Corresponding author: David M. General (
Academic editor: Brian Fisher
An overview of the history of myrmecology in the Philippine archipelago is presented. Keys are provided to the 11 ant subfamilies and the 92 ant genera known from the Philippines. Eleven ant genera (12%), including 3 undescribed genera, are recorded for the first time from the Philippines. The biology and ecology of the 92 genera, illustrated by full-face and profile photo-images, of Philippine ants are summarized in the form of brief generic accounts. A bibliography of significant taxonomic and behavioral papers on Philippine ants and a checklist of valid species and subspecies and their island distributions are provided.
The study of ants can be difficult, particularly in the tropics. Tropical ant faunas are only partly explored and information concerning them is widely scattered throughout the scientific literature. Taxonomic references are frequently hard to access, badly outdated, and difficult for the non-specialist to use. The systematics of several major genera (e.g.,
Introductory accounts of important tropical ant faunas are badly needed to provide an entry point for biologists interested in studying ants. The purpose of this paper is to provide such an introduction to the ant fauna of the Philippines.
Simplified keys to subfamilies and to genera are presented. Most character states in the keys are discernible with a 40X stereomicroscope. Technical terms and subtle character states are minimized. Full-face and profile color photo-images are included to illustrate the different genera found in the Philippines. A glossary is also included to help the student understand the precise technical terms used in the keys. And the most up-to-date systematic arrangement of genera is used (
The study of Philippine ant fauna began in the second half of the 1800’s, during the last century of the Spanish colonial period. Small numbers of Philippine ants were collected by European travelers who then sold or gave their collections to the great myrmecologists of that era, notably Auguste Forel and Carlo Emery. Emery described ants collected in Manila and Antipolo, Luzon Island by E. Simon, a Frenchman (
During the early American colonial era, Richard C. MacGregor, a US-trained Australian ornithologist, Charles S. Banks and other biologists working for the Bureau of Science, Manila (
The first intensive ant collecting was done by Dr. James W. Chapman, Wheeler’s colleague at Harvard, who arrived in the 1910’s to be a missionary and teacher at Silliman University in Dumaguete, Negros Oriental Province, Negros Island. Chapman concentrated on studying the ants of the Cuernos de Negros Mountains, but also collected in northern Luzon and Mindanao. During the Second World War, he continued to collect ants even as Japanese soldiers were hunting him down. Fortunately, he survived capture and incarceration, and his collection, which he had hidden, was largely intact (
Interestingly, Jesuit priests were important early collectors of
During the Commonwealth period and after the Second World War, some Filipinos also collected ants. This fact can be gleaned from the locality labels on specimens in certain museums. Specimens collected by Domingo Empeso, H.M. Torrevillas, A. Reyes, and M. Ramos are in the collections of the MCZ and the Bernice P. Bishop Museum in Hawaii. In 1966, Dr. Clare Baltazar published a monograph on Philippine
Since the efforts of the late Dr. James W. Chapman in the 1920s to 1940s, there has been relatively little intensive collecting and the studies of ants in ecological research have been few (
Inventories for undergraduate and graduate theses remain an important source of specimens, especially in unexplored study sites. Fortunately, the collection methods are now more standardized (
The study of Philippine ant diversity is still in its infancy. A cursory examination of the species list (see Appendix) shows a strong sampling bias in the known distribution of species. Luzon Island has at least 265 species while Mindanao Island, only slightly smaller in area, has but 99 recorded species. Neither island is close to being well-collected. The large islands in the central Philippines, with the exception of Negros, namely Leyte, Mindoro, Panay, and Samar, are very poorly represented in the list. Any attempt at understanding the biogeography of Philippine ants is therefore premature.
Perhaps the best documented ant fauna in the Philippines is that of the Cuernos de Negros Mountains near Dumaguete City, Negros Island. This area was the favorite hunting ground of Chapman, who collected there for about two decades (
Much has changed since the publication of Baltazar’s monograph. Many of the genera have been revised, many species have been added to the list, and a number of names have been synonymized. This paper presents an updated list containing 474 valid species and subspecies names for ants in the Philippines.
There has been some recent taxonomic progress. Recent monographs relevant to the Philippine ant fauna include:
The high diversity of ants in the Philippines makes inventory studies interesting, with little of the monotony of encountering the same species over and over again. Ant surveys can detect the presence of invasive species and provide insights into the biogeography of the islands, a baseline for pre-operation inventories of mining sites and a measure of post-mining or post-logging remediation. There is much to be done and discovered, and many opportunities await the Filipino myrmecologist.
There are many interesting study sites in the Philippines. Particularly interesting are: old growth forests, old mangrove areas, small islands (preferably uninhabited), wooded ravines, reforested areas, and even microhabitats such as soil and forest canopies. Each island or province has its own opportunities. The ant faunas of the large central islands remain unexplored. Surprisingly, new species have been found in even the most disturbed localities, such as university campuses (DMG, unpub. notes), possibly relicts of a more diverse ant assemblage (S. Cover, pers. comm.).
The Philippines is so ecologically diverse that it is very difficult to characterize the country in a single paragraph. While the climate is generally tropical and maritime, there are zones which are distinctly different. The mean temperature ranges from 25.5° C in January to 28.3° C in May, however, high-elevation locations (>1,000 masl) are sub-temperate. Baguio City, in northern Luzon, has a mean annual temperature of only 18.3˚C. Some parts, such as southern Cotabato Province, Min- danao Island, are relatively dry with an average annual rainfall of only 978 mm (
The Philippines is composed of over 7,100 islands, most of which are uninhabited. There are islands, such as Sibuyan Island in the central Philippines, which have never been connected to larger islands, even during the last Ice Age (
The Philippines is considered one of the hottest of the biodiversity hotspots because of the severe human pressure on its highly endemic native flora and fauna. Time is running out for the the remaining primary forests. Despite decades of regulation and reforestation, forests continue to dwindle. For instance, all the privately reforested narra trees (
Aside from habitat destruction, invasive ant species also impact the native ant assemblages, although the extent and severity of this influence is not known. In both urban and agricultural areas are found the worldwide invasive species, e.g.,
We include some images of intact and heavily damaged forests to illustrate the potentials and problems for ant research in the Philippines. The Philippine ant fauna is very poorly explored and records are few and spotty at best. A researcher can essentially choose a mountain among several hundred mountains, get the necessary permits and be the first one to study the ants on that mountain. However, that mountain may also be very disturbed or degraded, leaving only the tramp species that abound in disturbed habitats. In addition to environmental damage, there is also an active communist insurgency and other serious security threats to researchers in the field. Other areas may harbor malaria mosquitoes and other serious health threats. Hence, local collaboration is quite necessary to minimize the risks of field work in the Philippines.
In this contribution, the acronym “PH” is used to represent the archipelago of the Republic of the Philippines, in compliance with the International Organization for Standardization 3166-1 country codes (
The first electronic checklist of Philippine ants is available online at Discoverlife (
Montane forest, Mt. Palali, Sierra Madre Mountain Range, Luzon Island. Image used with permission from Arvin C. Diesmos.
Slash and burn agriculture, Sierra Madre Mountain Range, Luzon Island. Image used with permission from Arvin C. Diesmos.
Beach forest, Aurora Province, Luzon Island. Image used with permission from Arvin C. Diesmos.
Deforested mountain, northwestern Mindoro Island.
Mossy forest, Mt. Balatukan, northeastern Mindanao Island. Image used with permission from Perry Buenavente.
Lowland dipterocarp forest, Bucas Grande Island, Surigao del Norte Province.
Lowland dipterocarp forest, at the mouth of the Puerto Princesa Subterranean River, St. Paul Bay, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan.
Limestone karst forest, St. Paul Bay, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan.
Because these are genus accounts, plural terms, e.g., “these ants” or “they” refer to species belonging to the genus. Singular terms, e.g., “this species” or “it” refers to a particular species in the genus. The genus account typically introduces Philippine material referable to the particular genus, then gives a brief description of the morphology or behavior of the ants belonging to the genus and finally suggests collecting techniques. Some behavioral aspects may be inferred from published studies of non-Philippine congeners.
The single known valid Philippine species,
Full-face and profile images of Philippine ant genera.
This genus is widespread throughout the archipelago. Large colonies forage for insect prey in the leaf litter. These are true army ants, making bivouacs in tree hollows and other protected cavities. These ants may be collected by searching for conspicuous columns of emigrating or foraging ants, and carefully inspecting cavities in trees and logs. For raiding behavior, see
Specimens of
Full-face and profile images of Philippine ant genera.
These small, fast-moving trap-jawed ants are general predators and usually found foraging singly on the ground or in the leaf litter. These ants are similar to
The worker caste of this enigmatic genus was recently discovered and described, including
Full-face and profile images of Philippine ant genera.
The species found in the Philippines,
danao Island (
Ants of this genus may be confused with some
Full-face and profile images of Philippine ant genera.
These small, cryptic, slow-moving ants bear a hard, thick integument with numerous evenly-spaced clavate hairs. They curl up into a ball when disturbed and are found in the leaf litter or on the ground. These ants may be collected by sifting leaf litter on a white sheet, waiting a while and carefully inspecting seed-like objects. After about a minute, these seed-like objects may stretch out and start to walk slowly. Keys:
This genus is known to have both normal winged and worker-like wingless males which fight and exhibit interesting courtship behavior (
Full-face and profile images of Philippine ant genera.
The Philippine species of this pantropical genus are poorly known. There are specimens of two unidentified species from a transect study at Mt. Isarog, Bicol Region, Luzon Island (Alpert and General in prep.). Other species have been collected on Samar Island and in Misamis Occidental Province, Mindanao Island. These are very tiny ants with dimorphic workers. The major workers may possess a pair of tubercles or horns near the posterior margin of the head. These ants are ground-dwelling and may be collected by sifting soil and leaf litter. Key to species:
These robust, hard-bodied ants have a wide, sculptured head and the antennal scrobe passing below the eye. They are known to be arboreal, can glide back to the tree trunk when they fall (
Full-face and profile images of Philippine ant genera.
These hard-bodied ants have a large, globular petiole and a larger, barrel-shaped postpetiole. They are predators on other ants and some species conduct group raids on other ant nests. During a raid, they steal the larvae and pupae which they sting. These stung prey remain alive for a long time, providing fresh food for the colony. In Mt. Isarog, Bicol Region, Luzon Island, they have been found nesting in twigs, with a larder of pupae of another ant genus,
These small ants have a characteristically heart-shaped gaster that can flex over the mesosoma. They are often associated with coccids and aphids, sometimes building carton or soil shelters over these sap-sucking insects. They may be hypogaeic, epigaeic or arboreal. Similar to
Full-face and profile images of Philippine ant genera.
This genus is long overdue for revision. These ants are easily distinguished from other ponerines by the distinctive costate sculpturing that covers the head, mesosoma, and the petiole, which has 2 dorsal spines. The late Dr. W.L. Brown, Jr. believed that male characters may hold the key to producing stable species boundaries. These large black ants are ground-dwelling or arboreal and hunt singly for prey. Ants of this genus have a unique social structure in which the queen caste is absent and all workers have the potential to mate and lay eggs.
These small hard-bodied ants have the upper corners of the head drawn into broad points and have a distinctive barrel-shaped petiole. They are known to be arboreal but may forage on the ground as well. An unidentified species is reported from a transect study at Mt. Isarog, Camarines Sur Province, Luzon Island (Alpert and General in prep.). These ants may be collected by beating low vegetation over a white sheet and inspecting dead branches still attached to the tree for nests.
Full-face and profile images of Philippine ant genera.
The most common species,
Specimens of two unidentified species were collected from low vegetation in a transect study in Mt. Isarog, Bicol Region, Luzon Island (Alpert and General in prep.). One of these unidentified species was collected by nocturnal beating of low vegetation. These hairy or fuzzy ants are unique in appearance and have hard bodies and petioles armed with teeth or denticles laterally. These ants may be collected by beating of low vegetation over a white sheet and inspecting of dead branches in the foliage and canopy.
Full-face and profile images of Philippine ant genera.
This genus was previously known only from the type species,
Full-face and profile images of Philippine ant genera.
These hard-bodied ants are specialized predators of other ant species. At least one species,
These large cryptic ants bear characteristic long pliers-like mandibles and large eyes. They are usually ground-dwelling and hunt prey such as crickets in the leaf litter. A specimen of an unidentified arboreal species was collected on Mt. Isarog, Bicol Region, Luzon Island (DMG, unpubl. notes). These ants may be collected by sifting leaf litter, searching on the ground, and pitfall trapping.
Full-face and profile images of Philippine ant genera.
The taxonomy of this large pantropical genus is currently chaotic. These small, cryptic ants are very similar to
These fast-moving ants may be confused with
These small, yellow or brown arboreal ants are characterized with a distinct angulate propodeum. They have been collected in the islands of Luzon, Negros, and Palawan, but rarely. These ants may be collected by beating low vegetation over a white sheet and inspecting cavities in living wood and dead branches in the canopy.
Full-face and profile images of Philippine ant genera.
Only
These long-bodied and slender ants bear the characteristic clypeus extending forward to form a rounded triangle. They also exhibit army ant-like behavior with large raiding columns and are known to prey on termites. They usually have worker-like, or ergatoid, queens and nest in rotten wood, under rocks, and in the ground. These ants may be collected by sifting leaf litter, flipping over rocks, pitfall trapping, and searching for raiding columns. Key to species:
This genus occurs mostly in Australia, New Guinea, New Caledonia, and Aru Island, Indonesia.
Full-face and profile images of Philippine ant genera.
This is a monotypic tropical genus, with only one widespread species.
The species known from the Philippines,
Only one species,
Full-face and profile images of Philippine ant genera.
The two Philippine species are known only from winged reproductives. An unidentified species is present in the Bernice P. Bishop Museum ant collection. These hard-bodied cryptic ants are commonly mistaken for ponerine ants because of their large, broadly attached postpetiole. They have deep antennal scrobes and the clypeus projects forward as a square lobe. They are often found feeding on hardwood termites in dead logs and are very rarely collected. These ants may be collected by breaking into the heartwood of hardwood logs that are suspended off the ground. Key to species:
Full-face and profile images of Philippine ant genera.
These tiny, smooth and slender ants have a single strong seta on the anterior clypeal margin. This genus includes worldwide invasive species such as
These cryptic ants have eyes that are very close to the base of the mandibles, and usually have a clypeal extension visible in the large gap between the mandibles. They nest in rotten twigs and logs and forage in the leaf litter and on the ground. They are known to prey on springtails, millipedes, and even other ants. These ants may be collected by sifting leaf litter and breaking into rotten wood.
The sole species,
Full-face and profile images of Philippine ant genera.
This genus is widespread throughout the Philippines. There are specimens of several unidentified species from different transect studies on Mt. Isarog, Bicol Region, Luzon Island (
These relatively large ants bear the characteristic 7-segmented antennae and long anterior peduncle of the petiole. They form conspicuous columns, forage on the ground and in the foliage, and are locally dominant where they occur. They are fairly easy to collect by baiting with tuna or honey, pitfall trapping, beating low vegetation, and hand collecting.
These small trap-jawed ants have long mandibles that look like ripsaws and have very large eyes. They nest and hunt soft-bodied arthropods in the leaf litter. These ants may be collected by inspecting dead leaves that stick together then sifting the leaf litter. Keys to species:
Full-face and profile images of Philippine ant genera.
These cryptic ants have long, linear mandibles, inserted at the sides of the head, with blunt ends and a snaggle-tooth arrangement. These ground-foraging ants usually have soil particles stuck to their body, providing perfect camouflage. When disturbed, adults lie motionless. They nest under rocks and in rotten wood. These ants may be collected by sifting leaf litter, flipping over rocks, and breaking into rotten logs.
Described from an alate male reproductive, collected in southern Palawan Island,
This genus was recently revived from synonymy by
Full-face and profile images of Philippine ant genera.
The only species known from the Philippines,
These large, big-headed, trap-jawed ants are commonly referred to as “
Full-face and profile images of Philippine ant genera.
This large genus is also in dire need of taxonomic revision. These are small or large ants with two tibial spurs, a large pectinate spur behind a small simple one. They are abundant in the leaf litter and on the ground, hunting singly. They may be collected by sifting leaf litter, pitfall trapping, and baiting with honey or tuna bait. The genus
Full-face and profile images of Philippine ant genera.
This genus was recently revived from synonymy by
There are ten valid species in this Oriental and Indo-Australian genus, with three species known from the Philippines. These large arboreal ants have a pronotum with a flat dorsal outline. They are rare, and may be collected by beating low vegetation over a white sheet and inspecting tree hollows and dead branches in the canopy. Key to species:
As revised by
Full-face and profile images of Philippine ant genera.
There are specimens of several unidentified species from a transect study of Mt. Isarog, Bicol Region, Luzon Island (Alpert and General in prep.). There are also unidentified species from transect studies in Isabela Province, Luzon Island and the islands of Samar and Mindanao. These tiny to small ants have the following character states: dimorphic, with large-headed major workers possessing usually edentate mandibles; pronotum strongly humped; and antennal club usually 3-segmented. They are ground-dwelling and forage on the ground and in the leaf litter, and may be collected by sifting leaf litter, pitfall trapping, and baiting with cookie crumbs.
This is another genus which needs taxonomic revision. These tiny to small ants form conspicuous raiding columns, often protected by low walls of soil. They are extremely polymorphic with a continuous series of intermediates. Superficially similar to
Full-face and profile images of Philippine ant genera.
There are 46 valid species, including three from amber, in this cosmotropical genus. There are four valid species known from the Philippines. These ants have a shagreened or dull body surface and two pectinate tibial spurs on the hind leg. They may be ground-dwelling or nesting in trees, and are often found hunting individually. They may be collected by sifting leaf litter, pitfall trapping, and hand collecting on tree trunks. Key to species:
This is the largest ant genus in the Philippines. There are specimens of several unidentified species from a transect study of Mt. Isarog, Bicol Region, Luzon Island (Alpert and General in prep.). These small to large ants have spines on the pronotum, mesonotum, propodeum, or petiole or a combination of locations. They may nest in the ground, rotten logs or tree hollows. Some species are also known as weaver ants because they build nests in the foliage from larval silk and chewed-up plant fibers. These ants may be collected by beating low vegetation over a white sheet, pitfall trapping, and inspecting tree hollows and dead branches in the canopy. Keys:
Full-face and profile images of Philippine ant genera.
These tiny cryptic ants may be confused with
There are specimens of an unidentified species from a transect study of Mt. Isarog, Bicol Region, Luzon Island (Alpert and General in prep.). These ants have the following character states: very long antennal scapes, at least half the length extending beyond the back of the head; mandibles not strongly curved, so that the apical tooth points to the side; and mesosoma elongated and constricted at midlength. They are ground-foraging. These ants may be collected by sifting leaf litter and pitfall trapping.
Full-face and profile images of Philippine ant genera.
There are specimens of an unidentified species from a transect study of Mt. Isarog, Bicol Region, Luzon Island (Alpert and General in prep.). These small attractive ants have the following character states: mandibles that are twisted so that the edges oppose each other; and exposed antennal sockets. They nest in rotten wood on the ground or under rocks and forage in the leaf litter and on the ground. These ants may be collected by sifting leaf litter, pitfall trapping, breaking into rotten logs and flipping over rocks. Keys to species:
One species is known from Negros Island,
The species known from the Philippines,
Full-face and profile images of Philippine ant genera.
This genus can be found in all the Old World tropics except Madagascar.
There are specimens of at least 2 unidentified species from a transect study in Mt. Isarog, Bicol Region, Luzon Island (Alpert and General in prep.). There are also unidentified specimens from Mindanao Island.
Full-face and profile images of Philippine ant genera.
There is one specimen, from “Boguio” [=Baguio City, Benguet Province, Luzon Island], of
There is one valid species known from the Philippines,
Full-face and profile images of Philippine ant genera.
The unique holotype specimen of
Ants of this genus exhibit two main lifeways: the fire ants live independently in familiar ant mounds while the tiny thief ants nest beside other ants or termites. The species known in the Philippines,
There are specimens of an unidentified species from a transect studies of Mt. Isarog, Bicol Region, Luzon Island (Alpert and General in prep., Caceres-Plopenio, unpubl. M.S. thesis). There are also specimens of unidentified species from Eastern Samar Province, Samar Island and Polillo Island. These tiny to small, cryptic ants have spongy lobes at the sides of the propodeum, petiole, and postpetiole. They hunt for soft-bodied arthropod prey, usually
The species known from the Philippines include the widespread invasive species,
Full-face and profile images of Philippine ant genera.
The species known from the Philippines include the widespread invasive species,
The Philippine species include widespread invasive species such as
Full-face and profile images of Philippine ant genera.
These long and slender arboreal ants have large, somewhat flattened eyes, and a reduced clypeus, such that the antennal sockets are near the front edge of the head. They nest in dead twigs and branches. These ants may be collected by beating low vegetation over a white sheet and inspecting dead twigs and branches in the canopy. Key to species:
Putative male alate:
This is a genus that is very rarely collected. The three known species were all described from unique worker specimens. A single male specimen, in the Philippine collection of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum of Hawaii, appears to belong to this genus because its mandible has only the apical and subapical teeth followed by a wide toothless masticatory margin and its curved petiole lacks a distinct node. If confirmed, it will be the first known male specimen of
These flat and slender ants have a large, keel-like ventral petiolar process. They nest in rotten wood and under rocks and forage in leaf litter. Little is known about their biology. They may be collected by sifting leaf litter, pitfall trapping, breaking into rotten wood and flipping over rocks.
Full-face and profile images of Philippine ant genera.
A recently described species,
Full-face and profile images of Philippine ant genera. Unnamed genus PH02
* Numbers in parentheses refer to the previous couplet in the sequence
1 | Postpetiole absent | 2 |
– | Postpetiole present and petiole and pospetiole nearly equal in size, or postpetiole much larger, in which case, gaster with distinct constriction at insertion with postpetiole | 7 |
2(1) | Sting absent | 3 |
– | Sting present, often conspicuous and functional | 4 |
3(2) | In profile, a circular nozzle, the acidopore, often fringed with hairs, present at apex of gaster; antennal sockets sometimes situated well behind posterior margin of clypeus |
|
– | In profile, acidopore absent; apex of gaster with a transverse slit-like orifice (best seen in apical or lateral view); antennal sockets always abutting the posterior margin of clypeus |
|
4(2) | Petiole broadly attached to gaster, so that petiole has no posterior face in side view |
|
– | Petiole narrowly attached to gaster, so that petiole has a posterior face in side view | 5 |
5(4) | Frontal lobes and clypeus absent or reduced, so that antennal sockets are fully exposed in dorsal view and situated very near or above anterior margin of the head |
|
– | Frontal lobes and clypeus well-developed, so that antennal sockets are partially or entirely covered in dorsal view and situated posterior to the anterior margin of the head | 6 |
6(5) | Frontal lobes elongate and roughly parallel, so that frontal carinae do not converge posteriorly; mandibles triangular |
|
– | Frontal lobes rounded or bluntly triangular; frontal carinae, when present, appear to converge posteriorly; mandibles variable from linear to triangular |
|
7(1) | Pronotum and mesonotum separated by a conspicuous, flexible suture, allowing pronotum to move relative to mesonotum | 8 |
– | Pronotum and mesonotum separated by an often inconspicuous, rigid suture, so that pronotum and mesonotum are fused together | 9 |
8(7) | Eyes, present, large; ventral surface of postpetiole at most slightly bulging ( |
|
– | Eyes absent; ventral surface of postpetiole usually swollen and bulbous |
|
9(7) | Postpetiole barrel-shaped and much larger than petiole; gaster conspicuously constricted at insertion; upper surface of tip of gaster transversely flattened and armed with peg-like teeth |
|
– | Postpetiole globular and nearly equal in size to petiole; gaster with narrow constriction at insertion; upper surface of tip of gaster rounded and unarmed | 10 |
10(9) | With all the following character states: frontal lobes absent; antennal sockets completely exposed; eyes absent; gaster narrowly constricted at insertion with postpetiole ( |
|
– | Not as above: either frontal lobes present (much reduced or absent in |
|
1 | Frontal lobes large, extending forward beyond anterior clypeal margin; antennal funiculus flattened or compressed ( |
|
– | Frontal lobes never extending beyond anterior clypeal margin; antennal funiculus more or less circular in cross-section | 2 |
2(1) | Mandibles with only 3 teeth, with median tooth smallest; at full closure, little or no gap between mandibles and anterior clypeal margin ( |
|
– | Mandibles with more than 3 teeth; at full closure, large gap between mandibles and anterior clypeal margin | 3 |
3(2) | Posterior margin of head strongly concave; apex of mandible blunt or rounded ( |
|
– | Posterior margin of head at most weakly concave; apex of mandible acute ( |
|
1 | Antennal sockets set close together, separated by a narrow triangular posterior extension of the clypeus; mesotibial spurs present ( |
|
– | Antennal sockets widely separated, set apart by a wide triangular posterior extension of the clypeus; mesotibial spurs absent ( |
|
1 | In profile, petiole overhung by anterior part of gaster and node absent | 2 |
– | In profile, petiole with a conspicuous node, and not overhung by gaster | 3 |
2(1) | In profile, gaster with 4 dorsal segments (tergites), the fifth segment reflexed so that anal pore is ventral, not a termination of gaster ( |
|
– | In profile, gaster with 5 dorsal segments (tergites) and anal pore is terminal ( |
|
3(1) | Palps short and hard to see; in profile, dorsal face of propodeum much shorter than propodeal declivity, giving the mesosoma a compact appearance ( |
|
– | Palps long and conspicuous; dorsal face and declivity of propodeum about equal in length so that the mesosoma appears elongated | 4 |
4(3) | Head and mesosoma much longer than broad; legs extremely elongated ( |
|
– | Head roughly triangular and mesosoma not elongated; legs not elongated | 5 |
5(4) | Mesosoma with thick and sculptured integument ( |
|
– | Mesosoma with thin integument and generally smooth or shagreened | 6 |
6(5) | In profile, rear face of propodeum concave; in side view, metanotal groove a narrow, distinct notch ( |
|
– | In profile, rear face of propodeum convex, rarely flat; in side view, metanotal groove a broad impression |
|
7(6) | In frontal view, posterior margin of head strongly concave and eyes located anterior to midline of of head; petiolar node inclined forward; polymorphic workers ( |
|
– | In frontal view, posterior margin of head at most weakly concave, usually flat or convex; eyes posterior to midline of head; petiolar node more or less vertical; monomorphic workers ( |
|
1 | In profile, anteroventral margin of pronotum with distinct tooth; hind pretarsal claw with median tooth ( |
|
– | In profile, anteroventral margin of pronotum rounded or bluntly angulate; hind pretarsal claw without median tooth ( |
|
1 | Antenna 8-segmented, folding back below eye; eyes always large ( |
|
– | Antenna with 9- to 12-segmented, folding back above eye; eyes variable in size | 2 |
2(1) | Antenna 9- to 11-segmented | 3 |
– | Antenna 12-segmented | 6 |
3(2) | Propodeum and petiole armed with a pair of spines or teeth ( |
|
– | Propodeum and petiole without spines or teeth | 4 |
4(3) | Palps very short and extremely difficult to see; eyes minute ( |
|
– | Palps long and prominent; eyes usually well-developed, often large | 5 |
5(4) | Antennal scapes extremely long, extending more than half their length beyond posterior margin of head; erect hairs absent on dorsum of mesosoma ( |
|
– | Antennal scape, notably shorter, seldom extending much beyond posterior margin of head; erect hairs sometimes present on dorsum of mesosoma ( |
|
6(2) | Mandibles with 10 or more teeth or denticles | 7 |
– | Mandibles with fewer than 10 teeth or denticles | 8 |
7(6) | Mandibles linear and longer than head length, with sharp teeth along most of their length and crossing at apices when closed; eyes enormous ( |
|
– | Mandibles triangular and shorter than head length; eyes large but not taking up most of the sides of head ( |
|
8(6) | Antennal sockets almost abutting posterior clypeal margin; ring of hairs present around acidopore | 9 |
– | Antennal sockets well posterior to posterior clypeal margin; ring of hairs often absent around acidopore | 15 |
9(8) | Maxillary palp short and inconspicuous, with 2–4 segments | 10 |
– | Maxillary palp long and conspicuous, with 6 segments | 11 |
10(9) | In side view, mesonotal constriction present; mandibles strongly curved ( |
|
– | In side view, mesonotal constriction absent; mandibles not strongly curved ( |
|
11(9) | Mesosoma and head without coarse erect hairs ( |
|
– | Mesosoma and head with coarse erect hairs | 12 |
12(11) | In side view, mesosoma long and slender, with or without constriction of mesonotum | 13 |
– | In side view, mesosoma short and compact, without constriction of mesonotum | 14 |
13(12) | In side view, pronotum only slightly convex; erect setae on head randomly scattered on surface ( |
|
– | In side view, pronotum convex; erect setae on head form 2 parallel rows ( |
|
14(12) | Propodeum with 1 pair of erect setae ( |
|
– | Propodeum without a pair of erect setae ( |
|
15(8) | In side view, metathoracic spiracles forming turbercles that are the highest prominences of the mesosoma ( |
|
– | In side view, metathoracic spiracles not forming tubercles that are the highest prominences of the mesosoma | 16 |
16(15) | Petiole node lacking teeth or spines; first gastral tergite distinctly less than half total length of gaster ( |
|
– | Petiole node armed with spines, teeth, or denticles; first gastral tergite large, at least half of total length of gaster | 17 |
17(16) | Spines or teeth usually present on pronotum, propodeum, or both; body usually covered with short appressed hairs and some erect hairs ( |
|
– | Spines or teeth absent from pronotum and propodeum, often present on petiole; body usually densely covered with long erect hairs ( |
|
1 | Metanotal groove absent ( |
|
– | Metanotal groove present and distinct | 2 |
2 | Petiole with a posterior face |
|
– | Petiole without a posterior face ( |
|
1 | In side view, antennal scrobe present below eye | 2 |
– | In side view, antennal scrobe absent or present above eye | 3 |
2(1) | Antenna 7-segmented; antennal scape triangular, widest near insertion and tapering distally; petiole pedunculate; propodeum armed with thin longitudinal flanges ( |
|
– | Antenna 11-segmented; antennal scape rod-like; petiole sessile; propodeum armed with 2 thick spines ( |
|
3(1) | Petiole lacking a distinct node | 4 |
– | Petiole with a distinct node | 6 |
4(3) | Petiole transversely flattened; in dorsal view, in dorsal view, gaster roughly heart-shaped; ( |
|
– | Petiole roughly barrel-shaped; in dorsal view, gaster not heart-shaped | 5 |
5(4) | Side of head with a longitudinal ridge running below the eye, from rear border to mandibular insertion; posterolateral corner of the head not forming a blunt point ( |
|
– | Side of head lacking a ridge below the eye; posterolateral corner of the head forming a blunt point ( |
|
6(3) | Mandibles bidentate (with 2 teeth); mesosoma without a metanotal groove ( |
|
– | Mandibles with more than 2 teeth; mesosoma usually with a metanotal groove | 7 |
7(6) | Petiole and postpetiole with at least some light-colored sponge-like tissue |
|
– | Petiole and postpetiole never with sponge-like tissue | 9 |
8(7) | Sponge-like tissue only on ventral surface of petiole, postpetiole, and the 4th abdominal segment; antenna 11-segmented ( |
|
– | Sponge-like tissue on lateral, as well as ventral, surfaces of petiole, postpetiole, and 4th abdominal segment; antenna 4–to 6-segmented ( |
|
9(7) | Antenna with a distal club of 2 segments | 10 |
– | Antenna with a distal club of 3 or 4 segments, or with an indistinct club | 15 |
10(9) | Antennal scrobe present; head and mesosoma punctuate ( |
|
– | Antennal scrobe absent; head and mesosoma smooth, rugose, or reticulate | 11 |
11(10) | Head and mesosoma sculptured; petiole at most with a short peduncle | 12 |
– | Head and mesosoma smooth between sparse punctures; petiole pedunculate | 13 |
12(11) | Head and mesosoma longitudinally rugose; propodeum unarmed; gaster broadly attached to postpetiole ( |
|
– | Head and mesosoma strongly reticulate; propodeum bidentate; gaster narrowly attached to postpetiole ( |
Unnamed genus PH01 |
13(11) | Propodeum unarmed; anterior clypeal margin with two angles, or teeth, bearing hairs ( |
|
– | Propodeum with a pair of spines or teeth; anterior clypeal margin simple | 14 |
14(13) | Clypeus with 2 longitudinal carinae immediately anterior to antennal sockets; workers dimorphic ( |
|
– | Clypeus smooth and without longitudinal carinae; workers polymorphic ( |
|
15(9) | Antenna with 7–9 segments | 16 |
– | Antenna with 10–12 segments | 17 |
16(15) | Antenna7-segmented; mesosoma strongly reticulate; propodeal spines long; anterior peduncle of petiole as long as petiolar node height ( |
|
– | Antenna 9-segmented; mesosoma weakly reticulate and shield-like; propodeal spines short; anterior peduncle shorter than petiolar node height ( |
|
17(15) | Eyes absent | 18 |
– | Eyes present, even if only one ommatidium | 19 |
18(17) | Petiole and postpetiole with prominent anteroventral processes; integument firm and sclerotized ( |
|
– | Petiole and postpetiole lacking anteroventral processes; integument fragile and poorly sclerotized ( |
|
19(17) | In dorsal view, postpetiole swollen and at least twice as wide as petiole; antenna 12-segmented ( |
|
– | In dorsal view, postpetiole as wide as, or slightly wider than, petiole; antenna 10–to 12-segmented | 20 |
20(19) | Clypeus with an anterior forked extension overhanging the mandibles; body covered with evenly-spaced clavate hairs ( |
|
– | Clypeus without an anterior forked extension; body hairs not clavate | 21 |
21(20) | Sides of clypeus immediately anterior to antennal sockets produced into a sharp ridge | 22 |
– | Sides of clypeus immediately anterior to antennal sockets not produced into a sharp ridge | 23 |
22(21) | In frontal view, head roughly heart-shaped, with posterior margin of the head strongly concave; antenna 12-segmented ( |
|
– | In frontal view, head roughly rectangular, with posterior margin of the head at most weakly concave; antenna 10–to 12-segmented ( |
|
23(21) | Anterior clypeal margin with a single median seta extending over the mandibles; propodeum at most with blunt angles; ( |
|
– | Anterior clypeal margin with a pair of setae, or a series of long, strong setae, or hairless; propodeum usually armed with spines | 24 |
24(23) | Antenna 11-segmented | 25 |
– | Antenna 12-segmented | 30 |
25(24) | Antennal sockets completely exposed; anterior clypeal margin denticulate ( |
|
– | Antennal sockets partially or completely covered by frontal lobes; anterior clypeal margin usually simple | 26 |
26(25) | Antennal scrobes deep and narrow, overhung by expanded frontal carinae ( |
|
– | Antennal scrobes absent or very shallow |
|
27(26) | Propodeum unarmed; in profile, petiole lacking peduncle and usually with a large subpetiolar process ( |
|
– | Propodeum spinose; in profile, petiole pedunculate | 28 |
28(27) | In profile, propodeal spines curving upward and forward ( |
|
– | In profile, propodeal spines straight | 29 |
29(28) | Propodeal spines long and sharp; in side view, pronotum convex, much higher than propodeum ( |
|
– | Propodeal spines short and blunt; in side view, pronotum flat, almost level with propodeum ( |
|
30(24) | Antenna gently expanding distally, with a weak to indistinct 4-segmented club; head strongly narrowed posteriorly ( |
|
– | Antenna abruptly expanding distally, with a distinct 3-segmented club; head not narrow posteriorly | 31 |
31(30) | Petiole lacking a peduncle | 32 |
– | Petiole pedunculate | 34 |
32(31) | Propodeum armed with stout spines (curved in dorsal view) ( |
|
– | Propodeum unarmed or at most with denticles | 33 |
33(32) | Petiole with a conspicuous ventral process; mandibles curved mesad and without a stem at insertion ( |
|
– | Petiole without a conspicuous ventral process; mandibles linear-triangular and with a stem at insertion (see diagnosis in “Brief Generic Accounts”) ( |
Unnamed genus PH03 |
34(32) | Anterior clypeal margin overhanging mandibles and armed with blunt denticles or a median rectangular extension; in the major worker, head enormous, obscuring pronotum in dorsal view ( |
|
– | Anterior clypeal margin not overhanging mandibles and simple; in the major worker, if present, head does not obscure pronotum in dorsal view | 35 |
35(34) | In profile, mesosomal dorsum with a flat or weakly convex outline; petiolar node blocky or roughly rectangular ( |
|
– | In profile, dorsal mesosomal dorsum with a strongly convex outline; petiolar node globular or rounded | 36 |
36(35) | In profile, petiolar spiracle located on node, not on peduncle (see diagnosis in “Brief Generic Accounts”) ( |
|
– | In profile, petiolar spiracle located on peduncle | 37 |
37(36) | Mandible with 5 teeth with a long diastema (toothless section) between 3rd and 4th tooth; side of head usually with a sinuate longitudinal groove running from the posterior margin to the mandibular insertion ( |
|
– | Mandibular dentition not as above; sinuate longitudinal groove at side of head absent | 38 |
38(37) | In profile, petiole with a short anterior peduncle; workers monomorphic ( |
|
– | In profile, petiole with a long anterior peduncle; workers dimorphic ( |
|
1 | Mandibles long and linear, inserted at middle of the anterior margin of head | 2 |
– | Mandibles triangular or linear, inserted at sides of head | 3 |
2(1) | Frons with a conspicuous groove running along the midline; in profile, petiole node produced into a dorsal sharp point ( |
|
– | Frons simple, at most with shallow striations; in profile, petiole node blunt ( |
|
3(1) | Antennal insertions well separated; hind tibia with two pectinate spurs ( |
|
– | Antennal insertions closely approximated; hind tibia with one pectinate spur, but may have a smaller simple spur in front of it | 4 |
4(3) | Hind tibia with only one pectinate spur, without a smaller, simple anterior spur | 5 |
– | Hind tibia with two spurs with the smaller spur simple | 8 |
5(4) | Side of mandible near insertion with a small circular pit ( |
|
– | Side of mandible near insertion without a pit | 6 |
6(5) | Outer surface of middle tibia and middle and hind tarsi with strong, peg-like teeth; pronotum flat and shelf-like in profile ( |
|
– | Outer surface of middle tibia and middle and hind tarsi with hairs, but never with strong, peg-like teeth; pronotum convex in profile | 7 |
7(6) | Subpetiolar process with an oval or circular translucent window, and with a sharp posterior angle ( |
|
– | Subpetiolar process without an oval or circular translucent window, and usually blunt or rounded posteriorly ( |
|
8(4) | Tarsal claws on hind leg either pectinate or with one or more teeth on inner surface | 9 |
– | Tarsal claws on hind leg simple, never with teeth on inner surface | 10 |
9(8) | Ocelli present; mandibles long and forceps-like with a triangular flange beneath ( |
|
– | Ocelli absent; mandibles variable but never long and forceps-like with a triangular flange beneath ( |
|
10(8) | Petiole node with a pair of spines ( |
|
– | Petiole node simple | 11 |
11(10) | Side of pronotum with a pair of large blunt angles; anterior clypeal margin with small blunt teeth or denticles ( |
|
– | Side of pronotum and anterior clypeal margin simple | 12 |
12(11) | Mandibles, when fully closed, with a large gap between them; eyes situated very near base of mandibles ( |
|
– | Mandibles, when fully closed, slightly overlap along the inner margin; eyes situated away from base of mandibles ( |
1 | Fourth abdominal segment straight or slightly curved, so that apex of gaster is directed posteriorly ( |
|
– | Fourth abdominal segment strongly curved, so that apex of gaster is directed anteriorly | 2 |
2(1) | Apical segment of antenna extremely large and bulbous; antennal sockets on shelf protruding over mandibles ( |
|
– | Apical segment moderately enlarged, but not bulbous; antennal sockets not protruding over mandibles ( |
|
We would like to thank Fr. Joel E. Tabora, S.J., former president of Ateneo de Naga University, for loaning the ant specimens to the Museum of Comparative Zoology on long-term basis, and Emelina G. Regis (INECAR), for allowing us the use of her office space and laboratory equipment during our transect work. We also thank Joanaviva Caceres-Plopenio (Ateneo de Naga University), Perry Buenavente (Ateneo de Manila University), Arvin Diesmos and Ven Samarita (Philippine National Museum, Manila), Ireneo Lit, Jr. and Leonila A.C. Raros (UPLB-Museum of Natural History), Herbert Zettel (Museum of Natural History, Vienna), Ted Schultz (Smithsonian Institution), Hendrik Freitag, and Keith Arakaki (Bernice P. Bishop Museum) for giving us access to their specimens. For permitting us to use their images, we thank Katsuyuki Eguchi for
This bibliography includes the reference to each original description of genus and species of Philippine ants listed in the Appendix as well as relevant publications of wider scope. Letters after the publication year simply refer to multiple publications in this list and do not necessarily conform to the Ant Bibliography (
There are 474 ant species and subspecies known from the Philippines and at least an additional 100 undescribed or unidentified species represented by museum specimens and recent collections. The total size of the ant fauna is no doubt much larger, almost certainly more than 1000 species are present. This tentative list contains species and subspecies names regarded as valid in Bolton (2011) and later publications. It is meant to serve as a rough guide to our current knowledge of the Philippine ant fauna. Keys to the notes and island codes are at the end of the list.
|
|
|
---|---|---|
Md | ||
Md | ||
Pl | ||
Lz | A/G – new record | |
Lz | ||
Md | ||
Lz, Ng | ||
Cb | ||
Lz, Ng | ||
Lz, Md, Mr, Ng | ||
Ly, Lz, Md, Ng | ||
Lz, Ng | ||
Lz, Ng, Pl | ||
Cm | ||
Ng | ||
Md, Ng | ||
Ng | ||
Ng | ||
Ng | ||
Lz | ||
Md | ||
Lz, Ms, Ng, Pl | ||
Lz | ||
Lz, Ng | ||
Ly | ||
Lz, Ng | ||
Ly | ||
Lz | ||
Lz, Md | ||
Lz | ||
Lz | ||
Md | ||
Pl | ||
W | ||
Lz | ||
Lz, Ng | ||
W | ||
Lz, Ng | ||
Lz, Md | ||
Lz | ||
Lz, Md | ||
Lz | ||
Lz | ||
Lz, Md | ||
Pl | ||
Lz, Md | ||
Lz | ||
Lz | ||
Lz | ||
Md | ||
Md | ||
Lz, Ng | ||
Lz | ||
Lz, Pl | ||
Lz | ||
Jo, Lz | ||
Lz, Md | ||
Md | ||
Md, Pl | ||
Lz | ||
Lz | ||
Lz | ||
Md | ||
Lz | ||
Ng | ||
W | ||
By, Lz | ||
Lz | ||
Lz, Md | ||
By, Lz | ||
Lz | ||
Ng | ||
Lz, Rm | ||
Lz, Ng | ||
Md | ||
Bs, Lz | ||
Bs | ||
Lz, Ng | ||
Ng | ||
Lz | ||
Ng | ||
Lz, Md | ||
Ng | ||
Lz, Ng | ||
Lz, Ng | ||
Ng | ||
Ly, Lz | ||
Md | ||
Lz, Ng | ||
Lz, Md | ||
Lz | ||
Lz | ||
Lz | ||
Md, Ng | ||
Lz, Ng | ||
Pl, SC | ||
Lz | ||
Lz | ||
Lz | ||
Md | ||
Ly | HZW – new record | |
Lz | ||
Pl | ||
Pl | ||
Pn | ||
W | ||
Lz | ||
Pl | ||
Ng | ||
Ng | ||
Lz | ||
Lz | ||
Pl | ||
W | ||
Lz | ||
Lz | ||
Lz | ||
Ng | ||
Lz, Md | ||
Ly, Lz, Md | ||
MCZ – new record | ||
Lz, Ng | ||
Lz, Ng | ||
Md | ||
Lz, Ng | ||
Lz, Md | ||
Lz, Ng | ||
Lz | ||
Lz | ||
Ng | ||
Lz, Ng | ||
Lz | ||
Lz, Md, Ng | ||
Md | ||
Bi | ||
Lz | ||
Lz | ||
Lz, Ng | ||
Lz | ||
Lz | ||
Lz | ||
Mq | ||
Md | ||
Lz, Ng | ||
Ng | ||
Pl | ||
Ng | ||
Lz, Md, Ng, Pl | ||
Ng | ||
Pl | ||
Pn | ||
Pl | ||
Lz, Ng | ||
Lz, Ng | ||
Lz, Ng | ||
Pl | ||
Lz, Ng, Pn | ||
Md | BPBM – new record | |
W | ||
Pl | ||
Lz | ||
Lz | ||
Lz | ||
Ly | ||
Lz | A/G – new record | |
Bi | ||
Lz | ||
Md | ||
Ng | ||
Lz | ||
Cm, Lz, Md, Tb | ||
W | ||
Ng, Pl | ||
Bs | ||
Lz | ||
Ng | ||
Lz, Md | ||
Ly, Lz, Md, Pl | ||
Md | ||
W | ||
Cm | ||
Lz, Ng | ||
Ly | ||
Lz, Ng | ||
Lz, Pl | ||
Pl | ||
Lz, Ng | MCZ – new record | |
Bh, Bi, Cb, Ct, Ly, Sm | ||
Cb, Lz | ||
Lz, Mr, Ng, Rm | ||
Ba, Bh, Jo, Tw | ||
Ng, Pl, Pn | ||
Ng, Pn, Sq | ||
Md, Pl | ||
Lz, Rm | ||
Lz | ||
Cm | ||
W | ||
W | ||
W | ||
MCZ – new record | ||
Lz | ||
Lz | ||
Lz, Sm | ||
Lz, Ng | ||
Md | ||
Ng | MCZ – new record | |
Lz, Ng, Pl | ||
Lz | ||
Lz | ||
Bs, Lz, Md, Mr | ||
Lz | A/G – new record | |
Jo, Tw | ||
Lz | ||
Lz, Pl | ||
Lz | ||
Lz | ||
W | ||
Lz | ||
Ng, Pl | ||
Lz | A/G – new record | |
Lz | ||
Lz, Ng | ||
Lz, Ng | ||
Pl | ||
Lz, Sm | ||
Lz | ||
Lz, Md, Sm | ||
Md | ||
Lz | ||
Lz | ||
Ly, Pl | ||
Lz | ||
Lz | ||
Lz | ||
Lz | ||
Lz | ||
Lz | ||
Md, Pl | ||
Lz | ||
Sm | ||
Cb, Lz, Ng | ||
Lz | ||
Lz, Md | ||
Lz, Sm | ||
Lz | ||
Lz | ||
Lz | ||
Ng | ||
Lz, Ng, Sm | ||
Lz, Md, Ng, Rm | ||
Pl | ||
Lz, Pl | ||
Ng | ||
Lz, Ng, Pl | ||
Lz, Md, Ng, Pl | ||
Pl | ||
Md | ||
Lz | ||
Lz | ||
Lz, Ng | ||
Lz, Pl | ||
Lz | ||
Lz, Md, Ng | ||
Tw | ||
Pl | ||
Ng | ||
Ng | ||
Lz | ||
Cb, Ct, Ly, Lz, Mr, Sm | ||
Md | ||
Lz, Pl | ||
Ng | ||
Ng | ||
Ng | ||
Md | ||
Lz | ||
Ng | ||
Lz, Md, Ng | ||
Lz | ||
Lz, Pl | ||
Ng, Pl | ||
Lz | ||
Lz, Ms, Ng, Sy, Tb | ||
Lz, Md | ||
Md | ||
Md, Ng | ||
Jo, Lz, Sm | ||
Lz | ||
Lz | ||
Ng, Pl | ||
Md | ||
Ng, Pl, Si | ||
Ng | ||
Lz, Md, Ng | ||
Lz, Ng | ||
Lz, Ng | ||
Lz, Ng, Sm | ||
Lz | ||
Lz | ||
Lz, Mr, Sm | ||
Md | ||
Lz | ||
Ng | ||
Lz | ||
Lz, Md, Ng, Pl | ||
Lz, Pl | ||
Lz | ||
Md | ||
Ly, Sm | ||
Lz, Pl | ||
Pl | ||
Lz, Md | ||
Sm | ||
Lz | ||
Pl | ||
Lz | ||
Lz | ||
Lz, Md | ||
Lz | ||
Lz, Md | ||
Md | ||
Lz, Ng | ||
Lz, Ng | ||
Lz, Ng | ||
Lz, Md, Sm | ||
Ng | ||
Lz, Ng, Sm, Pl | UPLB | |
Lz, Pl | ||
Md | ||
Cb | ||
Lz, Md, Ng, Pn, Tb | ||
Md | ||
Ng | ||
Ly, Lz | ||
Ng | ||
Lz | ||
Md | ||
Lz | ||
Ng | ||
Ly, Lz, Md, Ng, Pl | ||
Ly, Md, Mq, Mr, Pc, Sm | ||
Ly | ||
Ly | ||
Ly | ||
Lz | ||
Ng | MCZ – new record | |
Lz | A/G – new record | |
Lz, Pl | ||
Ng | ||
Lz | MCZ, A/G | |
Ng | BPBM– new record | |
Lz | ||
Pl, Rm, Rr | ||
Ng | ||
W | ||
Lz | ||
Lz, Pl | ||
Lz | ||
Lz, Pl | ||
Lz, Ng | ||
Lz | ||
Lz | ||
Lz | ||
Lz | ||
Lz, Md, Pl | ||
Lz | ||
Pl | ||
Lz | ||
Pl | ||
Pl | ||
Lz | ||
Lz, Pl | ||
Lz, Plw | A/G – new record | |
Lz | ||
Lz | ||
Lz | ||
Lz | A/G – new record | |
Lz, Ng | ||
Lz | A/G – new record | |
Md | ||
Lz | ||
Lz | ||
Pl | ||
Lz | A/G – new record | |
Lz, Md, Mr, Ng | ||
Lz | ||
Lz | SI | |
W | ||
Lz | ||
Lz | ||
Lz, Mr | ||
By, Lz, Md | ||
Lz, Md | ||
Bh, Ly, Md, Ng | ||
Lz | ||
Md | ||
Lz, Md, Sy | ||
Lz, Pl | ||
Pl | ||
Ly, Lz, Rm | ||
Lz, Md, Ng | ||
W | ||
Ng | ||
Ng | ||
Lz | ||
Lz, Ng, Pl, Sm | ||
Ng | ||
Cm, Lz, Md | ||
Md | ||
Ng | ||
Ng | ||
Mr, Ng | ||
Ng | ||
Md | ||
Ly, Lz, Md, Ng, Rm | ||
Lz | ||
Ng | ||
Ng | ||
Ng | ||
W | ||
Pl | ||
Ly, Lz, Ng, Pl, Sm | ||
Lz, Md | ||
Pl | ||
Ng, Pl, Rm, Sy, Tb | ||
Pl | ||
Md, Ng, Pl | ||
Pl | ||
Lz, Md | ||
Ng | ||
Pl | ||
Pl | ||
Lz | ||
Lz | ||
Cb |
Key to Notes:
A/G = Alpert and General Collection
BPBM = Bernice P. Bishop Museum Collection
HZW = Herbert Zettel (Vienna) Collection
MCZ = Museum of Comparative Zoology Collection
UPLB = University of the Philippines at Los Baños Museum of Natural History Collection
SI = Smithsonian Institution Museum Collection
Key to Island Abbreviations:
Ba = Bantayan
Bh = Bohol
Bi = Biliran
Bs = Basilan
By = Bayagnan
Cb = Cebu
Cm = Camiguin
Ct= Catanduanes
Jo = Jolo
Ly = Leyte
Lz = Luzon
Md = Mindanao
Mq = Marinduque
Mr = Mindoro
Ms = Masbate
Ng = Negros
Pc = Pacijan
Pl = Palawan
Pn = Panay
Po = Polillo
Rm = Romblon
Rr = Rapu-rapu
SC = Sta. Cruz
Si = Sibutu
Sm = Samar
Sy = Sibuyan
Tb = Tablas
Tw = Tawi-tawi
W = Widespread