Panamanian populations of the Rhinella margaritifera group included in this study. White crosses for specimens analyzed morphologically, black crosses analyzed both morphologically and genetically. The type locality of R. alata is shown with a triangle. Specimens (listed in Appendix 1 and Table 1) are deposited at American Museum of Natural History (AMNH), Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle du Paris (MNHN), Círculo Herpetológico de Panama (CH), and the Museo de Vertebrados de la Universidad de Panama (MVUP).