | 3.08–3.27, 3.19 |
BR | 1.67–2.22 (4), 1.88 | 2.65–2.78, 2.70 | 2.27–2.69, 2.54 |
Hypopygium (
Female, pupa and larva unknown.
Holotype: ♂ (BDN No.26746), China: Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou City, Taishun County,
The specific name is from Latin,
The new species is close to
Main differences between
AR | 1.31–1.55 | 1.09 |
palp segment | 5 | 4 |
inferior volsella | oval with round margin | small with round margin and a small posterior corner |
gonostulus | widest at about basal 1/3 | widest at about distal 1/3. |
The new species is known from Zhejiang Province in Oriental China.
The male imago can be distinguished from the known species of the genus by the following combination of characters: with few setae on squama, R4+5 and acrostichals; gonostylus expanded at the apex; anal point triangular baring about 7 stout setae; inferior volsella inserted along the gonocoxite, parallel–sided.
Adult male (n = 3). Total length 1.49–1.60 mm. Wing length 0.77–0.92 mm. Total length/wing length 1.74–1.75. Wing length/length of profemur 2.56–2.58.
Coloration. Head, abdomen, legs light brown; thorax with light brown ground with brownish black postnotum and preepisternum.
Head. Antenna with 13 flagellomeres. Terminal flagellomere length 115–153 μm, conspicuous swollen apically and with strong sensory setae. AR 0.26–0.48. Temporal setae 5–9, including 2–4 inner verticals, 3–5 outer verticals. Clypeus with 7–10 setae. Tentorium 72–84 μm long, 14–19 μm wide. Palpomere lengths (in μm): 22–24; 24–26; 48–55; 60–65; 91–96. L: 5th/3rd 1.62–1.65.
Wing (
Thorax (
Legs. Pulvilli present. Spur of fore tibia 29–34 μm long, spurs of mid tibia both 17–19 μm long; hind tibia with a long spur 31–33 μm long, a short spur 19–24 μm long and comb composed of 10–12, 11 spines. Width at apex of fore tibia 21–26 μm, of mid tibia 21–24 μm, of hind tibia 24–29 μm. Lengths (in μm) and proportions of legs as in
Lengths (in μm) and proportions of legs of
p1 | p2 | p3 | |
---|---|---|---|
fe | 320–360 | 320–380 | 430–490 |
ti | 340–360 | 350–380 | 370–410 |
ta1 | 210–250 | 140–150 | 200–230 |
ta2 | 130–160 | 72–77 | 108–120 |
ta3 | 108–130 | 55–62 | 91–96 |
ta4 | 64–67 | 36–40 | 41–46 |
ta5 | 52–55 | 41–43 | 41–48 |
LR | 0.62–0.69 | 0.35–0.40 | 0.52–0.56 |
BV | 2.27–2.36 | 3.88–4.17 | 3.10–3.54 |
SV | 2.88–3.19 | 4.79–5.07 | 3.44–3.65 |
BR | 2.20–2.50 | 3.20–3.40 | 3.57–4.00 |
Hypopygium (
Female, pupa and larva unknown.
Holotype: ♂ (BDN No.25207), China, Hunan, Hengyang County, Heng Mountain,
The specific name is from Latin,
The new species resembles
The new species is known from Hunan Province in Oriental China.
Main different characters between
Body length | 1.49–1.60 mm | 2.18 mm |
Acrostichals | 0–1 | 11 |
Anal point | subtriangular with round apex | conical, darkly pigment |
Pulvilli | present | absent |
Inferior volsella | parallel–sided | with a small projection |
AR 0.63–0.95; R with 3–13 setae, R1 with 0–6 setae, R4+5 with 0–13 setae; squama with 4–6 setae; inferior volsella trianguler at middle; virga consisting of very weak field of about 20 minute spinules; crista dorsalis low, HR 1.68–1.91, HV 2.53.
China: Hunan Province: 1 ♂, Chenzhou City, Yizhang County, Mang Mountain,
Oriental China (Hunan Province); U.S.A.; Canada.
Inferior volsella hook-liked, bended posteriad; gonostylus broadest at base and densely covered with microtrichia; virga with 5–8 stronger spines and 0–20 finer spinules; AR 0.8–1.1; dorsocentrals 10–16; R with 1–3 setae, exceptionally with 12 setae.
China, Guizhou: 8 ♂♂, Fanjing Mountain,
The Chinese specimens mainly agree with the description by
Oriental China (Guizhou Province); U.S.A.; Canada.
1 | Inferior volsella hook–liked, curved posteriad; gonostylus broadest at base and densely covered with microtrichia | |
– | Inferior volsella rounded, or bluntly triangular, never hook-shaped; gonostylus widest some distance from base or at apex, with less conspicuous microtrichia | |
2 | Wing membrane densely covered with setae | |
– | Wing membrane bare | 3 |
3 | Gonostylus with median sharp bend and tapering apex | |
– | Gonostylus without median bend and tapering apex | 4 |
4 | Inferior volsella finger-shaped | 5 |
– | Inferior volsella rounded or triangular, never finger–shaped | 6 |
5 | Squama with 8 setae, inferior volsella with about 6 stout setae, transverse sternapodeme without oral projection | |
– | Squama bare, inferior volsella with few weak setae, transverse sternapodeme with oral projection | |
6 | Virga consisting of 2 broader lateral spines and 4 partially fused median spines | |
– | Virga absent, if present then consisting of fine spinules | 7 |
7 | Anal point long and cylindrical | |
– | Anal point round or subtriangular | 8 |
8 | Inferior volsella with two lobes | |
– | Inferior volsella with only one lobe | 9 |
9 | AR 0.26–0.48, acrostichal 0–1, R with 4 setae, dorsocentrals 6–9 | |
– | AR ≤ 0.64 or ≥ 1.31, acrostichals 8–14, R with 10–13 setae, dorsocentrals 12–25 | 10 |
10 | AR 1.31–1.55, squama 14–18, dorsocentrals 20–25, anal point rounded | |
– | AR 0.45–0.64, squama 3–4, dorsocentrals 12–18, anal point triangular | 11 |
11 | AR 0.45–0.51, crista dorsalis rounded and protruding | |
– | AR 0.63–0.81, crista dorsalis lower and less rounded |
Financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC, grant No. 30870329; 31272284; 31301908; J1210005), Fauna of China (FY120100) and Sino-French Haihe IWRM Project (grant No. 2013DFA71340) are acknowledged with thanks.