2urn:lsid:arphahub.com:pub:45048D35-BB1D-5CE8-9668-537E44BD4C7Eurn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:91BD42D4-90F1-4B45-9350-EEF175B1727AZooKeysZK1313-29891313-2970Pensoft Publishers10.3897/zookeys.645.1111711117Short CommunicationAnimaliaArthropodaChalcidoideaEulophidaeHexapodaHymenopteraInsectaInvertebrataSystematicsTaxonomyAmericasFloridaNorth AmericaSouthern USATexasUSA and CanadaDescription of a new species of Euderus Haliday from the southeastern United States (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Eulophidae): the crypt-keeper waspEganScott P.1spe1@rice.eduWeinersmithKelly L.1LiuSean1RidenbaughRyan D.2https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2374-4646ZhangY. Miles2https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4801-8624ForbesAndrew A.3https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8332-6652Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas, 77005Rice UniversityHoustonUnited States of AmericaDepartment of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, 32816University of Central FloridaOrlandoUnited States of AmericaDepartment of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242University of IowaIowa CityUnited States of America
Corresponding author: Scott P. Egan (scott.p.egan@rice.edu)
Academic editor: J. Fernandez-Triana
2017120120176453749EA55FFF0-934B-FFD9-6349-FFE8FF82092944345FF8-85C2-419B-95CD-87CF8BD37DC72408890811201628122016Scott P. Egan, Kelly L. Weinersmith, Sean Liu, Ryan D. Ridenbaugh, Y. Miles Zhang, Andrew A. ForbesThis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.http://zoobank.org/44345FF8-85C2-419B-95CD-87CF8BD37DC7
A new species of the genus Euderus Haliday, Euderussetsp. n., is described and illustrated from the southeastern United States, where it parasitizes the crypt gall wasp, Bassettiapallida Ashmead, 1896, on live oaks in the genus Quercus (subsectionVirentes). This is the 1st species of the genus reported from the southeastern United States to parasitize cynipid gall wasps and the 3rd species of the genus reported to attack cynipids in North America. Modified sections of the identification keys to subgenera and species of Euderus (Yoshimoto, 1971) are included to integrate the new species.
Egan SP, Weinersmith KL, Liu S, Ridenbaugh RD, Zhang MY, Forbes AA (2017) Description of a new species of Euderus Haliday from the southeastern United States (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Eulophidae): the crypt-keeper wasp. ZooKeys 645: 37–49. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.645.11117
Introduction
The genus Euderus Haliday, 1844 is a group of parasitic wasps in the family Eulophidae (Hymenoptera) with approximately 77 described species (Yoshimoto 1971, Noyes 2016). The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution, where it is found in North and South America, Europe, Asia, Australia, and many isolated island archipelagos, including the Hawaiian islands, Micronesia, the Canary Islands, and the Seychelles archipelago (Ahmad 1976, Askew et al. 2001, Báez and Askew 1999, Gates et al. 2002, Gibson et al. 2006, Goolsby et al. 2001, Gunasena and Harris 1998, Herting 1973, Thompson 1955, Yoshimoto 1971).
Yoshimoto (1971) produced the last revision of the genus Euderus for North America, north of Mexico. The revisions built off of Nearctic catalogues by Peck (1951, 1963) and Burks (1967), with new additions based on material deposited in the Canadian National Collection, material loaned from the Natural History Museum, London, Philadelphia Academy of Sciences, and the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. Based on this revision, there are 22 species reported from North America north of Mexico, with 12 residing in the coastal southeastern U.S. (Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas; Yoshimoto 1971, Noyes 2016). According to Yoshimoto (1971), the biological records of Euderus from the U.S. indicate that most species are host specific on pupae of leaf tying, leaf mining, twig and fruit boring Lepidoptera (Tortricidae or Gelechiidae) and stem boring and other herbivorous Coleoptera (Buprestidae, Cerambycidae, and Curculionidae). Rarely, Euderus has been reported to attack gall-making Hymenoptera (Cynipidae) or exhibit hyperparasitism on other Hymenopteran parasitoids (Ichneumonidae). Detailed host records from field observation across the genus are summarized in Table 1 of Yoshimoto (1971).
Here, we report the first species of this genus from the southeastern United States to attack cynipid gall wasps, where it is associated with the crypt gall wasp Bassettiapallida Ashmead, 1896 (Hymenoptera; Cynipidae) on live oaks (Quercus; subsection Virentes), including Quercusvirginiana and Q.geminata. We modify the key published by Yoshimoto (1971) to include the new species and add a correction to the key to subgenera.
Materials and methodsField collections and lab husbandry
For the type locality, branches of the sand live oak, Quercusgeminata, infested with the asexual generation of the crypt gall wasp, Bassettiapallida, were collected July 15, 2014, August 1, 2015, and October 1, 2015, in Inlet Beach, Florida (Lat/Long: 30.273663, -86.001911). Additional populations were collected across the U.S. Gulf coast on Q.geminata and Q.virginiana in 2014, 2015, and 2016 (see Table 1). Branches were placed in clear plastic cups, covered with a coffee filter and rubber band, and maintained outside in natural temperature and humidity conditions in a constantly shaded walkway at Rice University in Houston, Texas (Lat/Long: 29.717030, -95.401279). Emergence of all individuals was monitored regularly for a year or dissected out of B.pallida crypt galls in the lab. All individuals were preserved in 96% EtOH and frozen in a -80°C ultrafreezer.
Confirmed localities for E.set associated with B.pallida galls on live oaks. (LA = lab emergence from a B.pallida gall; D = found during dissection of B.pallida gall).
Location
Lat/Long
Host plant
Collection method
N
Inlet Beach, FL
30.273663, -86.001911
Q.geminata
LA, D
158
Lake Lizzie, FL
28.227718, -81.179641
Q.geminata
D
12
Ochlocknee Bay, FL
29.922913, -84.411060
Q.geminata
D
7
Jekyll Island, GA
31.073975, -81.424541
Q.virginiana
LA
1
Gautier, MS
30.382323, -88.611080
Q.virginiana
D
3
Delcambre, LA
29.968115, -91.981863
Q.virginiana
D
2
Morgan City, LA
29.693581, -91.159113
Q.virginiana
D
1
Humble, TX
29.998392, -95.184455
Q.virginiana
LA
19
Rice Univ., TX
29.716882, -95.401928
Q.virginiana
LA, D
27
Morphological descriptions and type material locations
Descriptions of the species have been made under a Leica M125 Stereoscope, with lighting achieved through a Leica LED5000 SLI - Spotlight illumination with 2 HiPower LEDs and a Leica TL5000 Transmitted Light Base with Rottermann Contrast TM, brightfield and two sided darkfield. For images, 75-150 stacked photographs were produced by a Canon 7D Mark II (Canon USA, Melville, NY), with a Mitutoyo M Plan Apo 10x objective mounted onto the Canon EF Telephoto 70 – 200mm zoom lens, which was mounted on a Stackshot Automated Focus Stacking Macro Rail (Cognysis Inc., Traverse City, MI). The Canon MT–24EX Macro Twin Lite Flash with custom made diffusers was used to minimize hot spots. Images were processed using Zerene Stacker (Zerene Systems LLC., Richland, VA) and plates were finished with Adobe Illustrator CC. Pictures of slide-mounted wings were taken using a Leica ICC50W camera.
Morphological nomenclature follows Gibson et al. (1997), Yoder et al. (2010), and Hymenoptera Anatomy Consortium (2016). The identification key is modified from the key to subgenera and species of the genus Euderus in Yoshimoto (1971).
Complementing morphological taxonomy with molecular barcodes
When samples were of sufficient quality for genetic work, we complemented morphological taxonomy with molecular barcodes (e.g., Smith et al. 2008, 2012,Forbes and Funk 2013, Forbes et al. 2016). Genomic DNA from two individuals from the Inlet Beach, FL population were extracted using DNeasy Blood and Tissue kits (Qiagen Inc., Valencia, CA). We used a pair of degenerate primers to amplify a segment of the
mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase
(mtCOI) gene using standard PCR protocols (Smith et al. 2008). Primers used were COI pF2: 5’ - ACC WGT AAT RAT AGG DGG DTT TGG DAA - 3’ and COI 2437d: 5’ - GCT ART CAT CTA AAW AYT TTA ATW CCW G - 3’, developed by Simon et al. (1994) and modified by Kaartinen et al. (2010). We treated amplified fragments with Exonuclease I (New England Biolabs, Ipswich, MA) and Shrimp Alkaline Phosphatase (Fermentas Life Sciences, Glen Burnie, MD) and sequenced in both forward and reverse directions on an ABI 3730 DNA analyzer using BigDye 3.1 sequencing chemistry (ThermoFisher Inc., Waltham, MA). We edited raw sequences and assembled forward and reverse reads using Geneious v.6.1.8 (Kearse et al. 2012). The final sequences were 703bp and 745bp in length, a function of amplification and sequencing success. We ran each sequence through the “identification request” module on the Barcode of Life Database (BOLD; Ratnasingham and Hebert 2007) to identify the highest percentage matches from previously identified taxa. All sequences were deposited in GenBank (accession numbers provided below).
Results
Details on the on the type material and type localityare provided, with a thorough description with images, a differential diagnosis of the new species, and a modification to the identification key published by Yoshimoto (1971) that distinguishes this new species from closely related species. We also provide a correction to the key to subgenera published in Yoshimoto (1971). In addition, we provide a brief description of etymology and information on the distribution, natural history, biology, and results of the mtDNA DNA barcoding analysis. In Supplemental File 1, we provide further details of the morphological, geographic, and ecological distinguishing features of this new Euderus species, Euderusset, which differentiate it from (1) ecologically similar Euderus species attacking cynpid gall wasps, (2) geographically overlapping Euderus species in the coastal southeastern United States, (3) geographically proximate Euderus speices from the Caribbean, and (4) morphologically similar species within the Euderus genus. We also provide the DNA sequence data to complement the morphological taxonomy in Suppl. material 1.
Holotype, ♀, Inlet Beach, FL, collected July 15, 2015 by Scott P. Egan, AMNH ID#: AMNH_IZC 00238642
Allotype, same data as holotype
Paratypes, 2 ♂, same locality as holotype
Specimens from each collection locality (Table 1).
Description.
FEMALE. Length 1.6 – 2.3 mm. Holotype 2.3 mm
Color. Head, scrobal depression, pedicel, flagellum, mesoscutum, scutellum, coxae and metasoma metallic, olive green to turquoise to iridescent blue (colors depends on lighting and age of specimen); antennal scape white to yellow; femora and tibiae concolorous with mesoscutum but color lightens apically; tarsi white, except terminal segment dark brown (Fig. 1A, B).
A Lateral habitus of female EuderussetB Dorsal habitus of female EuderussetC Lateral habitus of male Euderusset.
https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/118193
Head. Head in fresh specimens as wide as mesosoma; in dorsal view 2.9 times as broad as long; eyes prominent and bare; vertex, frons, and clypeus reticulate; vertex and upper frons distributed with white bristles; scrobal depression extends from slightly below anterior ocellus to level of lower eye margin, smooth above torulus and striolate below; toruli located in lower third of scrobal depression; clypeus short, subquadrate, only slightly longer than wide; malus sulcus inconspicuous and 0.44 times eye length; mandibles with three teeth. Antennal scape 3.5 times as long as broad and 0.6 times eye length; Flagellum with nine segments, with anellus two-segmented, funicle four-segmented, and clava three-segmented. Funicular segments each with 2 rows of thick, mostly non-overlapping bristles (Fig. 2B). Relative length of scape, pedicel, anelli, funicle 1, 2, 3, and 4, and clava 1, 2, and 3 as 38, 12, 2, 24, 22, 22, 20, 16, 12, 8, respectively; two anelli with the same length but relative breadth of first anellus to second anellus as 6, 8.
A Right forewing of male EuderussetB Anterior view of female Euderusset head C Anterior view of male Euderusset head.
https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/118194
Mesosoma. Pronotum, mesoscutum and scutellum reticulate; pronotum short in dorsal view, with six brown bristles at margin with mesoscutum; mesoscutum sparsely setose and setae inconspicuous; scutellum with many short setae and two pairs of strong setae in posterior third. Mesoscutum 0.95 as long as broad, mid-lobe convex, notauli complete and deep; axillae slightly advanced, their anterior tip extending to the approximate midpoint of the mesoscutum. Scutellum moderately convex and length 0.80 times length of mesoscutum. Propodeum 0.24 times length of scutellum and with strong median carina (Fig. 1B); callus with 6–7 bristles (Fig. 2A).
Wings. Forewing broad, extending past apex of gaster, marginal ciliae short; basal cell bare; submarginal vein with 6 dorsal bristles; postmarginal vein 1.3x length of stigmal vein; 3 admarginal hairs on left wing, four admarginal hairs on right wing; stigmal vein short and with large stigmus with 6 hairs on surface; 5 strongly-defined hair lines reaching dorsal and apical margin of forewing, with 3–4 additional less strongly defined hair lines that may or may not reach wing margin; 1 hair at median of radial cell (Fig. 2A). Hindwing 0.80 times length of forewing; hindwing moderately and evenly setose; hind marginal ciliae long.
Metasoma. Metasoma with petiole hidden in dorsal view; gaster elongate, 2.6 times as long as broad, and as long or longer than head and mesosoma combined; scattered white setae at posterior margins of each tergite becoming more dense towards the apex of the gaster; each cercus with two long bristles. Ovipositor extends slightly beyond apex of gaster (Fig. 1A).
MALE. Length 1.2 – 1.6 mm. Antennae inserted in middle of face (Fig. 2C). Funicular segments each with 3 loosely ordered rows of fine bristles. Gaster ovate; shorter than head and thorax combined. Other characters similar to female.
Etymology.
Named after the ancient Egyptian god Set, whose mythological stories mirror the natural biology of E.set. Set was the god of evil and chaos (Pinch 2004) and was reported to have control over evil animals like hyenas and serpents, just as E.set manipulates the behavior of its host, which is a parasite of trees (see Biology section below). The god Set is also reported to have trapped his brother Osiris in a crypt to kill him, later retrieving the body and chopping it up into small piece, which also fits with E.set, the crypt-keeper wasp, which kills its host in a crypt, and devours the host from the inside out, leaving major sections of exoskeleton (i.e., body parts) chopped up and distributed in the crypt (Weinersmith et al., in revision).
Diagnosis.
Two changes are required for the new species, E.set, to be included in the North American key to species of the genus Euderus by Yoshimoto (1971). First, a change is required to the key to subgenera of Euderus, where characters referring to the male flagellum should be removed. Yoshimoto (1971) used whorls of long hairs on the male flagellum as a diagnostic trait to discriminate between subgenera Neoeuderus and Euderus, but at that time only a single male specimen of subgenus Neoeuderus was available for study, and this individual was from the species E.viridilineatus for which no females had been found. As the male E.set. do not have antennae with pronounced whorls of long hairs, this is not an appropriate diagnostic trait for the subgenus.
We propose the following revision to the Yoshimoto (1971) key to subgenera:
4
Apical margin of fore wing with 5 hair lines; female antenna inserted at level of lower margin of eye; male antenna inserted about middle of face
Neoeuderus
–
Apical margin of fore wing with 3-4 hair lines (Fig. 2A); antenna of male and female inserted slightly above or at level of lower margin of eye (Fig. 2B, C)
Euderus
Secondly, Yoshimoto’s (1971) key to the subgenus Neoeuderus should be revised as follows:
3
Neck region of stigmal vein short, stigmus large (1.0) with 6-10 scattered hairs on surface, postmarginal vein between 1.2 and 1.5 times length of stigma vein; radial cell with one or more scattered hairs
4
–
Neck of stigmal vein elongate, stigmus small (0.5), surface with 4 hairs; postmarginal vein 2 times length of stigma vein; radial cell bare
multilineatus (Girault)
4
Surface of stigmus with 9-10 scattered hairs; submarginal vein with 7-8 dorsal bristles; 6 admarginal hairs; callus with 12 scattered hairs; apical region of radial cell with >1 scattered hairs
crawfordi Peck
–
Surface of stigmus with 4–6 scattered hairs; submarginal vein with 6 dorsal bristles; 3–4 admarginal hairs; radial cell with 1 hair at approximately its median; (Fig. 2A); callus with 6-7 scattered hairs (Fig. 1A, C);
set
Molecular barcodes to complement morphological taxonomy.
The two female Euderusset mtDNA-COI sequences were 98% identical to each another and each was most similar to other previously identified Euderus in the BOLD database. Sequence 1 was 88.4% identical to Euderus sp. D0703 on BOLD and sequence 2 was 89.8% identical to another Euderus sp. on BOLD (Ratnasingham and Hebert 2007). See Supplemental File 1 for the two specific mtDNA sequences.
Distribution.
Type locality for E.set is Inlet Beach, Florida, U.S. (Lat/Long: 30.273663, -86.001911), where it emerged from a stem crypt gall on Quercusgeminata induced by the crypt gall wasp, Bassettiapallida. We have also collected B.pallida galls from live oaks across the Gulf coast of the southeastern United States, where additional E.set have been found, including additional sites in Georgia, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas (see Table 1). Generally, we expect E.set to be restricted to the range of live oaks (Quercus; subsection Virentes; Cavender-Bares et al. 2015) upon which Bassettiapallida induce galls (Melika and Abrahamson 2007).
Biology.
The genus Euderus Haliday is a small group of chalcidoid wasps belonging to the family Eulophidae (Burks 2003) where the majority are reported to be primary parasitoids of arthropods at all stages of development (Burks 1979, Burks 2003, Noyes 2016). E.set parasitizes the crypt gall wasp Bassettiapallida Ashmead, 1896, which forms galls on American live oaks in the genus Quercus and the subsection Virentes across the southeastern United States (Ashmead 1896, Melika and Abrahamson 2007, Egan et al. 2013). There are six to eight different cynipid gall wasps that are highly specialized and form galls on this same live oak complex (Egan et al. 2013). We have reared out many of the parasitoids from this large community, including clearly documenting the community from another gall former, Belonocnematreatae (Forbes et al. 2016), but this is the first time we have observed a member of the genus Euderus in this system after two decades of work (Lund et al. 1996, Egan and Ott 2007, Egan et al. 2012, Egan et al. 2013, Egan, unpubl. data).
Published records almost certainly underestimate the diversity of subgenus Neoeuderus in North America, and many other species in the subgenus may also be specialist parasitoids of oak galling cynipids. Yoshimoto (1971) noted that the biological records of the Nearctic Euderus indicate that most species are host specific, while also cautioning that host records for Euderus are patchy and the result of field observation, which only represent the most common species where there are substantial rearing records. While Yoshimoto noted just four members of subgenus Neoeuderus, the current work adds a fifth, and we have recently reared another from the honey comb leaf gall wasp, Callirhytisfavosa, on pin oak in Iowa. While this undescribed Euderus parasitoid of C.favosa has not yet been extensively studied, it is most similar in appearance to E.set, E.crawfordi, and E.multilineatus. If this truly is a different species, then three of the six species in subgenus Neoeuderus are known parasitoids of the oak-associated Cynipidae.
Emergence of E.set in the lab from field-collected B.pallida galls was concentrated from February to March coincident with new leaf growth of the host plants and adult maturation and emergence of the asexual generation Bassettiapallida (Melika and Abrahamoson 2007, Egan, unpubl. data). We also observed a smaller pulse in September and October, which could have been a natural occurrence, or induced by harvesting galled tissue and bringing it into a controlled environment. Regardless of harvest time (August or October), a similar emergence window was observed in February and March.
Euderusset is strongly associated with a behavioral phenotype in its host, the crypt gall wasp, Bassettiapallida, where infected gall wasps cut an emergence hole through the gall tissue as an adult, but then die and remain partially in the crypt to plug the emergence hole with its head (Weinersmith et al., in revision). When E.set emerges, it cuts an emergence hole directly through the head capsule plugging the hole (Weinersmith et al., in revision). The host’s behavioral phenotype may benefit E.set by making it easier for the adult stage to emerge from the crypt (as it now only has to emerge through the parasitoid’s head capsule, rather than through the tree stem itself; Weinersmith et al., in review). This putative behavioral manipulation of the host by its parasitoid E.set is the first time this has been described by the species-rich and economically important Chalcidoidea and is also the inspiration behind both the scientific name, E.set, and the common name, the crypt-keeper wasp.
In addition to E.set, we have also reared eleven additional natural enemy species from Bassettiapallida galls on live oaks (Quercus; subsection Virentes), including two inquilines (genera Synergus and Ceroptres) and nine parasitoids including three species from the genus Sycophila, two species from genus Ormyrus, one each from the genera Eurytoma, Acaenacis, and Brasema, as well as a parasitoid from the platygastrid subfamily Platygastrinae that we have not yet been able to key to genus. The natural enemy community requires further description.
Acknowledgements
This research was funded, in part, by the Huxley Faculty Fellowship in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at Rice University to KW. We would also like to thank Linyi Zhang, Rebecca Izen, and Gaston del Pino for assistance with lab rearing, Anna Ward for sequencing COI, Jennifer Greene for logistical support, and Mattheau Comerford and Alex Wild for building collaborations for photography.
ReferencesAhmadR (1976) Studies on Praysacmonias and its natural enemies in Pakistan.21: 265–268. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02371760AshmeadWH (1896) Descriptions of new cynipidous galls and gall-wasps in the United States National Museum.19: 113–136. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.19-1102.113AskewRRBlasco-ZumetaJPujade-VillarJ (2001) Chalcidoidea and Mymarommatoidea (Hymenoptera) of a Juniperusthurifera L. forest of Los Monegros region, Zaragosa.4: 1–76.BáezMAskewRR (1999) New records of Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera) from the Canary Islands.23: 65–82.BurksBD (1967) In: KrombeinKVBurksBD (Eds) Hymenoptera of America North of Mexico, synoptic catalog.2(Suppl. 2): 231–232. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.63670BurksBD (1979) Torymidae (Agaoninae) and all other families of Chalcidoidea (excluding Encyrtidae). In: KrombeinKVHurdPDJrSmithDRBurksBD (Eds) , Smithsonian Institute Press, Washington, DC, 748–749, 768–889, 967–1043.BurksRA (2003) . World Wide Web electronic publication. http//cache.ucr.edu/%7Eheraty/Eulophidae/ [accessed 15–07–2016]Cavender-BaresJAGonzalez-RodriguezDAEatonAAHippLBeulkeManosPS (2015) Phylogeny and biogeography of the American live oaks Quercus subsection Virentes): a genomic and population genetics approach.24: 3668–3687. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.13269EganSPOttJR (2007) Host plant quality and local adaptation determine the distribution of a gall-forming herbivore.88: 2869–2879. https://doi.org/10.1890/06-1303.1EganSPHoodGRFederJLOttJR (2012) Divergent host plant use promotes reproductive isolation among cynipid gall wasp populations.8: 605–608. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2011.1205EganSPHoodGRDeVelaGOttJR (2013) Parallel patterns of morphological and behavioral variation among host-associated populations of two gall wasp species.8: e54690. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0054690ForbesAAFunkDJ (2013) Aspects of the natural history of Neochlamisus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) II: Characterization of parasitoid guilds from different plant hosts.106: 818–831. https://doi.org/10.1603/AN12151ForbesAAHoodGRHallMCLundJIzenREganSPOttJR (2016) Parasitoids, hyperparasitoids and inquilines associated with the sexual and agamic generations of the oak gall former, Belonocnematreatae (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae).109: 49–63. https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/sav112GatesMWHeratyJMSchauffMEWagnerDLWhitfieldJBWahlDB (2002) Survey of the parasitic Hymenoptera on leafminers in California.11: 213–270.GibsonGAPHuberJTWoolleyJB (Eds) (1997) National Research Council of Canada Research Press, Ottawa, 794 pp.GibsonGAPGillespieDRDosdallL (2006) The species of Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera) introduced to North America for biological control of the cabbage seedpod weevil, and the first recovery of Stenomalinagracilis (Chalcidoidea: Pteromalidae).138: 288–289.GoolsbyJABurwellCJMakinsonJDriverF (2001) Investigation of the biology of the hymenoptera associated with Fergusonina sp. (Diptera: Fergusoninidae) a gall fly of Melaleucaquinquenervia integrating molecular techniques.10: 163–180.GunasenaGHHarrisMK (1988) Parasites of hickory shuckworm and pecan nut casebearer with five new host-parasite records.13: 107–111.HalidayAH (1844) Contributions towards the classification of the Chalcididae.3: 295–301.HertingB (1973) Coleoptera to Strepsiptera. A catalogue of parasites and predators of terrestrial arthropods. Section A.3: 121.Hymenoptera Anatomy Consortium (2016) . http://glossary.hymao.org [accessed on 24 Dec 2016]KaartinenRStoneGNHearnJLohseKRoslinT (2010) Revealing secret liaisons: DNA barcoding changes our understanding of food webs.35: 623–623. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.2010.01224.xKearseMMoirRWilsonAStones-HavasSCheungMSturrockSBuxtonSCooperAMarkowitzSDuranCThiererTAshtonBMeintjesPDrummondA (2012) Geneious basic: An integrated and extendable desktop software platform for the organization and analysis of sequence data.28: 1647–1649. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bts199LundJNOttJRLyonsR (1998) Heterogony in Belonocnematreatae Mayr (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae).100: 755–763.MelikaGAbrahamsonWG (2007) Review of the nearctic gallwasp species of the genus Bassettia Ashmead, 1887, with description of new species (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini).53: 131–148.NoyesJS (2016) . http://www.nhm.ac.uk/chalcidoidsPeckO (1951) Superfamily Chalcidoidea. In: MuesebeckCFWKrombeinKVTownesHK (Eds) . . U.S. Department of Agriculture2: 462.PeckO (1963) A catalogue of Nearctic Chalcidoidea (Insecta: Hymenoptera).95: 5–1092. https://doi.org/10.4039/entm9530fvPinchG (2004) Oxford University Press, Oxford, 272 pp.RatnasinghamSHebertPDN (2007) BOLD: The barcode of life data system.7: 355–364. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01678.xSimonCFratiFBeckenbachACrespiBLiuHFlookP (1994) Evolution, weighting, and phylogenetic utility of mitochondrial gene sequences and a compilation of conserved polymerase chain reaction primers.87: 651–701. https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/87.6.651SmithMARodriguezJJWhitfieldJBDeansARJanzenDHHallwachsWHebertPDN (2008) Extreme diversity of tropical parasitoid wasps exposed by iterative integration of natural history, DNA barcoding, morphology, and collections.105: 12359–12364. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805319105SmithMAFernández-TrianaJLEveleighEGómezJGucluCHallwachsWHebertPDNHrcekJHuberJTJanzenDMasonPGMillerSQuickeDLRodriguezJJRougerieRShawMRVárkonyiGWardDFWhitfieldJBZaldívar-RiverónA (2012) DNA barcoding and the taxonomy of Microgastrinae wasps (Hymenoptera, Braconidae): Impacts after 8 years and nearly 20,000 sequences.13: 168–176. https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.12038ThompsonWR (1955) Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, The Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, Ottawa, Ontario, 284 pp.WeinersmithKLLiuSForbesAAEganSP (in review) .YoderMJMikóISeltmannKCBertoneMADeansAR (2010) A gross anatomy ontology for Hymenoptera.5(12): e15991. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0015991YoshimotoCM (1971) Revision of the genus Euderus of America north of Mexico.103: 541–578. https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent103541-4Supplementary materials10.3897/zookeys.645.11117.suppl190420448F28E20-5FE5-5DBF-A7A2-1B8F349D8927
Morphological, geographic, and ecological distinguishing features of Euderusset
PDF File
https://binary.pensoft.net/file/117990This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited.Scott P. Egan, Kelly L. Weinersmith, Sean Liu, Ryan D. Ridenbaugh, Y. Miles Zhang, Andrew A. Forbes