Corresponding author: Elijah J. Talamas (
Academic editor: Michael Sharkey
The
In 1978, M. Kozlov described a new genus of scelionine wasps based on material from the Russian Far East, with
The goals of this paper are to define the
Axillular carina (axc:
Epomial carina (epc;
Lateral ocellus (loc;
Metapleural sulcus (mtps;
Paracoxal sulcus (pcxs;
Transverse carina of T2 (trc;
Transverse pronotal carina (tpc;
Morphological terms used in this revision were matched to the
The description of surface sculpture is presented in two formats. Areas of the exoskeleton in which the sculptural elements are inseparable are described simply as “sculpture”. For areas in which the sculptural elements vary independently, sculpture is divided into three categories: punctation: round depressions associated with setae; macrosculpture: raised or sunken patterns of texture that are oriented linearly or radially with respect to punctation or the axes of the body; microsculpture: unoriented, very fine wrinkles or pustulations that occur on, in, or between elements of macrosculpture and punctation.
The genus
The Nearctic
With the exception of
Previous authors have mentioned that
Separation of
1 | Palpal formula 2-1 ( |
|
– | Palpal formula 4-2 ( |
2 |
2 | Metanotum visible medially and unaltered by horn of T1, or horn absent ( |
3 |
– | Metanotum obscured medially by horn of T1 ( |
4 |
3 | Metascutellum visible externally, shape variable ( |
|
– | Metascutellum not visible externally ( |
|
4 | Lateral ocellus remote from inner orbit, separated by distance of at least one ocellar diameter ( |
|
– | Lateral ocellus contiguous with inner orbit or separated by distance less than one ocellar diameter ( |
|
The
Sexual dimorphism combined with the small number of males prevented us from associating males with females for all but two species,
1 | Brachypterous, forewing not reaching apex of metasoma in repose ( |
2 |
– | Macropterous, forewing extending beyond apex of metasoma in repose | 3 |
2 | A7 with basiconic sensillum ( |
|
– | A7 without basiconic sensillum ( |
|
3 | Ventral clypeal margin edentate ( |
|
– | Ventral clypeal margin serrate ( |
4 |
4 | Ventral metapleural area entirely setose ( |
|
– | Ventral metapleural area with glabrous area ( |
5 |
5 | Notaulus absent or indicated only at posterior margin of mesoscutum ( |
6 |
– | Notaulus present through posterior half of mesoscutum, usually reaching mesoscutal suprahumeral sulcus as smooth furrow or row of punctures ( |
8 |
6 | T1–T5, S3 with microsculpture throughout ( |
|
– | Metasoma without microsculpture ( |
7 |
7 | Frons immediately below median ocellus smooth ( |
|
– | Frons immediately below median ocellus rugose, with setigerous foveae ( |
|
8 | A7 with basiconic sensillum ( |
9 |
– | A7 without basiconic sensillum ( |
10 |
9 | R1 (postmarginal vein) distinctly shorter than r-rs (stigmal vein) ( |
|
– | R1 (postmarginal vein) about as long as r-rs (stigmal vein) ( |
|
10 | Mesoscutellum punctate, interspaces between punctures smooth and usually broad ( |
11 |
– | Mesoscutellum rugulose to areolate ( |
12 |
11 | Frons evenly striate throughout, striae directly above interantennal process sometimes effaced ( |
|
– | Frons directly below median ocellus coarsely strigose to rugose; frons always with smooth area above interantennal process; interstitial punctation on frons coarse ( |
|
12 | Frons evenly striate throughout, with microsculpture present interstitially ( |
|
– | Striae of frons, if present, not uniform throughout, microsculpture absent ( |
13 |
13 | Pronotum with uniform, fine, white setae along transverse pronotal carina ( |
|
– | Pronotum with dark, bristlelike setae along transverse pronotal carina ( |
14 |
14 | Pronotum below transverse pronotal carina mostly smooth, with sparse rugulae ( |
|
– | Pronotum below transverse pronotal carina densely punctate (as in |
Female body length: 2.73 mm (n=1). Color of head: reddish brown. Ventral clypeal margin: serrate. Sculpture of frons medially: smooth. Sculpture of frons immediately ventral of median ocellus: dorsoventrally strigose laterally. Microsculpture of frons: absent. Sculpture of posterior vertex: irregularly rugulose. Sculpture of gena: irregularly rugulose. Basiconic sensillum on A7: absent.
Wings: macropterous, apex of forewing extending beyond posterior margin of T3. Length of R1: equal to r-rs. Notaulus: absent. Color of mesosoma: variably orange to brown. Sculpture of mesoscutum medially: areolate rugulose. Sculpture of mesoscutellum: areolate rugulose. Dark bristlelike setae along transverse pronotal carina: present. Sculpture ventral of transverse pronotal carina: rugulose posteriorly. Sculpture of femoral groove: striate below mesopleural pit. Sculpture of ventral half of posterior mesepimeral area: rugulose. Fine setigerous punctures on dorsal half of posterior mesepimeral area: absent. Mesopleural carina: present. Setation of ventral metapleural area: absent in area immediately below metapleural sulcus. Setation of metapleural triangle: moderately dense. Color of legs: yellow throughout.
Color of metasoma: reddish brown. Horn of T1: bulge smooth, at least anteriorly. Microsculpture of T2: absent. Microsculpture on T3: absent. Macrosculpture of T3 medially: weakly longitudinally strigose. Macrosculpture of T3 laterally: longitudinally strigose. Microsculpture of T4: absent. Macrosculpture of T4 laterally: weakly rugulose. Punctation of T4: moderately dense throughout. Macrosculpture of T5: absent. Punctation of T5: moderately dense throughout. Microsculpture of S3: absent. Macrosculpture of S3 laterally: weakly longitudinally strigose.
13
Holotype, female:
Female body length: 3.41 mm (n=1). Color of head: dark red, becoming darker dorsally. Ventral clypeal margin: serrate. Sculpture of frons medially: smooth. Sculpture of frons immediately ventral of median ocellus: dorsoventrally strigose laterally. Microsculpture of frons: absent. Sculpture of posterior vertex: finely punctate. Sculpture of gena: densely and finely punctate. Basiconic sensillum on A7: present.
Wings: macropterous, apex of forewing extending beyond posterior margin of T3. Length of R1: less than r-rs. Notaulus: present in posterior half of mesoscutum. Color of mesosoma: variably red to black. Sculpture of mesoscutum medially: densely punctate throughout. Sculpture of mesoscutellum: densely punctate. Dark bristlelike setae along transverse pronotal carina: absent. Sculpture ventral of transverse pronotal carina: finely punctate. Sculpture of femoral groove: smooth. Sculpture of ventral half of posterior mesepimeral area: smooth. Fine setigerous punctures on dorsal half of posterior mesepimeral area: present. Mesopleural carina: present along anterior half of femoral groove. Setation of ventral metapleural area: absent in area immediately below metapleural sulcus. Setation of metapleural triangle: moderately dense. Color of legs: yellow throughout.
Color of metasoma: reddish brown. Horn of T1: bulge smooth, at least anteriorly. Microsculpture of T2: absent. Microsculpture on T3: absent. Macrosculpture of T3 medially: absent. Macrosculpture of T3 laterally: weakly longitudinally strigose. Microsculpture of T4: absent. Macrosculpture of T4 laterally: weakly longitudinally strigose. Punctation of T4: sparse in medial third, moderately dense laterally. Macrosculpture of T5: absent. Punctation of T5: absent in medial third, moderately dense laterally. Microsculpture of S3: absent. Macrosculpture of S3 laterally: absent.
The species is named for the Bunun tribe of Taiwan that historically occupied the region where it was collected. The name is treated as a noun in apposition.
15
Holotype, female:
Female body length: 2.89 mm (n=1). Color of head: black throughout. Ventral clypeal margin: serrate. Sculpture of frons medially: smooth. Sculpture of frons immediately ventral of median ocellus: dorsoventrally striate throughout. Microsculpture of frons: absent. Sculpture of posterior vertex: punctate rugulose. Sculpture of gena: dorsoventrally strigose. Basiconic sensillum on A7: present.
Wings: brachypterous, apex of forewing ending before T4. Notaulus: percurrent. Color of mesosoma: variably orange to brown. Sculpture of mesoscutum medially: densely punctate, with longitudinal rugae in posterior half. Sculpture of mesoscutellum: smooth along midline, otherwise punctate rugulose. Dark bristlelike setae along transverse pronotal carina: absent. Sculpture ventral of transverse pronotal carina: finely punctate. Sculpture of femoral groove: striate in ventral end. Sculpture of ventral half of posterior mesepimeral area: smooth. Fine setigerous punctures on dorsal half of posterior mesepimeral area: present. Mesopleural carina: present along anterior half of femoral groove. Setation of ventral metapleural area: absent in area immediately below metapleural sulcus. Setation of metapleural triangle: dense. Color of legs: pale brown throughout.
Color of metasoma: orange to brown. Horn of T1: bulge smooth, at least anteriorly. Microsculpture of T2: absent. Microsculpture on T3: absent. Macrosculpture of T3 medially: absent. Macrosculpture of T3 laterally: longitudinally strigose. Microsculpture of T4: absent. Macrosculpture of T4 laterally: absent. Punctation of T4: moderately dense throughout. Macrosculpture of T5: absent. Punctation of T5: moderately dense throughout. Microsculpture of S3: absent. Macrosculpture of S3 laterally: longitudinally strigose.
The adjectival epithet “ferus” means “wild” or “untamed” in Latin and refers to the “savage” appearance of this species.
17
Holotype, female:
Female body length: 2.65 mm (n=1). Color of head: dark orange, becoming brown at vertex. Ventral clypeal margin: serrate. Sculpture of frons medially: dorsoventrally striate. Sculpture of frons immediately ventral of median ocellus: dorsoventrally striate throughout. Microsculpture of frons: present. Sculpture of posterior vertex: punctate rugulose. Sculpture of gena: irregularly rugulose. Basiconic sensillum on A7: absent.
Wings: macropterous, apex of forewing extending beyond posterior margin of T3. Length of R1: less than r-rs. Notaulus: percurrent. Color of mesosoma: orange throughout. Sculpture of mesoscutum medially: densely punctate throughout. Sculpture of mesoscutellum: punctate rugulose throughout. Dark bristlelike setae along transverse pronotal carina: absent. Sculpture ventral of transverse pronotal carina: punctate rugulose. Sculpture of femoral groove: striate below mesopleural pit. Sculpture of ventral half of posterior mesepimeral area: smooth. Fine setigerous punctures on dorsal half of posterior mesepimeral area: present. Mesopleural carina: absent. Setation of ventral metapleural area: absent in area immediately below metapleural sulcus. Setation of metapleural triangle: moderately dense. Color of legs: yellow throughout.
Color of metasoma: orange throughout. Horn of T1: absent. Microsculpture of T2: present. Microsculpture on T3: present. Macrosculpture of T3 medially: reticulate rugose. Macrosculpture of T3 laterally: reticulate rugose. Microsculpture of T4: absent. Macrosculpture of T4 laterally: weakly rugulose. Punctation of T4: moderately dense throughout. Macrosculpture of T5: absent. Punctation of T5: moderately dense throughout. Microsculpture of S3: absent. Macrosculpture of S3 laterally: absent.
The epithet “kagemono” means “supernatural creature of the night” in Japanese. It is used as a noun in apposition.
19
Holotype, female:
Female body length: 2.27–2.53 mm (n=9). Color of head: uncertain, reddish brown. Ventral clypeal margin: serrate. Sculpture of frons medially: smooth. Sculpture of frons immediately ventral of median ocellus: dorsoventrally strigose throughout; rugose. Microsculpture of frons: absent. Sculpture of posterior vertex: finely punctate; punctate rugulose. Sculpture of gena: punctate rugulose; densely and finely punctate. Basiconic sensillum on A7: present.
Wings: macropterous, apex of forewing extending beyond posterior margin of T3. Length of R1: equal to r-rs; longer than r-rs. Notaulus: percurrent. Color of mesosoma: variably red to black. Sculpture of mesoscutum medially: densely punctate throughout. Sculpture of mesoscutellum: densely punctate. Dark bristlelike setae along transverse pronotal carina: absent. Sculpture ventral of transverse pronotal carina: finely punctate. Sculpture of femoral groove: smooth. Sculpture of ventral half of posterior mesepimeral area: smooth. Fine setigerous punctures on dorsal half of posterior mesepimeral area: present. Mesopleural carina: present. Setation of ventral metapleural area: absent in area immediately below metapleural sulcus. Setation of metapleural triangle: moderately dense. Color of legs: pale brown throughout; yellow throughout.
Color of metasoma: dark brown to black throughout; reddish brown. Horn of T1: bulge smooth, at least anteriorly. Microsculpture of T2: absent. Microsculpture on T3: present. Macrosculpture of T3 medially: reticulate; longitudinally strigose; weakly longitudinally strigose. Macrosculpture of T3 laterally: longitudinally strigose. Microsculpture of T4: absent. Macrosculpture of T4 laterally: weakly rugulose; absent. Punctation of T4: moderately dense throughout. Macrosculpture of T5: absent. Punctation of T5: moderately dense throughout. Microsculpture of S3: absent. Macrosculpture of S3 laterally: absent.
The Latin epithet “minator” means “threatener” and is given to this species for its fierce appearance.
21
Holotype, female:
Female body length: 2.53-3.26 mm (n=20). Color of head: black throughout. Ventral clypeal margin: serrate. Sculpture of frons medially: smooth. Sculpture of frons immediately ventral of median ocellus: dorsoventrally strigose throughout. Microsculpture of frons: absent. Sculpture of posterior vertex: punctate rugulose. Sculpture of gena: irregularly rugulose. Basiconic sensillum on A7: absent.
Wings: macropterous, apex of forewing extending beyond posterior margin of T3. Length of R1: equal to r-rs; less than r-rs. Notaulus: percurrent. Color of mesosoma: orange to dark red anteriorly, brown posteriorly, mesoscutellum black. Sculpture of mesoscutum medially: densely punctate throughout. Sculpture of mesoscutellum: punctate rugulose throughout; smooth along midline, otherwise punctate rugulose. Dark bristlelike setae along transverse pronotal carina: absent. Sculpture ventral of transverse pronotal carina: finely punctate. Sculpture of femoral groove: smooth; striate in ventral end. Sculpture of ventral half of posterior mesepimeral area: smooth. Fine setigerous punctures on dorsal half of posterior mesepimeral area: present. Mesopleural carina: present along anterior half of femoral groove. Setation of ventral metapleural area: present throughout. Setation of metapleural triangle: dense. Color of legs: yellow throughout.
Color of metasoma: orange to black. Horn of T1: bulge smooth, at least anteriorly. Microsculpture of T2: absent. Microsculpture on T3: present. Macrosculpture of T3 medially: reticulate; absent. Macrosculpture of T3 laterally: reticulate rugose. Microsculpture of T4: absent. Macrosculpture of T4 laterally: rugulose. Punctation of T4: dense throughout; moderately dense throughout. Macrosculpture of T5: weakly rugulose laterally; absent. Punctation of T5: dense throughout; moderately dense throughout. Microsculpture of S3: absent. Macrosculpture of S3 laterally: absent.
The epithet “mystax”, meaning “hair on the upper lip” in Greek, is given to this species for the conspicuous setation of the ventral frons.
23
Holotype, female:
Wings: macropterous, apex of forewing extending beyond posterior margin of T3. Length of R1: equal to r-rs; less than r-rs. Notaulus: percurrent. Color of mesosoma: variably orange to brown. Sculpture of mesoscutum medially: densely punctate throughout. Sculpture of mesoscutellum: densely punctate. Dark bristlelike setae along transverse pronotal carina: absent. Sculpture ventral of transverse pronotal carina: finely punctate. Sculpture of femoral groove: striate below mesopleural pit. Sculpture of ventral half of posterior mesepimeral area: smooth. Fine setigerous punctures on dorsal half of posterior mesepimeral area: present. Mesopleural carina: present. Setation of ventral metapleural area: absent in area immediately below metapleural sulcus. Setation of metapleural triangle: sparse. Color of legs: yellow throughout.
Color of metasoma: orange to brown. Horn of T1: bulge smooth, at least anteriorly; present as a small bulge. Microsculpture of T2: present. Microsculpture on T3: present. Macrosculpture of T3 medially: reticulate rugose. Macrosculpture of T3 laterally: reticulate rugose. Microsculpture of T4: absent. Macrosculpture of T4 laterally: rugulose. Punctation of T4: dense throughout. Macrosculpture of T5: absent. Punctation of T5: dense throughout. Microsculpture of S3: absent. Macrosculpture of S3 laterally: absent; weakly longitudinally strigose.
25
Female body length: 2.60–4.00 mm (n=7). Color of head: black throughout. Ventral clypeal margin: serrate. Sculpture of frons medially: smooth. Sculpture of frons immediately ventral of median ocellus: dorsoventrally strigose throughout; rugose. Microsculpture of frons: absent. Sculpture of posterior vertex: punctate rugulose. Sculpture of gena: punctate rugulose. Basiconic sensillum on A7: absent.
Wings: macropterous, apex of forewing extending beyond posterior margin of T3. Length of R1: less than r-rs. Notaulus: percurrent. Color of mesosoma: dark brown to black. Sculpture of mesoscutum medially: densely punctate, with longitudinal rugae in posterior half; areolate rugulose. Sculpture of mesoscutellum: punctate rugulose throughout. Dark bristle-like setae along transverse pronotal carina: absent. Sculpture ventral of transverse pronotal carina: finely punctate. Sculpture of femoral groove: smooth; striate in ventral end. Sculpture of ventral half of posterior mesepimeral area: smooth. Fine setigerous punctures on dorsal half of posterior mesepimeral area: present. Mesopleural carina: present along anterior half of femoral groove. Setation of ventral metapleural area: absent in area immediately below metapleural sulcus. Setation of metapleural triangle: dense. Color of legs: yellow throughout.
Color of metasoma: dark brown to black throughout. Horn of T1: bulge smooth, at least anteriorly; absent. Microsculpture of T2: absent. Microsculpture on T3: present. Macrosculpture of T3 medially: weakly longitudinally strigose. Macrosculpture of T3 laterally: reticulate rugose; longitudinally strigose. Microsculpture of T4: absent. Macrosculpture of T4 laterally: rugulose. Punctation of T4: sparse along midline, otherwise dense; dense throughout; moderately dense throughout. Macrosculpture of T5: absent; rugulose laterally. Punctation of T5: dense throughout; sparse medially, dense laterally. Microsculpture of S3: absent. Macrosculpture of S3 laterally: absent.
The rugulose sculpture of the dorsal mesoscutum and mesoscutellum in
The epithet “nilaka” means “black” in Thai, and is used as a noun in apposition.
27
Holotype, female:
Female body length: 2.35–2.40 mm (n=2). Color of head: reddish brown. Ventral clypeal margin: serrate. Sculpture of frons medially: mostly smooth with faint dorsoventral striation. Sculpture of frons immediately ventral of median ocellus: dorsoventrally strigose laterally. Microsculpture of frons: absent. Sculpture of posterior vertex: irregularly rugulose. Sculpture of gena: irregularly rugulose. Basiconic sensillum on A7: absent.
Wings: brachypterous, apex of forewing ending before T4. Notaulus: percurrent. Color of mesosoma: variably yellow to brown. Sculpture of mesoscutum medially: areolate rugulose. Sculpture of mesoscutellum: areolate rugulose. Dark bristlelike setae along transverse pronotal carina: absent. Sculpture ventral of transverse pronotal carina: rugulose posteriorly. Sculpture of femoral groove: striate in ventral end. Sculpture of ventral half of posterior mesepimeral area: smooth. Fine setigerous punctures on dorsal half of posterior mesepimeral area: present. Mesopleural carina: present. Setation of ventral metapleural area: absent in area immediately below metapleural sulcus. Setation of metapleural triangle: moderately dense. Color of legs: yellow throughout.
Color of metasoma: reddish brown. Horn of T1: bulge smooth, at least anteriorly; absent. Microsculpture of T2: present. Microsculpture on T3: absent. Macrosculpture of T3 medially: longitudinally strigose. Macrosculpture of T3 laterally: longitudinally strigose. Microsculpture of T4: absent. Macrosculpture of T4 laterally: rugulose. Punctation of T4: sparse along midline, otherwise dense. Macrosculpture of T5: absent. Punctation of T5: moderately dense throughout. Microsculpture of S3: absent. Macrosculpture of S3 laterally: absent.
The adjectival epithet “reptilis”, meaning “crawling” in Latin, refers to the reduced wing size in this species.
29
Holotype, female:
Female body length: 2.48–2.56 mm (n=2). Color of head: yellow, becoming darker dorsally; black throughout. Ventral clypeal margin: serrate. Sculpture of frons medially: smooth. Sculpture of frons immediately ventral of median ocellus: dorsoventrally strigose laterally; dorsoventrally strigose throughout. Microsculpture of frons: absent. Sculpture of posterior vertex: irregularly rugulose; punctate rugulose. Sculpture of gena: irregularly rugulose. Basiconic sensillum on A7: absent.
Wings: macropterous, apex of forewing extending beyond posterior margin of T3. Length of R1: equal to r-rs. Notaulus: percurrent. Color of mesosoma: variably yellow to brown. Sculpture of mesoscutum medially: areolate rugulose. Sculpture of mesoscutellum: punctate rugulose throughout; areolate rugulose. Dark bristlelike setae along transverse pronotal carina: present. Sculpture ventral of transverse pronotal carina: smooth. Sculpture of femoral groove: smooth; striate in ventral end. Sculpture of ventral half of posterior mesepimeral area: smooth. Fine setigerous punctures on dorsal half of posterior mesepimeral area: absent. Mesopleural carina: present. Setation of ventral metapleural area: absent in area immediately below metapleural sulcus. Setation of metapleural triangle: sparse. Color of legs: yellow throughout.
Color of metasoma: reddish brown. Horn of T1: absent. Microsculpture of T2: absent. Microsculpture on T3: absent. Macrosculpture of T3 medially: weakly longitudinally strigose. Macrosculpture of T3 laterally: longitudinally strigose. Microsculpture of T4: absent. Macrosculpture of T4 laterally: weakly rugulose. Punctation of T4: moderately dense throughout. Macrosculpture of T5: absent. Punctation of T5: moderately dense throughout. Microsculpture of S3: absent. Macrosculpture of S3 laterally: absent.
The Latin adjectival epithet “rugulosus” refers to the rugulose sculpture of the head and dorsal mesosoma in this species.
31
Holotype, female:
Female body length: 1.96–3.43 mm (n=19). Color of head: reddish brown; orange throughout; dark brown to black; yellow. Ventral clypeal margin: serrate. Sculpture of frons medially: smooth. Sculpture of frons immediately ventral of median ocellus: dorsoventrally strigose throughout; rugose. Microsculpture of frons: absent. Sculpture of posterior vertex: finely punctate; moderately punctate; punctate rugulose. Sculpture of gena: punctate rugulose. Basiconic sensillum on A7: absent.
Wings: macropterous, apex of forewing extending beyond posterior margin of T3. Length of R1: equal to r-rs; longer than r-rs. Notaulus: percurrent. Color of mesosoma: variably orange to brown; yellow throughout; orange throughout. Sculpture of mesoscutum medially: densely punctate, with longitudinal rugae in posterior half; densely punctate throughout. Sculpture of mesoscutellum: smooth medially, moderately punctate laterally; densely punctate. Dark bristlelike setae along transverse pronotal carina: absent. Sculpture ventral of transverse pronotal carina: finely punctate. Sculpture of femoral groove: smooth; striate in ventral end. Sculpture of ventral half of posterior mesepimeral area: smooth. Fine setigerous punctures on dorsal half of posterior mesepimeral area: present. Mesopleural carina: present. Setation of ventral metapleural area: absent in area immediately below metapleural sulcus. Setation of metapleural triangle: dense; moderately dense; sparse. Color of legs: yellow throughout.
Color of metasoma: yellow; orange to brown. Horn of T1: bulge smooth, at least anteriorly; absent. Microsculpture of T2: absent. Microsculpture on T3: absent. Macrosculpture of T3 medially: longitudinally strigose; weakly longitudinally strigose. Macrosculpture of T3 laterally: longitudinally strigose. Microsculpture of T4: absent. Macrosculpture of T4 laterally: absent. Punctation of T4: dense throughout. Macrosculpture of T5: absent. Punctation of T5: dense throughout; moderately dense throughout. Microsculpture of S3: absent. Macrosculpture of S3 laterally: weakly longitudinally strigose.
The adjectival epithet “solaris” means “of the sun” in Latin and references the bright yellow-orange color present in many individuals of this species.
33
Holotype, female:
The color of specimens of
Female body length: 2.42 mm (n=1). Color of head: yellow. Ventral clypeal margin: smooth. Sculpture of frons medially: smooth. Sculpture of frons immediately ventral of median ocellus: dorsoventrally strigose throughout. Microsculpture of frons: absent. Sculpture of posterior vertex: punctate rugulose. Sculpture of gena: punctate rugulose. Basiconic sensillum on A7: absent.
Wings: macropterous, apex of forewing extending beyond posterior margin of T3. Length of R1: equal to r-rs. Notaulus: percurrent. Color of mesosoma: yellow throughout. Sculpture of mesoscutum medially: densely punctate, with longitudinal rugae in posterior half. Sculpture of mesoscutellum: smooth along midline, otherwise punctate rugulose. Dark bristlelike setae along transverse pronotal carina: absent. Sculpture ventral of transverse pronotal carina: finely punctate. Sculpture of ventral half of posterior mesepimeral area: smooth. Fine setigerous punctures on dorsal half of posterior mesepimeral area: present. Mesopleural carina: present. Setation of ventral metapleural area: absent in area immediately below metapleural sulcus. Setation of metapleural triangle: moderately dense. Color of legs: yellow throughout.
Color of metasoma: yellow. Horn of T1: absent. Microsculpture of T2: absent. Microsculpture on T3: present. Macrosculpture of T3 medially: absent. Macrosculpture of T3 laterally: absent. Microsculpture of T4: absent. Macrosculpture of T4 laterally: weakly rugulose. Punctation of T4: dense throughout. Macrosculpture of T5: rugulose laterally. Punctation of T5: moderately dense throughout. Microsculpture of S3: absent. Macrosculpture of S3 laterally: weakly longitudinally strigose.
The epithet “teres”, meaning smooth in Latin, refers to the smooth margin of the clypeus and is used as a noun in apposition.
35
Holotype, female:
The sole specimen of this species was damaged during examination after it was imaged. The head, propleuron and forelegs are now mounted on the point separate from the remainder of the body; A7–12 of the right antenna are lost.
Female body length: 2.54 mm (n=1). Color of head: dark orange, becoming brown at vertex. Ventral clypeal margin: serrate. Sculpture of frons medially: smooth. Sculpture of frons immediately ventral of median ocellus: dorsoventrally strigose laterally. Microsculpture of frons: absent. Sculpture of posterior vertex: punctate rugulose. Sculpture of gena: punctate rugulose. Basiconic sensillum on A7: absent.
Wings: macropterous, apex of forewing extending beyond posterior margin of T3. Length of R1: less than r-rs. Notaulus: smooth furrow incomplete, reaching suprahumeral sulcus as row of punctures. Color of mesosoma: variably orange to brown. Sculpture of mesoscutum medially: densely punctate throughout. Sculpture of mesoscutellum: punctate rugulose throughout. Dark bristlelike setae along transverse pronotal carina: present. Sculpture ventral of transverse pronotal carina: finely punctate. Sculpture of femoral groove: smooth. Sculpture of ventral half of posterior mesepimeral area: smooth. Fine setigerous punctures on dorsal half of posterior mesepimeral area: present. Mesopleural carina: present along anterior half of femoral groove. Setation of ventral metapleural area: absent in area immediately below metapleural sulcus. Setation of metapleural triangle: moderately dense. Color of legs: yellow throughout.
Color of metasoma: orange to brown. Horn of T1: bulge smooth, at least anteriorly. Microsculpture of T2: absent. Microsculpture on T3: uncertain, absent. Macrosculpture of T3 medially: weakly longitudinally strigose. Macrosculpture of T3 laterally: longitudinally rugulose. Microsculpture of T4: absent. Macrosculpture of T4 laterally: rugulose. Punctation of T4: dense throughout. Macrosculpture of T5: rugulose laterally. Punctation of T5: sparse medially, dense laterally. Microsculpture of S3: absent. Macrosculpture of S3 laterally: weakly longitudinally strigose.
This species is named for the great Paiwan chief, Toketok.
37
Holotype, female:
Female body length: 1.97 mm (n=1). Color of head: dark brown to black. Ventral clypeal margin: serrate. Sculpture of frons medially: smooth. Sculpture of frons immediately ventral of median ocellus: dorsoventrally strigose throughout. Microsculpture of frons: uncertain, absent. Sculpture of posterior vertex: irregularly rugulose. Sculpture of gena: irregularly rugulose. Basiconic sensillum on A7: absent.
Wings: macropterous, apex of forewing extending beyond posterior margin of T3. Length of R1: equal to r-rs. Notaulus: absent. Color of mesosoma: variably orange to brown. Sculpture of mesoscutum medially: areolate rugulose. Sculpture of mesoscutellum: areolate rugulose. Dark bristlelike setae along transverse pronotal carina: present. Sculpture ventral of transverse pronotal carina: rugulose posteriorly. Sculpture of femoral groove: striate below mesopleural pit. Sculpture of ventral half of posterior mesepimeral area: rugulose. Fine setigerous punctures on dorsal half of posterior mesepimeral area: absent. Mesopleural carina: present. Setation of ventral metapleural area: absent in area immediately below metapleural sulcus. Setation of metapleural triangle: moderately dense. Color of legs: yellow throughout.
Color of metasoma: reddish brown. Horn of T1: absent. Microsculpture of T2: present. Microsculpture on T3: present. Macrosculpture of T3 medially: reticulate. Macrosculpture of T3 laterally: longitudinally rugulose. Microsculpture of T4: present. Macrosculpture of T4 laterally: rugulose. Punctation of T4: moderately dense throughout. Macrosculpture of T5: rugulose laterally. Punctation of T5: moderately dense laterally and along anterior margin. Microsculpture of S3: present. Macrosculpture of S3 laterally: longitudinally strigose.
The adjectival epithet “verrucosus” means “full of warts” in Latin; it is given to this species for the dense microsculpture of the metasoma.
39
Holotype, female:
Female body length: 4.15–4.16 mm (n=3). Color of head: dark orange, becoming brown at vertex. Ventral clypeal margin: serrate. Sculpture of frons medially: smooth. Sculpture of frons immediately ventral of median ocellus: rugose. Microsculpture of frons: absent. Sculpture of posterior vertex: areolate rugulose. Sculpture of gena: punctate rugulose. Basiconic sensillum on A7: absent.
Wings: macropterous, apex of forewing extending beyond posterior margin of T3. Length of R1: equal to r-rs; less than r-rs. Notaulus: absent; indicated only at posterior margin of mesoscutum. Color of mesosoma: orange to dark red anteriorly, brown posteriorly, mesoscutellum black; variably red to black. Sculpture of mesoscutum medially: areolate rugulose. Sculpture of mesoscutellum: areolate rugulose. Dark bristlelike setae along transverse pronotal carina: absent. Sculpture ventral of transverse pronotal carina: finely punctate. Sculpture of femoral groove: smooth. Sculpture of ventral half of posterior mesepimeral area: smooth. Fine setigerous punctures on dorsal half of posterior mesepimeral area: present. Mesopleural carina: present. Setation of ventral metapleural area: absent in area immediately below metapleural sulcus. Setation of metapleural triangle: moderately dense. Color of legs: yellow throughout.
Color of metasoma: orange to black. Horn of T1: bulge smooth, at least anteriorly. Microsculpture of T2: absent. Microsculpture on T3: absent. Macrosculpture of T3 medially: longitudinally strigose; weakly longitudinally strigose. Macrosculpture of T3 laterally: longitudinally strigose. Microsculpture of T4: absent. Macrosculpture of T4 laterally: rugulose. Punctation of T4: dense throughout. Macrosculpture of T5: rugulose laterally. Punctation of T5: dense throughout. Microsculpture of S3: absent. Macrosculpture of S3 laterally: absent.
The word “yak” is Thai for a mythological ogre. It is treated as a noun in apposition.
41
Holotype, female:
Thanks to A. Bennett, D.C. Darling, W. Pulawski, K. van Achterberg and M. Sharkey (Thai specimens collected under NSF grant No. DEB-0542864) for the loans of material for this study; to I. Mikó and M. Yoder for generating the appendix of morphological terms; and to L. Musetti, J. Cora, and S. Hemly for critical assistance with specimen handling, software, and databasing. This material is based upon work supported in part by the National Science Foundation under grant No. DEB–0614764 to N.F. Johnson and A.D. Austin.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
Abbreviations Label Used in Text Unique Identyfier of HAO class Label Used in Talamas et al. 2011
axc | axillular carina |
|
|
basiconic sensillum |
|
||
body |
|
||
compound eye |
|
||
conjunctiva |
|
||
epc | epomial carina |
|
vertical epomial carina |
felt field |
|
||
femoral groove |
|
femoral depresssion | |
frons |
|
||
gena |
|
||
horn of T1 | |||
inner orbit of compound eye |
|
||
interantennal process |
|
||
loc | lateral ocellus |
|
|
lateral propodeal carina |
|
||
leg |
|
||
mandible |
|
||
median ocellus |
|
||
mesepisternum |
|
||
mesoscutal suprahumeral sulcus |
|
||
mesoscutellum |
|
||
mesoscutum |
|
||
mesosoma |
|
||
mtps | metapleural sulcus |
|
|
metapleural triangle |
|
||
metapleuron |
|
||
metascutellum |
|
||
metasoma |
|
||
metasomal depression |
|
||
notaulus |
|
||
occipital carina |
|
||
ovipositor |
|
||
pcxs | paracoxal sulcus |
|
|
plica |
|
||
posterior mesepimeral area |
|
||
posterior scutellar sulcus |
|
||
pronotum |
|
||
posterior propodeal projection |
|
||
propodeum |
|
||
S2 |
|
||
scutoscutellar sulcus |
|
||
T2 |
|
||
T3 |
|
||
T6 |
|
||
trc | transverse carina on T2 | ||
tpc | transverse pronotal carina |
|
dorsal epomial carina |
ventral clypeal margin |
|
||
ventral metapleural area |
|
||
vertex |
|
Lucid key to females of the
Copyright notice: This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (