Corresponding author: Ding Yang (
Academic editor: M. Hauser
The genus
The genus
Specimens were studied and illustrated with a ZEISS Stemi 2000-c stereomicroscope. Genitalic preparations were made by macerating the apical portion of the abdomen in cold 10% NaOH for 12–15 hours. After examination they were transferred to fresh glycerin and stored in a microvial pinned below the specimen. Photographs of the wing and adult abdomen were taken with a digital camera (Canon 450D) and modified with Adobe Photoshop. Voucher specimens examined are deposited in the Nankai University, Tianjin (NKU) and the Shanghai Entomological Museum, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai (SEMCAS). The following abbreviations are used:
1 | Wing with discal cell broadest towards apex, vein M-M meeting M-CuA at an obtuse angle; radial sector broad with costa tending to bulge forwards near apex of wing, wing broadest towards apex | 2 |
– | Wing with discal cell broadest near middle, vein M-M meeting M-CuA at not much more than a right angle; radial sector not enlarged with costa more or less straight along fore margin of wing, wing not broader toward apex | 3 |
2 | Antennal scape greatly swollen; mid-tibial spur present; vein R1-R2+3 present in some species (2 or 3 submarginal cells); abdomen elongate ovate; body hairs long | |
– | Antennal scape at most only moderately swollen; mid-tibial spur absent; vein R1-R2+3 absent (2 submarginal cells); abdomen elongate ovate or short and broad; body hairs short | |
3 | Head usually as broad as thorax; hind margin of eyes indented; wings often small, narrowed at base with at least alula reduced; body usually more elongate, even narrow conical or cylindrical | |
– | Head usually distinctly narrower than thorax; eyes not indented on hind margin; wing usually large, broad at base with anal lobe, alula and squama well developed; body always broad | 4 |
4 | Wing with cell br as long as cell bm; vein R-M shorter than vein M-M, occasionally almost equal in length; vestiture fine and silky with a clipped appearance at least on occiput and thorax, hairs white to straw-yellow or brown shading to paler on underside | |
– | Wing with cell br longer than cell bm; vein R-M as long as vein M-M; vestiture various, often with black hairs and scale patches; wing pattern various, sometimes with a clear-cut dark infuscation and with isolated dark spots | 5 |
5 | Body length usually less than10 mm, wing entirely infuscated | |
– | Body length usually longer than 10 mm, wing at least with hyaline spots | 6 |
6 | Antennal scape about twice length of pedicel; upper facets of eyes of males not enlarged; face short and with short sparse hairs only; wing base black, remainder hyaline or tinged yellowish; body hair short and with a clipped appearance, usually with abundant black elements contrasting with areas of white, orange or grey | |
– | Antennal scape more than twice length of pedicel; upper facets of eyes of males enlarged; face long, prominent and with long hairs; wing pattern, if present, confined to basicostal area, often diffuse and sometimes with isolated spots, wing rarely completely infuscated; body hair usually long, sometimes tufted and rarely with a clipped appearance, usually predominantly white to yellow or brown with a few black elements, if predominantly black then without a contrasting pattern of pale hair |
1 | Antennal scape covered with long dense black and white hairs; legs mostly covered with yellow hairs and bristles | 2 |
– | Antennal scape covered with long white hairs; legs mostly covered with white scales and black bristles | |
2 | Antenna black, first flagellomere bare; legs black except tibiae yellow; haltere dark brown; epandrium slightly narrowing toward tip in dorsal view | |
– | Antenna black except joints brown, first flagellomere with sparse white scales; Legs yellow except femora black; haltere black; epandrium almost parallel-sided in dorsal view | |
Antenna black, first flagellomere elongate, bare. Scutellum with long dense white hairs. Wing uniformly weak brown except base brown; vein C with brush-like long black bristles, white hairs, and yellowish scales. Dorsum of abdomen with long dense white erect hairs and black bristles laterally becoming denser apically; legs black except tibiae yellow; haltere dark brown. Epandrium trapezoidal in lateral view, slightly narrowing toward tip in dorsal view; epiphallus pyramid-shaped.
Male. Body length 10 mm, wing length 9 mm.
Head black. Hairs on head black and white; frons narrowing distally, with long dense black erect hairs; face with long dense white erect hairs; occiput with dense white erect hairs and long sparse black hairs. Antenna black; scape elongate with long dense black and white hairs; first flagellomere elongate, bare, with stylus at tip. Proboscis broken.
Thorax black. Hairs on thorax mostly white; postpronotal lobe with long dense white hairs, mesonotum with long dense white hairs; thorax with sparse white hairs on anepisternum, and with long dense white hairs on katepisternum. Scutellum black with long dense white hairs. Legs black except tibiae yellow. Hairs on legs mostly yellow, bristles yellow. Femora with dense white hairs and scales; tibiae and tarsi with short yellow hairs and white scales. Hind femur with three
Abdomen black. Hairs on abdomen mostly white; with long dense white erect hairs and sparse yellowish hairs dorsally, and with black bristles laterally that become denser apically. Sternites black except posterior edge and middle brown, sternites with long dense white erect and recumbent hairs.
Male genitalia (
Female. Unknown.
Holotype male, CHINA: Sichuan, Hongyuanxian, Shuajingsi (
China (Sichuan).
The species is named after the pyramid-form of the epiphallus.
Antenna black except joints brown, first flagellomere elongate with sparse white scales. Scutellum with long white hairs, posterior edge with white bristles. Wing uniformly weak brown; base of vein C with brush-like long black bristles, white hairs, and white scales. Dorsum of abdomen with long dense white erect hairs and white bristles laterally, hairs and bristles becoming denser apically; legs yellow except femora black; haltere black. Epandrium trapezoidal in lateral view, almost parallel-sided in dorsal view; epiphallus turriform in dorsal view.
Male. Body length 10 mm, wing length 9 mm.
Head black. Hairs on head black and white; frons narrowing distally, with long dense black and white erect hairs; face with long dense white erect hairs; occiput with long dense white erect hairs and long sparse black hairs. Antenna black except joints brown; scape elongate with long dense black and white scales; first flagellomere elongate with sparse white scales, and tip with a stylus. Proboscis black, nearly five times longer than head.
Thorax black with brown pollen. Hairs on thorax mostly white; postpronotal lobe with long dense white hairs, mesonotum with sparse long white hairs; anepisternum and katepisternum with long dense white hairs. Scutellum black with long white hairs, posterior edge with white bristles. Legs yellow except femora black. Hairs on legs mostly yellow, bristles yellow, scales white. Femora with dense white hairs and scales; tibiae and tarsi with short yellow hairs and white scales. Hind femur with three
Abdomen black. Hairs on abdomen mostly white; dorsum with long dense white erect hairs and lateral surface with white bristles that become denser apically, tergites 4-7 with some black bristles laterally. Sternites with long dense white hairs.
Male genitalia (
Female. Unknown.
Holotype male, CHINA: Sichuan, Maerkang (
China (Sichuan).
We are very grateful to Prof. Leyi Zheng (Tianjin) and Mr. Tianqi Wang (Shanghai) for collecting the specimens. We also thanks Mr. Xianwei Liu and Mrs. Weinian Zhang (Shanghai) for they enormous help on the research. This research is funded by Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest (No. 200903021).