Corresponding author: Yuri M. Marusik (
Academic editor: Dmitry Logunov
Eight species attributed to
While studying the Siberian and Far Eastern
Pictures of the general appearance and copulatory organs were made using an Olympus SZX16 stereomicroscope, with an Olympus E-520 camera, and prepared using CombineZM software. Photographs were taken in dishes of different sizes with paraffin in the bottom. Different sized holes were made in the bottom to retain the specimens in the desired position. Scanning electron micrographs were made using a SEM JEOL JSM-5200 scanning microscope. SEM and digital photographs were made in the Zoological Museum, University of Turku. The terminology of the copulatory organs follows
IBPN Institute for Biological Problems of the North, Russian Academy of Sciences, Magadan (curator Yu.M. Marusik).
PSU Department of Zoology, Perm State University (curator S.L. Esyunin).
ZMMU Zoological Museum of the Moscow State University (curator K.G. Mikhailov).
ZMUT Zoological Museum, University of Turku (curator S. Koponen).
Males of this genus are easily recognized by possessing a mastidion (large tooth on frontal part of chelicera) and by their elongate palp with patella longer than cymbium, ventral terminal tooth on patella, and thin bulbus (as wide as terminal part of tibia). Females are recognized by their flat epigyne without a cavity. Males may be confused only with the trans-Palaearctic
The females of
Small to medium-sized (2.5–4.1), light to dark-coloured erigonines. Male carapace unmodified and without sulci, it may be uniformly coloured or with a darker cephalic region. Abdomen unmodified, dark, of uniform colour. Male chelicera modified by possessing a mastidion (Ma, promarginal tooth). Maxilla with apical-retrolateral spine. Tibial spines 2-2-1-1. TmIV present. TmI 0.65–0.8. Male palp elongate. Femur, patella and tibia longer than wide. Patella with conical, ventral terminal tooth (Tt). Tibia with two apophyses (Ta). Paracymbium large, with or without (
According to Platnick’s (2010) catalogue eight species are listed in this genus:
On the basis of the present study, we conclude that
In general appearance, male palp structure and cheliceral dentition, the members of this genus are similar to
The embolic division of
Judging from the drawings (Figs 35.110, 35.111 in
The males of
1. | Carapace uniformly coloured ( |
2 |
– | Cephalic part darker than red/orange thoracic part ( |
3 |
2. | Carapace red, orange/yellow; occurs in Siberia and the Far East |
|
– | Carapace reddish brown, with slightly lighter posterior part ( |
|
3. | Cephalic part dark brown ( |
|
– | Cephalic part brown ( |
|
FINLAND: 2♀ (ZMUT), Turku Ruissalo, 14.11.1966 (M. Saaristo); 2♀ (ZMUT), Turku Ruissalo, sea shore litter, 27.10.1966 (M. Saaristo); 1♂ (ZMUT) Turku Hirvensalo Illoinen, 30.5.1966 (P.T. Lehtinen); 1♀ (ZMUT), Turku Kärsämöki Pomponrahka, 30.05.1967 (M. Saaristo); 1♀ (ZMUT) Pori Yyteri, 16.10.1966 (M. Saaristo); 1♀ (ZMUT), Pudasjärvi Hirvaskoski, 12.08.1959 (P.T. Lehtinen); 1♂ (ZMUT), Kuusamo Torankijärvi, 7.7.1966 (M. Saaristo); 1♀ (ZMUT), Kajaani, Koutaniemi, 16.07.1972 (P.T. Lehtinen); 1♂ (ZMUT) Inari Repojoki, 9.7.1961 (O.V. Lindqvist); 1♀ (ZMUT) Utsjoki Kevo, birch forest on lake shore, 20.06.-20.07.1970 (E.T. Linnaluoto). RUSSIA: Krasnoyarsk Province, 1♂ 2♀ (ZMMU), Mirnoye, Yenisei River left bank, 23.06.1978 (K.Yu.Eskov); 2♀ (ZMMU), Mirnoye, Yenisei River left bank, 27.07.1979 (K.Yu. Eskov). Yakutia, 2♂ 2♀ (ZMUT), El’gyay, big ”alas” pond, 24.07.1977 (S. Koponen); 1♂ (ZMMU), western Yakutia, Kempendyay River 80 km up stream from the mouth, riverside meadow, 1–15.08.1988 (K.Yu. Eskov). Kamchatka Peninsula, 1♂ 1♀ (IBPN), Talovskoye Lake, Kuyul River, 16.08.1990 (M.B. Skopets). Chukotka: 1♂ (ZMMU), Markovo, July 1986 (G. Chernova). CANADA, Alberta: 1♂ (only the photo provided by D.J. Buckle has been studied), Caribou Mountain Wildlands, Wentzel Lake, 50°02N; 114°28W, sweeping horsetail meadow, 16.07.2003 (T. Johnson).
Copulatory organs of
Copulatory organs of
Habitus and epigyne of
This species is easily recognized by its brownish carapace with a darker cephalic region. Males are easily recognized by their palp, which has a characteristic tibial apophysis and embolic division with the anterior radical process equal in length to the embolus proper (embolus longer than anterior radial process in other species). Females are easily recognized by the shape of the epigyne.
For detailed description see
This species is known all over Eurasia, from western Europe to Kamchatka. In the Nearctic Region, it has been reported from Alberta (
RUSSIA: Krasnoyarsk Province: 1♂ 2♀ (ZMMU), Mirnoye, Yenisei River left bank, 23.06.1978 (K.Yu. Eskov). Evenkiya: 40♂♀ (ZMMU), Taimura River, Neptene River mouth, riparian spruce forest with alder, Summer 1982 (K.Yu. Eskov); 2♀ (ZMMU), Chambe River mouth, meteorological station “Kerbo”, floodplain willow stand, litter, 21.08.1982 (K.Yu. Eskov). Khabarovsk Province: 2♀ (IBPN), Okhotski Dist., Gyrbykan R. (Ul’ya River basin), 20.08–15.09.1986 (I.D. Sukatcheva); 1♂ 3♀ (IBPN), Khetana River (tributary of Amka River, Ulya River basin), Agust 1985 (V.V. Zherikhin). Maritime Prov.: 3♂ 2♀ (IBPN), [05], Khanka Lake CW shore, Sosnovy Isl & peninsula nearby, 44°52N; 132°07E, 17.07.1998 (Yu.M. Marusik). 1♀ (IBPN), [03], Khanka Lake, CE shore, 44°39N; 132°34E, 15–16.07.1998 (Yu.M. Marusik). Magadan Area: 3♂ 2♀ (IBPN), Motykley Bay, 59°30N; 148°50E, Summer 1994 (E. Izergina); 1♂ 1♀ (IBPN), 137th km of Kolyma Hwy, 60°25N; 151°30E, Ola River, valley forest, 28.09.1994 (Yu.M. Marusik); 1♂ 2♀ (IBPN), ca 50 km N of Magadan, Khasyn River, environs of Splavnaya Vil., 28.05.1988 (Yu.M. Marusik); 25♂♀ (IBPN), 30km N of Magadan, Snow Valley Vil., Dukcha River valley, 7.10.1984 (Yu.M. Marusik). Sakhalin Island: 1♂ 6♀ (IBPN), Okha Dist., Ten’ga River, May 1987 (A.M. Basarukin); 4♀ (IBPN), Tomari Dist., Ainskoye Lake, Ptichya river, 24.05.-10.06.1984 (A.M. Basarukin); 1♀ CE part, Leonidovka River, 8 km SE of Leonidovo Vil., 49°16.506N; 142°58.390E, 9.08.2001 (Yu.M. Marusik). Kamchatka Peninsula: 2♀ (ZMMU), 40 km from Ust’-Kamchatsk, 09.1973 (A.S. Glikman); 1♂ 4♀ (IBPN), 10–12 km N of Paratunka Vil., Yelizovo Forestry, 53.050°N; 158.225°E, 15–28.07.2004 (A.S. Ryabukhin). MONGOLIA: Arkhangai Aimak: 2♂ 2♀ (IBPN) [12], Ondrer-Ulaan, Tsakhir, Chulut gorge 48°07N; 100°22E, 2100 m, 10–13.06.1997 (Yu.M. Marusik). Central (=Tov) Aimak: 1♀ (IBPN), Terelzh Mt., south exposed slope (about 80 km NE of Ulan-Bator, 1988 (S. Heimer).
Habitus of
Copulatory organs of
Copulatory organs of
Both sexes were described in detail by
Although
This species is distributed east of Yenisei (
(all refer to
RUSSIA: Arkhangel’sk Area: 1♂ (IBPN), Barents Sea, Dolgiy Ilsand, 69°12'N, Summer 2004 (O.L. Makarova). Polar Ural: 1♂ (ZMUT), Oktyabrskij, Ob River shore,
Copulatory organs and male carapace of
Copulatory organs of
Copulatory organs of
Retrolateral view of the male palp of
♀ 2.9–3.3, ♂ 2.3–2.7. TmI 0.69–0.72. Carapace orange with dark, blackish cephalic region (
This species is known from Dolgiy Island and the Polar Urals to Chukotka (
Embolic division of
Copulatory organs of
Copulatory organs and male chelicera of
CANADA: 4♂ 4♀ (ZMMU), Saskatchewan, Lady Lake, sedge tops – flooded marsh, 13–15.04.1971 (D.J. Buckle); 3♂ 3♀ (ZMUT), same locality, marsh, late April, 1978 (J.V. Buckle).
Differs from
♂ 2.5–3.3, ♀ 2.8–35. TmI 0.73–0.78. Carapace orange with darker cephalic region. Abdomen dark. Palp as in
This species has a trans-Nearctic distribution, recorded from British Columbia to Quebec and south to New York (
The three species from Japan assigned to
Judging from the available figures, this species might belong in
This species is clearly not related to
This species is clearly not related to
Prefix “Para”- indicates the resemblance of this genus to
The new genus is easily distinguished from the similar
Medium-sized erigonine spiders. Uniformly coloured, male carapace without modifications, male chelicera with mastidion, inner row with 4 inner teeth and 5 outer teeth (all smaller than inner teeth). TmI 0.63–0.65. Male palp elongate, with patella as long as tibia, tibia lacks apophyses, distal suprategular apophysis longer than embolic division; embolic division slightly twisted with two arms: anterior radical process and embolus proper; embolus parallel to process with lamellate basal process; epigyne without cavity, median plate widest anteriorly.
The type species only.
RUSSIA: Sakhalin Island: 1♂ 4♀ (IBPN), Okha Dist., 5–7 km N of Kolendo Vil., 22–23.08.1991 (A.M. Basarukin); 1♂ 2♀ (IBPN), Pil’tun Bay, 06.-0.7.1991 (A.M.Basarukin); 1♂ 1♀ (IBPN), Okha Dist., Ten’ga River, May 1987 (A.M. Basarukin); 10♂ 26♀ (IBPN), Korsakov Dist., Tunaiga Lake south shore, 26.09.1991 (A.M.Basarukin). Kuril Isles, 4♂ 3♀ (IBPN), Paramushir Isl. NE shore, environs of Severo-Kuril’sk, 50°40N; 156°06E, 10.08–15.09.1996 (Yu.M. Marusik); 2♂ 1♀ (ZMMU), Iturup Island, Dobroye Nachalo Bay, Lesozavodskoye, mixed forest, 14.08.1994 (K.Yu. Eskov). Kamchatka Peninsula, 6♂ 2♀ (IBPN), 10–12 km N of Paratunka Vil., Yelizovo Forestry, 53.050°N; 158.225°E, 15–28.07.2004 (A.S. Ryabukhin).
Well described by
Kamchatka (south part), 8 islands in Kuril Archipelago (Shikotan, Kunashir, Iturup, Urup, Simushir, Ketoi, Shiashkotan, Paramushir, but seems to occur on all large islands); Sakhalin and Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu and Kyushu).
The material used in this study became available thanks to K.Yu.Eskov, K.G. Mikhailov, D. Osipov (all from Moscow, Russia), D.I. Berman, A.S. Ryabukhin (both from Magadan, Russia) and D.J. Buckle (Saskatoon, Canada). S.L. Esyunin helped us with the information about