Corresponding author: Albena Lapeva-Gjonova (
Academic editor: Donat Agosti
The present catalogue of the ants (
This catalogue contains a list of 163 ant species belonging to 40 genera of 6 subfamilies now known from Bulgaria. Synonyms and information on the previously reported names in relevant publications are given. Known localities of the species are grouped by geographic regions. Maps with concrete localities or regions for each species were prepared. The conservation status of 13 ant species is given as they are included in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species and Bulgarian Biodiversity Act. In comparison with adjacent Balkan regions the ant fauna of Bulgaria is quite rich and its core is composed of South European elements.
The Bulgarian myrmecofauna is among the richest of the local faunas of Southern Europe. This is a result of the high diversity of natural habitats, variability of climate and orography, and by the complicated history of the origin of the ant fauna of this relatively small territory. Despite a comparatively large number of publications concerning myrmecological investigation in this country, including monographic synthesizing, a lot of data has been omitted by previous authors and much new data has been added recently. To make a complete synopsis of all the existing information we have summarized it and compiled modern Catalogue of Bulgarian ants.
Early studies of the myrmecofauna of Bulgaria started more than 100 years ago, when
The most significant contribution to the fauna and biology of the ants in Bulgaria over the past century was made by Dr. Neno Atanassov, whose first papers were published in the 1930s (
In the 1960s and 1980s myrmecological investigations in Bulgaria were concerned mostly with the distribution and biology of red wood ants (
Over the last three decades many important additions and alterations to the taxonomy of Eurasian
The first attempt to summarize data on Balkan ants, including the Bulgarian fauna, was made by
By far, the most comprehensive information on the Bulgarian myrmecofauna is contained in the book “Fauna of Bulgaria.
Not surprisingly, a lot of essential additions to Bulgarian ant fauna have been published since 1992. These include faunistic and ecological data of the myrmecofauna of Sofia city and its environs (
As a result, we now include in the List of Bulgarian fauna 163 ant species belonging to 40 genera of 6 subfamilies.
The Catalogue we present here is based on the investigation of ants collected personally by the authors in various regions of Bulgaria during last decade, as well as on the material, preserved in the following Museums and Institutions: private collection of A. Lapeva-Gjonova, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University; private collection of V. Antonova, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Researches, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia (IBER); Zoological Museum of the Moscow State University, Russia (ZMMU); Museum and Institute of Zoology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland (MIZ); shmalhausen Institute of Zoology of Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences, Kiev, Ukraine (SIZK); National Museum of Natural History, Prague, Czech Republic (NMNHP). All the available literature was also surveyed and the data therein used and in some cases critically reviewed.
Dr. Neno Atanassov’s collection of ants is kept in the National History Museum in Sofia and includes a few thousands of mounted specimens. Unfortunately, the collection is almost useless as the specimens have no locality labels but only numbers.
This catalogue contains a list of ant species, currently known in Bulgaria. Synonyms, information on the previously reported names and localities are included. Two new species [
The arrangement of genera in the subfamilies in the catalog is given by tribes. The species within each genus are listed in alphabetical order. Actual names of genera and species, and their authors are consistent with the most recent world catalogues of ants (
Publications by both Bulgarian and foreign authors concerning Bulgarian ants covering the period from 1892 till 2009 (2010, part) have been considered. After the actual name of the species, a list of synonyms and names used in relevant publications is given. Known localities of the species are grouped by geographic regions and subregions, arranged in the order given by
IUCN species categories are given by the last “1994 Red List Categories & Criteria (version 2.3)” (
Maps with concrete localities or regions for each species have been prepared. Whenever the number of localities for a species is very low, the information for two or more species is combined on a common map. In some cases species have been reported without a specific locality and only region or subregion were noted. In these cases the species are assigned to the whole area (region or subregion).
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The locality Maslen nos (20 m asl) is the lowest one for the species in Bulgaria (
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Very recently
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Since
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During the last decade
Despite the fact that one of the type localities of
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After examination of the “holotype” of
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The locality for this species in Bulgaria is the southernmost in Europe (
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According to
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Taxonomy of the genus
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Vulnerable A2c (IUCN).
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Vulnerable A2c (IUCN).
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Till recently
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For many years
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This species was omitted by
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The following records of
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Lower Risk/least concern (IUCN).
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This species is not included in Fauna of Bulgaria (
Vulnerable D2 (IUCN).
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Vulnerable D2 (IUCN).
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Vulnerable D2 (IUCN).
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Vulnerable D2 (IUCN).
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According to
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This species, primarily described as a subspecies of
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Vulnerable D2 (IUCN).
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Until recently all authors considered this species to be
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This species was omitted by
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This species was omitted by
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This species was omitted by
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Some of the above mentioned records most probably include also closely related
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This species was omitted by
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For most of the last two decades
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This species has not been recorded from Bulgaria since 1973 and its presence in this territory needs confirmation.
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Lower Risk/near threatened (IUCN).
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This species was not recorded for Bulgaria by
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Lower Risk/near threatened (IUCN).
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A discussion of the quite complicate taxonomic history of the name
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Lower Risk/near threatened (IUCN).
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Lower Risk/near threatened (IUCN).
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Lower Risk/near threatened (IUCN); Protected (
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This species was omitted by
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This taxon was omitted by
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The current Catalogue was compiled based on the investigation of the available material, including that collected by the authors personally, and on the critical reconsideration of the existing publications concerning Bulgarian ants (more than 100 sources). As a result, we include here 163 ant species, belonging to 40 genera of 6 subfamilies:
Subfamily
Subfamily
Subfamily
Subfamily
Subfamily
Subfamily
Nevertheless, several records seem doubtful and need confirmation. On the other hand, we assume that after revision of a couple of genera (e.g.
The number of species of the respective genera is as follows:
Genera:
Genera:
Genera:
Genus:
Genus:
Genus:
Genus:
Genus:
Genus:
Genus:
Genus:
Compared with the “Fauna of Bulgaria” (
In the monograph of
The presence of genera
On the other hand, 25 species were additionally recorded to Bulgaria from 1992 till 2009 (2010 part); these are:
Till now, several species were recorded for Bulgaria without defined localities, and we did not find them in any investigated collections:
Finally, we propose to exclude from the Bulgarian myrmecofauna two species, recorded earlier.
We compare ant faunas of the natural regions of Bulgaria, as proposed by
The best studied area is the Rilo-Rhodopi region with 143 species from ca. 120 localities. The subregions Middle Struma Valley (line Krupnik-Sandanski-Petrich, 76 species) and Rhodopi Mountains (95 species) are also well studied areas with high species richness.
At the same time, Golo Bardo (1 species), Verila (5), Viskyar (5), Sushtinska (5) and Surnena (2) Sredna Gora mountains, Sturgach (1), Konyavska mountain (1), Sakar (3), Tundzha valley (2), Mesta valley (5) and Boboshevo-Simitli valley (7) are poorly studied and only a few ant species are recorded. There are almost no data for Central Danubian Plain, Ruy, Maleshevska, Zemenska and Vlahina mountains.
Despite the fact that the Transitional region is a larger and more diverse topographically, as well as climatically than the Rilo-Rhodopi region, only 115 species are reported from there. Most probably, this is the result of lower level of the myrmecological investigation carried out there. Only Sofia Basin (62 species), Vitosha (48), Plana (50), Lozenska (40) and Strandzha (40) mountains are sufficiently studied. Almost all information on myrmecofauna of Vitosha subregion arises from investigations in the following areas (Sofia Basin, Vitosha and Plana) and accordingly the greatest number of species have been reported there – 84. The worst studied area is the Kraishte-Konyavo subregion from the Transitional region, where only 19 ant species from just 8 localities are known, and 7 of these localities are in Zemen gorge.
The number of ant species recorded from the Stara Planina Range system is similar to that of Transitional region. The total number found in both subregions (Predbalkan and Stara Planina) is 88 species, 76 of which are given for Stara Planina Mountains only.
The territory of the Black Sea coast region is the smallest among all natural regions of Bulgaria and it is sufficiently studied: 75 ant species from ca. 27 localities are recorded.
Contrary to this, only 21 species are recorded from the Danubian Plain, which has an area of 31 523 square kilometers.
In general, we may consider that the ant fauna of Bulgaria is quite rich, which is confirmed by its comparison with adjacent regions.
Thus, 103 ant species from 34 genera are recorded for Romania (
Finally, we may conclude: the Bulgarian ant fauna is rich and adequately studied as a whole, while several regions of the country require additional investigations. Such poorly myrmecologically elaborated areas are the Danubian Plain, Thracian Lowland, Kraishte-Konyavo and Tundzha-Strandzha subregions; moreover, ants of the Central Danubian Plain, Ruy, Maleshevska, Zemenska and Vlahina mountains have not been studied at all.
In general, Bulgarian ant fauna is richer than that of Romania, similar by the species number to those of many former Yugoslavian countries, but essentially poorer than faunas of Greece and Turkey. This fact is not surprising, regarding the geographical location and landscapes of Bulgaria. Furthermore, the core of Bulgarian myrmecofauna is composed by South European elements, but not Mediterranean species, and it is more closely related to the faunas of northern territories than to Greek fauna.
Totally, 13 ant species found in Bulgaria, are included in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Five of them (
The IUCN’s classifications, based on the sizes of geographic ranges or the patterns of habitat occupancy, is complicated by problems of spatial scale. All of the above mentioned species need their conservation status at national level up-dated. We do not have enough data yet about the distributions and populations of these species in Bulgaria or on how their status in Bulgaria relates to their global population. Further investigations and accurate mapping would supply data that would clarify the situation.
We kindly thank A. Schultz for his agreement to include the two species determined by him in MIZ. We are deeply grateful to Mr. Gordon Ramel (UK) for the linguistic help. A revision of the Bulgarian ant material in MIZ (Warsaw, Poland) was made by V. Antonova due to Synthesys Grant PL-TAF-2589 (2007). The work is partly supported by Ministry of Education and Science (Bulgaria) Grants: BG 051 PO001-3.3.04/41, DO 02-159/16.12.08 (A. Lapeva-Gjonova) and TKB-1616/2006 (V. Antonova). We are grateful to Prof. Dr. W. Czechowski – project coordinator of two inter-academy contracts between Polish and Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (V. Antonova and A. Radchenko). We express our great thanks to both referees and D. Agosti for the valuable critical remarks.
The Index includes names of good species and genera, mentioned in the current Catalogue. The page number in bold refers to the main treatment of the taxon. Page numbers in italics refer to the Maps.
Geographical regions of Bulgaria [after Hubenov (1997) with minor changes and additions]
Name of Region | Abbreviations | ||||
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Danube Plain | D | ||||
Western | DW | ||||
Central | DC | ||||
Eastern | DE | ||||
Ludogorie – Dobrudzha district | DL | ||||
Stara Planina Range system | S | ||||
Predbalkan | SP | ||||
Western | SPW | ||||
Central | SPC | ||||
Eastern | SPE | ||||
Stara Planina Mts (Balkans) | SB | ||||
Western | SBW | ||||
Central | SBC | ||||
Eastern | SBE | ||||
Transitional region | T | ||||
Kraishte-Konyavo district | TK | ||||
Ruy Mt. | TKR | ||||
Golo Bardo Mt. | TKG | ||||
Verila Mt. | TKV | ||||
Kraishte | TKK | ||||
Zemenska Planina Mt. | TKZ | ||||
Konyavska Planina Mt. | TKQ | ||||
Viskyar Mt. | TKW | ||||
Vitosha district | TV | ||||
Sofia Basin | TVS | ||||
Lyulin Mt. | TVL | ||||
Vitosha Mt. | TVV | ||||
Plana Mt. | TVP | ||||
Srednogorie-Podbalkan subregion | TS | ||||
Podbalkan Basins | TSP | ||||
Rose valley | TSPR | ||||
Sredna Gora Mts | TSS | ||||
Ihtimanska Mt. | TSI | ||||
Lozenska Planina Mt. | TSL | ||||
Sushtinska | TSC | ||||
Surnena | TSA | ||||
Thracian Lowland subregion | TL | ||||
Tundzha-Strandzha subregion | TT | ||||
Sakar-Tundzha district | TTT | ||||
Sakar Mt. | TTA | ||||
Bakadzik-Burgas district | TTB | ||||
Strandzha-Dervent district | TTD | ||||
Strandzha Mt. | TTS | ||||
Rila-Rhodopi Massif | R | ||||
Osogovo-Belasitsa group | RO | ||||
Osogovska Planina Mt. | ROO | ||||
Vlahina Planina Mt. | ROV | ||||
Maleshevska Planina Mt. | ROM | ||||
Ograzhden Mt. | ROG | ||||
Belasitsa Mt. | ROB | ||||
Srednostrumska valley | ROS | ||||
Boboshevo-Simitli valley | ROT | ||||
Krupnik-Petrich valley | ROP | ||||
Rila-Pirin group | RP | ||||
Rila Mt. | RPR | ||||
Pirin Mt. | RPP | ||||
Slavianka Mt. | RPS | ||||
Sturgach Mt. | RPT | ||||
Mesta valley | RPM | ||||
Rhodopi Mts | RR | ||||
Western | RRW | ||||
Eastern | RRE | ||||
Black Sea coast | B | ||||
Northern | BN | ||||
Southern | BS |
Total number of ant species for separate regions and subregions
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