Proportion of observed time for each food item and seasonal changes in the nutritional values of Quercus crispula (left) leaves, Malus toringo (center) leaves, and Salix bakko (right) leaves from early May (leaf flash) to late June 2013. A The proportion of time for which bears were observed consuming (2013: black and 2014: gray) B total energy C neutral detergent fiber, and D crude protein. Different lower case letters within each graph indicate significant differences (Kruskal–Wallis test, P < 0.05). White circles indicate when bears were observed consuming Q. crispula leaves (early May and late May), M. toringo leaves (early May), and S. bakko (early May and late May).