Corresponding author: Alejandro Zaldívar-Riverón (
Academic editor: C. van Achterberg
Five new species belonging to the poorly known Neotropical doryctine parasitoid wasps genera
The
A recent barcoding study carried out in the Chamela-Cuixmala Biosphere Reserve (CCBR) in Jalisco, Mexico, has revealed the existence of an extraordinary, largely neglected doryctine fauna (
Three new species representing novel records for two doryctine genera in the Mexican territory have so far been described from the CCBR (
All the specimens included in this work were collected in several field trips carried out during 2009–2011 to the Chamela Biological station (within the CCBR) owned by the Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. All the collected specimens were preserved in 100% ethanol, kept at -20°C until they were processed for DNA sequencing, and subsequently dried, labelled and pinned. The material examined in this study is deposited in the Colección Nacional de Insectos, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (IB-UNAM CNIN), Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”, Buenos Aires, Argentina (MACN), and the University of Wyoming Insect Museum (UWIM).
The terminology employed follows
The phylogenetic placement of the new taxa described in this study was reconstructed based on two widely used gene markers, around 658 bp of the barcoding locus [cytochrome oxidase I (COI) mitochondrial (mt) DNA gene], and a ~650 bp fragment corresponding to the second and third domain regions of the nuclear 28S rDNA gene. For the specimens belonging to
All the sequences generated for this study are deposited in GenBank (see accession numbers below). These sequences will be also available in the project file ‘Parasitoid Wasps (
Genetic distances of the COI marker within and among the newly described taxa examined were calculated using the K2Pdistance model (
We ran a Bayesian MCMC partitioned analysis with Mrbayes version 3.1.2 (
Genetic distances of the COI marker among the three examined species of
Our reconstructed Bayesian phylogram based on the concatenated 28S+COI data sets (
Bayesian phylogram showing the phylogenetic placement of the taxa described in this study within the
Small to moderate size, 2.5-7.0 mm; eyes large, moderately to distinctly emarginated opposite antennal sockets; frons concave; occipital carina present, meeting hypostomal carina before mandible; labrum distinctly concave; hypoclypeal depression small and round; clypeus short; malar suture absent; maxillary palpi 5-segmented, labial palpi 4-segmented; head and mesosoma smooth or weakly sculptured; mesoscutum declivous anteriorly; prepectal carinae present; precoxal sulcus smooth; surface of propodeum smooth on anterior half, slightly rugose on posterior half, with a median longitudinal carina followed by a pentagonal areola; metapleural flange present; fore tibia with a row of spines along anterior edge; hind coxa with a distinct basoventral tooth; vein m-cu of fore wing antefurcal to vein 2RS, thus (RS+M)b present; vein 1cu-a postfurcal to vein 1M; vein r-m of fore wing present; second submarginal cell distinctly short; first subdiscal cell of fore wing open at apex; vein M+CU of hind wing slightly shorter to larger than vein 1M; males without pterostigma on hind wing; basal sternal plate (acrosternite) of first metasomal tergite short, 0.2-0.3 times the length of tergum; first and second metasomal tergites scupltured; third metasomal tergite smooth with a transverse furrow; remaining metasomal tergites smooth; ovipositor strongly sclerotised apically; nodes reduced, only one or absent.
Brazil, Costa Rica and Mexico.
The two new species of
1 | Wings partially or totally infuscate ( |
2 |
– | Wings hyaline ( |
3 |
2 | Wings yellow on basal ¾, dusky on apical ¼, all femora and tibiae black | |
– | Wings evenly dusky; all femora and tibiae yellow | |
3 | Eyes considerably large, their height 5.0 times longer than malar space, inner orbit clearly emarginated ( |
|
– | Eyes small, their height about 3.0 times length of malar space ( |
Female.
Male. Essentially as female, body length 2.7 mm.
Variation. Females: Body length 2.5–2.7 mm; eyes 1.1–1.2 times higher than wide (lateral view); fore wing length 2.5–2.6 times its maximum width; length of pterostigma 2.6–2.7 times its maximum width; hind wing vein M+CU 0.8–1.0 times as long as vein 1M.
Holotype. IB-UNAM CNIN. Female. Mexico, Jalisco, Estación Biológica Chamela, cerca del Laboratorio, 19.49N, -105.04E, 23–24.vi.2009, 95 msnm, light trap, selva baja caducifolia, H. Clebsch, A. Zaldívar, A. Polaszek col., DNA voucher no. ASDOR076 (CHAM-076), GenBank accession nos JF912210, HQ200616 (IB-UNAM CNIN).
Paratypes. IB-UNAM CNIN, MACN. Two specimens. One female, Mexico, Jalisco, Estación Biológica Chamela, cerca del laboratorio, 19.49N, -105.04E, 23–24.vi.2009, 95msnm, light trap, selva baja caducifolia, H. Clebsch, A. Zaldívar, A. Polaszek col., DNA voucher no. CHAM-075, GenBank accession nos JF912209, HQ200615; one male, Mexico, Jalisco, Estación Biológica Chamela, cerca del laboratorio, 19.49N, -105.04E, 05.v.2011, 99–122 msnm, light trap, selva baja caducifolia, A. Zaldívar, S. Zaragoza, A. Ibarra col., DNA voucher nos CNIN796, ASDOR076 (CHAM-076), GenBank accession nos JQ268746, JF912210, HQ200616.
The specific epithet is an anagram of Chamela, the type locality of this species.
Female.
Male. Smaller than female, body length 2.7–2.8 mm.
Variation. Female: Body length 4.1–4.6 mm; eyes 1.3–1.4 times higher than wide (lateral view); malar space 0.1–0.2 times eye height (lateral view); ocello-ocular distance 0.7-0.8 times diameter of lateral ocellus; antennae with 28–29 flagellomeres; fore wing length 2.8–2.9 times its maximum width; length of pterostigma 2.6–2.8 times its maximum width; hind wing vein M+CU 1.0–1.1 times longer than vein 1M.
Holotype. IB-UNAM CNIN. Female. Mexico, Jalisco, Estación Biológica Chamela, cerca laboratorio, 19.49, -105.04, 5.v.2011, 99-122 msnm, light trap, selva baja caducifolia, Cham-084, Zaldívar, Zaragoza, Ibarra col. DNA voucher no. CNIN795, GenBank accession nos JQ268745, JQ268749 (IB-UNAM CNIN).
Paratypes. IB-UNAM CNIN, MACN, UWIM. Three specimens. One female, Mexico, Jalisco, Estación Biológica Chamela, camino Búho, 19.49/19.49 N, -105.04/-105.04 E, 25.ii.2010, 106 msnm, sweeping net, selva baja caducifolia, A. Zaldívar col., DNA voucher no. ASDOR761, GenBank accession no. HQ200977; two males, Mexico, Jalisco, Estación Biológica Chamela, cerca laboratorio, 19.49 N, -105.04 E, 20.ii.2011, 99-122 msnm, light trap, selva baja caducifolia, A. Zaldívar, col., DNA voucher nos ASDOR551 (Cham-500), ASDOR555 (Cham-504), GenBank accession nos HQ200979, HQ200967 (IB-UNAM CNIN).
The specific epithet derives from the greek words
This genus distinguishes from other recognised doryctine genera by the following combination of features: (1) body mostly smooth and polished (
Small size, 2.3-4.5 mm; eyes large, emarginated opposite antennal sockets; occipital carina present, ending before reaching hypostomal carina; labrum distinctly concave; hypoclypeal depression small and round; clypeus short; malar suture absent; maxillary palpi 5-segmented, labial palpi 4-segmented; head, mesosoma and metasoma mostly smooth and polished; mesoscutum declivous anteriorly; prepectal carinae present; precoxal sulcus shallow and almost indistinct; surface of propodeum smooth on anterior half, slightly rugose on posterior half, with median longitudinal carina anteriorly and pentagonal areola posteriorly; metapleural flange present; fore tibia with a row of at least 10 spines along anterior edge (
Costa Rica and Mexico.
In their study describing new ovipositor diagnostic features for the subfamily
1 | Ovipositor considerably short, no more than 0.25 times as long as metasoma ( |
2 |
– | Ovipositor long, slightly shorter than metasoma; mesocutum entirely smooth ( |
|
2 | Second metasomal tergite mostly smooth, only slightly costate basally ( |
|
– | Second metasomal tergite distinctly costate basomedially, remaining area smooth ( |
This new species distinguishes from
Female.
Male. Similar to female; body length 2.3–2.8 mm.
Variation. Females: body length 3.0–4.5 mm; eyes 1.1–1.3 times higher than wide (lateral view); malar space 0.1–0.2 times eye height (lateral view); ocello-ocular distance 1.4–1.5 times diameter of lateral ocellus; antennae with 22–26 flagellomeres; fore wing length 2.9–3.2 times its maximum width; length of pterostigma 2.9–3.5 times its maximum width; hind wing vein M+CU 1.4–1.8 times longer than vein 1M.
Holotype. IB-UNAM CNIN. Female. Mexico, Jalisco, Estación de Biología de Chamela, UNAM, camino Búho, 19.49 N, -105.04 E, 65 msnm, 26–27 June 2009, light trap, tropical dry forest, H. Clebsch, A. Zaldívar-Riverón, A. Polaszek col., DNA voucher no. CNIN740, GenBank accession no. JQ268738 (IB-UNAM CNIN).
Paratypes. IB-UNAM CNIN, MACN, UWIM. One hundred and thirteen specimens. Twenty three females, same data as holotype; 37 females, two males, Mexico, Jalisco, Estación de Biológica de Chamela UNAM, camino Búho, 19.49N, -105.04E, 95 msnm, 24–26 June 2009, light trap, tropical dry forest, H. Clebsch, A. Zaldívar, A. Polaszek col.; 49 females, Mexico, Jalisco, Estación Biológica de Chamela, UNAM, cerca del laboratorio, 19.49N, -105.04E, 95 msnm, 23–25 June 2009, light trap, tropical dry forest, H. Clebsch, A. Zaldívar, A.Polaszek col.; four females, Mexico, Jalisco, Estación de Biológica de Chamela, UNAM, camino Chachalaca, 19.49N, -105.03E, 56 msnm, 25 June 2009, light trap, tropical dry forest, H. Clebsch, A. Zaldívar, A. Polaszek col.; one female, Mexico, Jalisco, Estación de Biológica de Chamela, UNAM, near lab, 19.49N, -105.04E, 99 msnm, 5 May 2011, light trap, tropical dry forest, H. Clebsch, A. Zaldívar, A. Polaszek col. DNA voucher nos CNIN739, 740, 742, 743, GenBank accession nos JQ268737, JQ268739-40, JQ268747 (IB-UNAM CNIN). Additional material: About three hundred of specimens preserved in 100% ethanol and kept at -20°C.
The two new species of
The specific name refers to the area where the species was collected, which is situated near the Mexican Pacific coast.
This species distinguishes from
Female.
Male. Similar to female. Body length 3.1 mm. Hind wing without stigma-like enlargement.
Variation. Females: body length 3.1-3.7 mm; eye 1.1–1.3 times higher than wide (lateral view); malar space 0.1–0.2 times eye height (lateral view); ocello-ocular distance 1.5–2.0 times diameter of lateral ocellus; all with antennae broken and less than 20 flagellomeres remaining.
Holotype. IB-UNAM CNIN. Female. Mexico, Jalisco, Estación Biológica de Chamela, UNAM, camino Búho, 19.49N, -105.04E, 65 msnm, 26–27 June 2009, light trap, tropical dry forest. H. Clebsch, A. Zaldívar, A. Polaszek col,. DNA voucher no. CNIN798, GenBank accession nos JQ268742, JQ268748 (IB-UNAM CNIN).
Paratypes. IB-UNAM CNIN, MACN, UWIM. Four specimens. Three females Same data as holotype; one male, Mexico, Jalisco, Estación Biológica de Chamela, UNAM, camino Búho, 19.49N, -105.04E, 95 msnm, 24–25 June 2009, light trap, tropical dry forest, H. Clebsch, A. Zaldívar, A. Polaszek col. DNA voucher nos CNIN741, CNIN798-800, GenBank accession nos JQ268741-44 (IB-UNAM CNIN).
The specific name refers to Jalisco, the Mexican state where the species was found.
Only five specimens of this species were collected during all our field trips, contrasting with the approximately 300 specimens collected for
This genus distinguishes from the remaining doryctine genera by having the following combination of features: (1) first six metasomal tergites sculptured, fourth to sixth granulate (
Moderate size, female 5.6–6.1 mm, male 4.2 mm; eyes large, moderately emarginated opposite antennal sockets; maxillary palpi 5-segmented, labial palpi 4-segmented; face densely setose; occipital carina present and complete; hypoclypeal depression elliptic; clypeus short and wide; malar suture absent; mesosoma setose and mostly coriaceous; mesoscutum declivous anteriorly; notauli distinct anteriorly, scrobiculate, obscured at half of mesoscutum in a longitudinally rugose area; prepectal carinae present; metapleural flange present; all femora with a subbasal protuberance; fore tibia with a row six to eight spines along anterior edge; hind coxa granulate, pilose, with a basoventral tooth; only known male with pterostigma on hind wing; vein m-cu of fore wing interstitial or slightly antefurcal to vein 2RS; vein 1cu-a considerably postfurcal to vein 1M; vein r-m of fore wing present; second submarginal cell of fore wing long; first subdiscal cell of fore wing open at apex; hind wing vein M+CU equal to or slightly longer than vein 1M; first metasomal tergite about 1.1–1.2 times longer than its apical width; suture between second and third metasomal tergite wide, deep, scrobiculate and slightly sinuate; third metasomal tergite with a deep, scrobiculate transverse groove; basal sternal plate (acrosternite) of first metasomal tergite about 0.2 length of tergum.
French Guyana, Mexico.
The new species of
1 | Vertex striate, propodeum without a median longitudinal carina and areola, dorsolateral carinae of first metasomal tergite ending before its anterior half; second metasomal tergite without a pair of sublateral depressions | |
– | Vertex smooth; propodeum with a median longitudinal carina and a pentagonal areola; dorsolateral carinae of first metasomal median tergite complete; second metasomal tergite with a pair of sublateral depressions |
This species differs from the other described species of the genus,
Female.
Male. Smaller than female, body length 4.2 mm; vertex dark brown, rest of head honey yellow; mesopleuron and dorsal and lateral areas of pronotum dark brown to black, remaining part of mesosoma and basal two thirds of first metasomal tergite brown; 30 flagellomeres (complete); vein m-cu antefurcal to vein 2RS; hind wing with stigma; suture between second and third metasomal tergites straight.
Holotype. IB-UNAM CNIN. Female. Mexico, Jalisco, Estación de Biología de Chamela, UNAM, camino Calandria, 19.50N, -105.03W, 45 m, 3 September 2009, sweeping net, tropical dry forest, Hans Clebsch, Alejandro Zaldívar-Riverón, collectors. DNA voucher no. ASDOR464 (CHAM-368), GenBank accession nos HQ201295, HQ200886 (IB-UNAM CNIN).
Paratype. IB-UNAM CNIN, MACN. One specimen. Male. Mexico, Jalisco, Estación de Biología de Chamela, UNAM, camino Calandria, 19.50N, -105.03W, 45 m, 20 February 2010, light trap, tropical dry forest, Alejandro Zaldívar-Riverón, collector. DNA voucher no. ASDOR514 (CHAM-463), GenBank accession no. HQ201294 (IB-UNAM CNIN).
Mexico.
The COI sequences generated in this work allowed us to associate the only two collected specimens of
The specific name refers to the CCBR, where this species was collected.
We thank Hans Clebsh, Vladimir S. De Jesús-Bonilla, Andrew Polaszek and Andrés Reséndiz-Flores for their help during our first two collecting trips in Chamela; Yves Braet for sending pictures of