Corresponding author: Hongxiang Han (
Academic editor: A.Hausmann
The genus
The species of
Here, we divide the Chinese
The purpose of this paper is, to review all known Chinese
Specimens of
Head. Antennae bipectinate in male, rami short, moderately long or long, length tapering towards apex, often the distal part of antennae without rami; filiform in female (
Thorax. Legs covered with hair-scales. Hind tibia slightly dilated, with two pairs of spurs in both sexes, without hair-pencil. Frenulum developed. Forewing without basal fovea in male, triangular, outer margin straight or waved, hindwing round, outer margin smooth, sometimes concave between M1 and M3 or protruding between M1 and CuA1. Wings white, pale yellow or greyish brown, transverse lines black, brown or white. Pattern of forewing: antemedial line slightly waved, often accompanied by a band basally; medial line waved, usually inconspicuous; postmedial line waved or dentate, sometimes protruding outwards between M1 and M3 and between CuA2 and 1A + 2A, often accompanied by a band posteriorly; submarginal line sometimes indistinct; terminal line sometimes appearing as a series of short stripes between veins; discal spot black or grey, shortly strip-like, dot-like or elliptic, pale-centred. Hindwing sometimes with basal line; medial line often indistinct, sometimes double; postmedial line waved or dentate, sometimes protruding outwards between M1 and M3; terminal line similar to those of forewing; discal spot sometimes smaller and less conspicuous than on forewing. Terminal spots occasionally present on both wings, wedge-shaped. Underside paler, transverse lines often similar to those of dorsal surface.
Venation. Forewing: Sc free, R1 and R2 usually stalked (separate in
Abdomen. Dorsum scattered with transverse lines or dots, sometimes with anal tuft. Third sternite of male abdomen without setal patch. Intersegmental membrane between abdomen and genitalia densely covered with elongate scales which partly developed to spines in a few species.
Male genitalia. Uncus short and broad, ratio of length to basal width variable, often bifurcate terminally, sometimes bifurcation very shallow or on ventral side below apex, so the latter apparently square or round. Arms of gnathos connected medially, with median process robust or slender, round, acute or square terminally. Valva simple; costa sclerotized, straight or incurved, with terminal half often broadened, bearing long setae from center to apex; sacculus sometimes sinuous. Saccus round or semicircular. Juxta well developed, pointed, or round or flat apically, sometimes elongate, without lateral brushes of long setae, except in
Female genitalia. Papillae anales covered with dense setae, occasionally elongate. Apophyses posteriores usually very long. Lamella postvaginalis sometimes present, oval or almost triangular. Ostium bursae occasionally weakly sclerotized. Ductus bursae striated longitudinally, sometimes sclerotized. Corpus bursae often long, membranous, sometimes curved medially, swollen anteriorly, often bearing a signum; signum elliptic, bar-like or irregularly shaped, often with marginal spines, sometimes weakly sclerotized around.
The genus
Holarctic, Oriental, and Ethiopian regions.
The larva is often twig-like with the characteristic 45 degree resting posture and an obtusely cleft head (
Male antennae bipectinate, with long rami. Forewing outer margin straight, hindwing outer margin usually smooth, sometimes concave between M1 and M3. Postmedial lines of both wings protruding outwards between M1 and M3. Brown terminal spots absent from both wings. Patch of spines absent posterior to 8th tergite on intersegmental membrane. Male genitalia: gnathos with median process acute or round terminally; terminal half of ventral margin of valva not protruding outwards; juxta elongate or not. Female genitalia: ovipositor with apophyses posteriores elongate.
Male antennae bipectinate, with long rami. Forewing outer margin waved, hindwing outer margin protruding between M3 and CuA1. Postmedial lines of both wings not protruding outwards between M1 and M3. Brown terminal spots present on ends of forewing R5, M1, M3, CuA1, CuA2, hindwing Rs, M1, M3, CuA1, CuA2. Patch of spines absent posterior to 8th tergite on intersegmental membrane. Male genitalia: gnathos median process round terminally; terminal half of ventral margin of valva protruding outwards; juxta elongate. Female genitalia: ovipositor with apophyses posteriores not elongate.
Male antennaebipectinate, with short rami. Postmedial lines of both wings protruding outwards between M1 and M3. Brown terminal spots absent from both forewing and hindwing. Patch of spines present posterior to 8th tergite on intersegmental membrane. Male genitalia: median process of gnathos round terminally; terminal half of ventral margin of valva protruding outwards; juxta not elongate. Female genitalia: ovipositor with apophyses posteriores elongate (
Antennae of
1 | Outer margin of forewing waved | 2 |
– | Outer margin of forewing not waved | 4 |
2 | Speckles on both wings dark brown |
|
– | Speckles on both wings black | 3 |
3 | Discal spots on hindwing distinct |
|
– | Discal spots on hindwing indistinct |
|
4 | Male antennae bipectinate, with short rami | 5 |
– | Male antennae bipectinate, with long rami | 7 |
5 | Discal spots on both wings indistinct |
|
– | Discal spots on both wings distinct | 6 |
6 | Discal spots on both wings black ringed and pale-centred |
|
– | Discal spots on both wings pale grey, round |
|
7 | Antemedial line on forewing almost straight | 8 |
– | Antemedial line on forewing waved | 9 |
8 | rojection between M1 and M3 of hindwing postmedial line round | |
– | Projection between M1 and M3 of hindwing postmedial line pointed |
|
9 | Forewing with R1 and R2 separate |
|
– | Forewing with R1 and R2 stalked | 10 |
10 | Hindwing without basal line | 11 |
– | Hindwing with basal line | 14 |
11 | Antennae totally bipectinate |
|
– | Antennae partially bipectinate | 12 |
12 | Projection between M1 and M3 of forewing postmedial line not bilobed |
|
– | Projection between M1 and M3 of forewing postmedial line bilobed | 13 |
13 | Outer margin of hindwing concave between M1 and M3 |
|
– | Outer margin of hindwing not concave between M1 and M3 |
|
14 | Outer margin of hindwing concave between M1 and M3 |
|
– | Outer margin of hindwing not concave between M1 and M3 | 15 |
15 | Discal spots on hindwing black |
|
– | Discal spots on hindwing pale grey | 16 |
16 | Apex of juxta evenly rounded in male genitalia |
|
– | Apex of juxta acute in male genitalia |
|
The external characters of this species are close to those of
China (Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Taiwan, Sichuan), Japan, South Korea.
The diagnostic characters of external morphology of the species can be seen in the previous species. The male genitalia of the species are close to those of
China (Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hunan, Fujian, Taiwan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Chongqing, Yunnan), Japan, Vietnam.
Adults of
The external characters of this species are close to those of
China (Beijing, Hebei, Shandong, Henan, Shaanxi, Gansu, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hubei, Yunnan), Russia, Japan, North Korea, South Korea.
See the previous species.
China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Inner Mongolia, Beijing, Hebei, Shanxi, Shandong, Henan, Shaanxi, Ningxia, Gansu, Qinghai, Xinjiang, Fujian, Sichuan, Yunnan, Tibet), Russia, Mongolia, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Nepal, Kazakhstan, Kirghizstan, Turkmenistan, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Europe, North America.
There are two subspecies of
The external characters of this species are close to those of
China (Shandong, Shaanxi, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Taiwan), Japan, Russia, North Korea, South Korea, Vietnam.
There are two Chinese subspecies of
Antennae about one-third length of forewing, bipectinate in basal three-fifths, filiform in terminal two-fifths, rami short, length of longest ramus about the same as diameter of antennal shaft; filiform in female. Frons not protruding, smooth-scaled, with basal half white, upper half black. Labial palpus black, small, not extending beyond frons. Vertex white.
Thorax. Dorsum greyish white, scattered with black scales. Patagia and tegulae greyish white, mottled with black scales, pale yellow distally. Posterior margin of metanotum with yellow scales medially. Hind tibia with two pairs of spurs in male, slightly dilated, without hair-pencil. Forewing length: male 32–34 mm; female 42 mm. Forewing outer margin almost straight, hindwing round. Wings white, with pale grey striation. Pattern of forewing: antemedial line black, almost straight anteriorly, distinct, accompanied by a pale yellow band basally; medial line greyish yellow, indistinct; postmedial line black, distinct, acutely protruding outwards between M1 and M3, shallowly protruding outwards between CuA2 and 1A + 2A, sometimes internally dentate on veins; a pale yellow band distally of postmedial line, diffused with black patches; terminal line black; fringe pale yellow mixed with black; discal spot present as pale grey dot, indistinct. Hindwing with basal line black, distinct; medial line only distinct near anal margin; postmedial line black, bluntly protruding outwards between M1 and M3, sometimes appearing as black serrations on veins; a pale yellow band distally of postmedial line; terminal line indistinct; fringe and discal spot similar to those of forewing. Underside white; transverse lines dark grey, similar to those of forewing, discal spot black, heavy, on hindwing smaller than on forewing.
First abdominal segment greyish white with black basal margin, remaining segments yellowish brown, scattered with black dots. Setal patch absent on third sternite of male abdomen.
Uncus somewhat trapeziform, about three-fifths length of basal width. Gnathos with median process short and broad, round terminally, about two-fifths length of uncus. Valva simple, broad at base, gradually narrowing apically, about twice as long as basal width; costa sclerotized, incurved medially, expanded with particularly dense setae basally. Saccus round, about one-third length of basal width. Juxta short and broad, almost round. Coremata not developed. Aedeagus cylindrical, sclerotized dorsally; vesica scobinate, cornutus shaped as a narrow band.
Ovipositor with apophyses posteriores elongate. Lamella postvaginalis small and almost triangular. Ostium bursae sclerotized. Ductus bursae striated longitudinally, short. Corpus bursae long, curved medially, swollen anteriorly, bearing a signum; signum long elliptic with marginal spines.
The wing pattern of this species is similar to that of
Holotype(IZCAS), ♂,
The specific name is from the Latin prefix
China (Shaanxi, Gansu, Hubei, Hunan, Fujian, Hainan, Guangxi, Sichuan), Vietnam.
Adults of
The external characters of this species are close to those of
China (Yunnan), India, Nepal.
The external characters of this species are close to those of
China (Yunnan, Tibet), India, Bengal, Thailand.
Head. Male antennae about two-fifths length of forewing, bipectinate in basal two-thirds, filiform in terminal one-third, rami long, length of longest ramus about three and half times diameter of antennal shaft. Frons not protruding, smoothscaled, with basal half pale yellow, upper half black. Labial palpus black, small, pale yellow apically, not extending beyond frons. Vertex pale yellow.
Thorax. Dorsum white-dotted with black scales. Patagia and tegulae white, mottled with black scales, yellow apically. Posterior margin of metanotum with two pairs of pale yellow spots. Hind tibia with two pairs of spurs in male, slightly dilated, without hair-pencil. Forewing length: male 29 mm. Forewing outer margin straight, hindwing round. Wings greyish white, dotted with pale grey scales. Pattern of forewing: antemedial line black, slightly waved, distinct, accompanied by a pale yellow band basally; medial line pale yellow, indistinct; postmedial line black, distinct, bilobedly protruding outwards between M1 and M3, then incurved, protruding outwards between CuA2 and 1A + 2A; a pale yellow band distally of postmedial line; black patches present between M1 and CuA1 distally of postmedial line and reaching outer margin between M1 and M3; submarginal line white, dentate; terminal line a series of short black strips between veins; fringe yellow mixed with black; discal spot present as grey dot. Hindwing with basal line black; medial line pale yellow, indistinct; postmedial line black, acutely protruding outwards between M1 and M3; a pale yellow band distally of postmedial line, scattered with black scales; submarginal line and fringe similar to those of forewing; terminal line less distinct than that of forewing; discal spot smaller. Underside pale yellow, transverse lines dark grey, similar to those of upper side, discal spots black, more distinct than those of upper side.
Abdomen. Dorsum greyish white, dotted with black scales, anal tuft pale yellow. Setal patch absent on third sternite of male abdomen.
Male genitalia. Uncus with bifurcate apex, about two-thirds length of basal width. Gnathos with median process slender, pointed terminally, equal to length of uncus. Valva compressed, about twice as long as basal width; costa sclerotized, straight, bearing long setae from center to apex. Saccus semicircular. Juxta long and broad, terminal half triangular, with pointed apex. Coremata not developed. Aedeagus cylindrical, striated posteriorly; vesica scobinate, without cornuti.
This species is similar to
China (Hainan); S. Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sundaland.
The Hainan specimen is different from specimens of Bornean material in the distinct transverse lines and the more acute projection between M1 and M3 of the hindwing postmedial line. However, the male genitalia of the Hainan specimen are almost indentical to those of
Adults of
This species is very close to
China (Henan, Shaanxi, Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Hubei, Jiangxi, Hunan, Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan, Hong Kong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou, Yunnan, Tibet); India; Burma; Nepal.
The wing pattern of this species is similar to that of
China (Liaoning, Henan, Shaanxi, Gansu, Zhejiang, Hubei, Jiangxi, Hunan, Fujian, Taiwan, Hainan, Sichuan, Yunnan), Russia (Amur, Ussuri), Japan, North Korea, South Korea, India, Nepal, Philippines, Pakistan, United States.
The subspecies of
The present species can be distinguished from the other species in group II by the following characters: smaller sized (length of forewing: 23–25 mm in male); the forewing outer margin is less waved; the band basally of the forewing antemedial line is much thinner; the speckles scattered on the wings are dark brown, not black. In the male genitalia, the apex of the uncus is broader and shallowly bifurcated but narrower and round in the others; the juxta is more sharply pointed at tip.
China (Tibet), Nepal.
Adults of
The wing pattern of this species is similar to that of
China (Henan, Shaanxi, Gansu, Hubei, Sichuan).
The diagnostic characters of the external mophology and the male genitalia can be seen in the preceding species. In the female genitalia, the species can be distinguished from other congeners by the following characters: the apophyses posteriores are short, about twice the length of apophyses anteriores; the ductus bursae is sclerotized and striated longitudinally, about one-third the length of corpus bursae; the corpus bursae is weakly sclerotized and striated posteriorly; the signum usually consists of two small separate sclerotized patches.
China (Shaanxi, Ningxia, Gansu, Zhejiang, Sichuan, Yunnan, Tibet), India, Nepal.
After examinating the types of
The external characters of this species are similar to those of
China (Taiwan), Japan.
This species is very distinct and is easily recognizable by the thick black lines and yellowish green bands placed basally of the antemedial line of the forewing and distally of the postmedial lines of both wings, the large, black ringed and pale-centred discal spots on both wings, as well as the black-belted abdomen and the fresh yellow anal tuft. The male genitalia of
China (Henan, Zhejiang, Hubei, Hunan, Fujian, Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Tibet).
The female which
Adults of
Adults of
Male genitalia of
Male genitalia of
This species is different from other congeners by mimicking the pattern of distasteful or poisonous species of the genus
China (Liaoning, Beijing, Hebei, Shanxi, Shandong, Henan, Shaanxi, Ningxia, Gansu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Hubei, Jiangxi, Hunan, Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Tibet), India, Nepal, Sikkim, Vietnam, Thailand.
For
Male genitalia of
Male genitalia of
Male genitalia of
Aedeagus of
Female genitalia of
Female genitalia of
Female genitalia of
Female genitalia of
We wish to express our hearty thanks to Dr. Dieter Stüning, the Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany, for providing help on many aspects, for example, suggesting the synonymies of