The 24 islands located off the Sabah west coast sampled for this study. A Sabah overview map with five divisions shown, namely (I) Kudat division, (II) West Coast division, (III) Interior division, (IV) Sandakan division, (V) Tawau division; Pulau Mengalum and Pulau Tiga shown in enlarged Sabah west coast B Mantanani island group C Pulau Usukan and Pulau Pandan Pandan D Sapangar Bay island group E Pulau Dinawan and Pulau Mantukod F Tunku Abdul Rahman Park G Pulau Labuan, Pulau Papan, Pulau Burong and Labuan Marine Park, which includes Pulau Kuraman, Pulau Rusukan Kecil and Pulau Rusukan Besar.